中国企业孵化的空间溢出效应——来自35个大中城市的实证研究
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摘要
区域创新基础深刻影响科技创业过程,空间网络化联结以及信息技术渗透又使得企业孵化要素呈跨区域流动特征。目前关于企业孵化投入产出的研究忽略了空间相关性,导致研究结果出现偏误。超越组织边界的合作使得企业孵化过程呈现叠加效应,推动跨区域合作;而创业项目的争夺又引发区域竞争,形成企业孵化过程中的创新溢出屏障。因此,企业孵化过程是否存在溢出效应是一个值得探讨的议题。运用空间计量分析方法,基于2009-2016年空间面板数据,从基础设施、资金条件、研发水平以及创业经验4个维度分析中国企业孵化的作用机制,进一步从空间地理特征和社会经济特征两方面构建空间权重矩阵,并运用空间面板数据模型分析中国企业孵化过程的空间溢出效应。研究发现,企业孵化过程存在明显的空间溢出效应,地理区位特征与社会经济特征均对企业孵化和空间相关性产生影响。其中,社会经济特征作用显著,四要素的跨区域流动发挥了不同程度的杠杆作用。最后,分别从企业孵化器定位、企业孵化产业、企业孵化政策制定以及企业孵化创新绩效4个方面提出引导科技创业资源合理流动以及提高企业孵化产出的对策建议。
Spatial conditions have an influence on the innovation of S&T and entrepreneurial activity.Resources for business incubators followed cross-regionally with the development of information communication technology.Spatial dependence has been largely ignored by the literatures about business incubation.The establishment of the cooperation beyond the organizational boundary renders the enterprise incubation process a multiplier effect,and the competition for entrepreneurial projects has triggered competition among regions,forming an innovation overflow barrier in the process of business incubation,whether there is an overflow effect in the incubation process among regional enterprises.This paper sums up the indicator system including infrastructure,funding conditions,the level of R&D and entrepreneurial experience by constructing the panel data model during 2009-2016 in China.spatial econometric analysis method was used to analyze the influence factors of business incubator output.The spatial spillover effects of domain business incubator in China are investigated by introducing the geographical and economic weight matrixes into spatial panel models.The results show that both geographical and social economic characteristics have effect on the business incubator output and spatial correlation and the latter has a more obvious impact.The conclusion also makes business incubator positioning,business incubation industry,business incubation policy formulation and business incubation innovation performance about accelerating urban innovation and entrepreneurial resource mobility to foster business incubator output.
Spatial conditions have an influence on the innovation of S&T and entrepreneurial activity.Resources for business incubators followed cross-regionally with the development of information communication technology.Spatial dependence has been largely ignored by the literatures about business incubation.The establishment of the cooperation beyond the organizational boundary renders the enterprise incubation process a multiplier effect,and the competition for entrepreneurial projects has triggered competition among regions,forming an innovation overflow barrier in the process of business incubation,whether there is an overflow effect in the incubation process among regional enterprises.This paper sums up the indicator system including infrastructure,funding conditions,the level of R&D and entrepreneurial experience by constructing the panel data model during 2009-2016 in China.spatial econometric analysis method was used to analyze the influence factors of business incubator output.The spatial spillover effects of domain business incubator in China are investigated by introducing the geographical and economic weight matrixes into spatial panel models.The results show that both geographical and social economic characteristics have effect on the business incubator output and spatial correlation and the latter has a more obvious impact.The conclusion also makes business incubator positioning,business incubation industry,business incubation policy formulation and business incubation innovation performance about accelerating urban innovation and entrepreneurial resource mobility to foster business incubator output.
引文
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[28]胡罡,章向宏,刘薇薇,等.地方研究院:高校科技成果转化模式新探索[J].研究与发展管理,2014(3):122-128.
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[30]李雪灵,万妮娜.基于Timmons创业要素模型的创业经验作用研究[J].管理世界,2009(8):182-183.
[31]WIM NAUDA B,C T G.Regional determinants of entrepreneurial start-ups in a developing country[J].Entrepreneurship&Regional Development An International Journal,2008,20(2):111-124.
[32]张贵,梁莹,徐杨杨.生态系统视阈下区域创新效率的多维溢出效应---对面板数据的空间计量分析[J].科技进步与对策,2016,33(15):30-37.
[33]赵华平,张所地.城市宜居性特征对商品住宅价格的影响分析[J].数理统计与管理,2013,32(4):706-717.
[34]张汝飞,赵彦云.城市化与区域创新能力空间关系的实证考察[J].统计与决策,2015(3):123-126.
[35]TOBLER W R.Comparison of plane forms[J].Geographical Analysis,2010,10(2):154-162.
[36]FIER H,PYKA A.Against the one-way-street:analyzing knowledge transfer from industry to science[J].Journal of Technology Transfer,2014,39(2):219-246.
[37]林光平,龙志和,吴梅.中国地区经济σ-收敛的空间计量实证分析[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2006(4):14-21.
[38]林光平,龙志和,吴梅.我国地区经济收敛的空间计量实证分析:1978-2002年[J].经济学:季刊,2005(S1).
[39]沈体雁.空间计量经济学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2010.
[40]KILCREASE.The batavia industrial center:the hatching of the world's first business incubator[J].New York History,2012,93(1):71-93.
[41]CLARYSSE B,BRUNEEL J.Nurturing and growing innovative start-ups:the role of policy as integrator[J].R&D Management,2006,37(2):139-149.
[42]LUNDQVIST M A.The importance of surrogate entrepreneurship for incubated Swedish technology ventures[J].Technovation,2014,34(2):93-100.
[2]肖田野,罗广宁,孙娟,等.内聚耦合视角下的广东科技企业孵化器发展对策研究[J].科技管理研究,2017,37(8):33-37.
[3]李志刚,许晨鹤,乐国林.基于扎根理论方法的孵化型裂变创业探索性研究---以海尔集团孵化雷神公司为例[J].管理学报,2016(7):972-979.
[4]KOCAK A,CARSRUD A,OFLAZOGLU S.Market,entrepreneurial,and technology orientations:impact on innovation and firm performance[J].Management Decision,2017,55(55):248-270.
[5]CHANG Y C,CHEN M N.Service regime and innovation clusters:an empirical study from service firms in Taiwan[J].Research Policy,2016,45(9):1845-1857.
[6]PATTI D M A,MUDAMBI R,NAVARRA P,et al.Atale of soil and seeds:the external environment and entrepreneurial entry[J].Small Business Economics,2016,47(4):955-980.
[7]SHIH T,AABOEN L.The network mediation of an incubator:how does it enable or constrain the development of incubator firms'business networks[J].Industrial Marketing Management,2017.23(1):645-664.
[8]HUANG C,WANG Y.Evolution of network relations,enterprise learning,and cluster innovation networks:the case of the Yuyao plastics industry cluster[J].Technology Analysis&Strategic Management,2017(4):1-14.
[9]樊轶侠.推动区域经济发展的中央科技投入模式研究[J].经济纵横,2014(6):50-55.
[10]ANSELIN L.Spatial econometrics:methods and models[M].Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publisher,1988.
[11]ERIKSSON R H.Localized spillovers and knowledge flows:how does proximity influence the performance of plants[J].Economic Geography,2011,87(2):127-152.
[12]李文亮,许正中.考虑空间效应的高技术企业创新溢出效应研究[J].软科学,2015,29(4):1-4.
[13]吕计跃,崔惠民.企业孵化器的成因与社会最优规模问题探讨[J].山西财经大学学报,2012(s3):150-150.
[14]HARPER-ANDERSON E,LEWIS D A.What makes business incubation work?measuring the influence of incubator quality and regional capacity on incubator outcomes[J].Economic Development Quarterly,2018,32(5):089124241774196.
[15]闫华飞.创业行为与产业集群发展:考虑知识溢出效应的多案例研究[J].科技进步与对策,2016,33(14):69-74.
[16]LI T,FU W.Spatial processes of regional innovation in Guangdong province,China:empirical evidence using a spatial panel data model[J].Asian Journal of Technology Innovation,2015,23(3):304-320.
[17]胡海青,李浩.加速器支持、环境动态性与瞪羚企业突破式创新[J].科研管理,2015(12):47-55.
[18]MESSEGHEM K,BAKKALI C,SAMMUT S,et al.Measuring nonprofit incubator performance:toward an adapted balanced scorecard approach[J].Journal of Small Business Management,2017(6):154-163.
[19]KAUTONEN M,PUGH R,RAUNIO M.Transformation of regional innovation policies:from'traditional'to'next generation'models of incubation[J].European Planning Studies,2017,25(4):1-18.
[20]BABUR WASIM ARIF,TETSUSHI SONOBE.Virtual incubation in industrial clusters:a case study in Pakistan[J].Journal of Development Studies,2012,48(3):377-392.
[21]REGO MDC,LUCAS MR,VIEIRA C,et al.Entrepreneurial ecosystems in low-density regions:business incubation practices in Alentejo[R].Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Social Dyanamics in a Globalized World,2018,Working Paper.
[22]CLARYSSE B,WRIGHT M,BRUNEEL J,et al.Creating value in ecosystems:crossing the chasm between knowledge and business ecosystems[J].Research Policy,2014,43(7):1164-1176.
[23]COHEN B,WINN M I.Market imperfections,opportunity and sustainable entrepreneurship[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2007,22(1):29-49.
[24]WEIBLEN T,CHESBROUGH H W.Engaging with startups to enhance corporate innovation[J].California Management Review,2015,57(2):66-90.
[25]CLARYSSE B,WRIGHT M,LOCKETT A,et al.Spinning out new ventures:a typology of incubation strategies from European research institutions[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2005,20(2):183-216.
[26]SONNE L.Innovative initiatives supporting inclusive innovation in India:social business incubation and micro venture capital[J].Technological Forecasting&Social Change,2012,79(4):638-647.
[27]江庆勇.中等收入国家技术企业孵化的方法创新---基于全球经验的研究[J].经济与管理研究,2015(12):82-89.
[28]胡罡,章向宏,刘薇薇,等.地方研究院:高校科技成果转化模式新探索[J].研究与发展管理,2014(3):122-128.
[29]BRUNEEL J,RATINHO T,CLARYSSE B,et al.The evolution of business incubators:comparing demand and supply of business incubation services across different incubator generations[J].Technovation,2012,32(2):110-121.
[30]李雪灵,万妮娜.基于Timmons创业要素模型的创业经验作用研究[J].管理世界,2009(8):182-183.
[31]WIM NAUDA B,C T G.Regional determinants of entrepreneurial start-ups in a developing country[J].Entrepreneurship&Regional Development An International Journal,2008,20(2):111-124.
[32]张贵,梁莹,徐杨杨.生态系统视阈下区域创新效率的多维溢出效应---对面板数据的空间计量分析[J].科技进步与对策,2016,33(15):30-37.
[33]赵华平,张所地.城市宜居性特征对商品住宅价格的影响分析[J].数理统计与管理,2013,32(4):706-717.
[34]张汝飞,赵彦云.城市化与区域创新能力空间关系的实证考察[J].统计与决策,2015(3):123-126.
[35]TOBLER W R.Comparison of plane forms[J].Geographical Analysis,2010,10(2):154-162.
[36]FIER H,PYKA A.Against the one-way-street:analyzing knowledge transfer from industry to science[J].Journal of Technology Transfer,2014,39(2):219-246.
[37]林光平,龙志和,吴梅.中国地区经济σ-收敛的空间计量实证分析[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2006(4):14-21.
[38]林光平,龙志和,吴梅.我国地区经济收敛的空间计量实证分析:1978-2002年[J].经济学:季刊,2005(S1).
[39]沈体雁.空间计量经济学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2010.
[40]KILCREASE.The batavia industrial center:the hatching of the world's first business incubator[J].New York History,2012,93(1):71-93.
[41]CLARYSSE B,BRUNEEL J.Nurturing and growing innovative start-ups:the role of policy as integrator[J].R&D Management,2006,37(2):139-149.
[42]LUNDQVIST M A.The importance of surrogate entrepreneurship for incubated Swedish technology ventures[J].Technovation,2014,34(2):93-100.