基于有机物释放和经济性的污泥预处理方法评价
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摘要
污泥预处理方法包括机械法、化学法和生物法,选择上述方法中具有代表性的超声波20 k Hz、p H 10和厌氧70℃分别预处理污泥,从有机物释放情况和经济性评价不同预处理方法.结果表明,污泥经过预处理后,液相中有机物释放量均增多,但经过p H 10和厌氧70℃预处理后能释放更多的有机物,反应结束时其总溶解性蛋白质和多糖由预处理前的418. 9mg·L~(-1)(以COD计,下同)分别增加到7 516. 0 mg·L~(-1)和7 892. 5 mg·L~(-1),DNA浓度由预处理前的18. 1 mg·L~(-1)依次增加到1 343. 3 mg·L~(-1)和1 766. 1 mg·L~(-1);通过流式细胞术鉴定细胞形态得出预处理结束时污泥细胞死亡率从高到低为61. 6%(p H10)、59. 9%(厌氧70℃)和34. 5%(超声波20 k Hz),相比预处理前分别提高45. 6%、43. 9%和18. 5%;预处理结束时污泥有机物去除率依次为19. 1%(p H 10)、13. 8%(厌氧70℃)和7. 6%(超声波20 k Hz);单位体积污泥经p H 10预处理比超声-20kHz和厌氧70℃分别多节约28. 5%和124. 1%.基于本研究中污泥有机物释放量和经济性,污泥预处理方法宜选择化学法(p H 10).
Mechanical,chemical,and biological methods are always used to pretreat sewage sludge. To determine which pretreatment can release more organic matter from sewage sludge,and therefore,make it more economical,mechanical pretreatment( ultrasonic treatment at 20 k Hz),chemical pretreatment( p H 10),and biological pretreatment( anaerobic conditions at 70℃) were compared.Results showed that all three pretreatments increased the organic matter release of sewage sludge; the initial total soluble protein and carbohydrate concentration of which was only 418. 9 mg·L~(-1)( cal. as COD) and the DNA content was 18. 1 mg·L~(-1). However,the p H 10 and anaerobic( 70℃) pretreatments resulted in a greater organic release than the ultrasonic( 20 k Hz) pretreatment,with total soluble protein and carbohydrate concentrations of 7 516. 0 mg·L~(-1) and 7 892. 5 mg·L~(-1),and DNA contents of 1 343. 3 mg·L~(-1) and1 766. 1 mg·L~(-1),respectively. Flow cytometry was adopted to assess cell morphology. The cell mortality rates of sludge after pretreatment accounted for 61. 6%,59. 9%,and 34. 5% respectively,which was improved by 45. 6%( at p H 10),43. 9%( under anaerobic conditions at 70℃),and 18. 5%( with ultrasonic pretreatment at 20 k Hz) compared with raw sewage sludge. At the same time,organic matter removal ratios of sludge after pretreatment were 19. 1%( at p H 10),13. 8%( under anaerobic conditions at70℃),and 7. 6%( with ultrasonic pretreatment at 20 k Hz). Moreover,the pretreatment of per liter sludge at p H 10 saved 28. 5%and 124. 1% more than ultrasonic pretreatment( 20 k Hz) and anaerobic( 70℃) pretreatment. Taking both organic matter release and economic analysis into consideration,the chemical method of pretreatment( at p H 10) was identified as the best option.
Mechanical,chemical,and biological methods are always used to pretreat sewage sludge. To determine which pretreatment can release more organic matter from sewage sludge,and therefore,make it more economical,mechanical pretreatment( ultrasonic treatment at 20 k Hz),chemical pretreatment( p H 10),and biological pretreatment( anaerobic conditions at 70℃) were compared.Results showed that all three pretreatments increased the organic matter release of sewage sludge; the initial total soluble protein and carbohydrate concentration of which was only 418. 9 mg·L~(-1)( cal. as COD) and the DNA content was 18. 1 mg·L~(-1). However,the p H 10 and anaerobic( 70℃) pretreatments resulted in a greater organic release than the ultrasonic( 20 k Hz) pretreatment,with total soluble protein and carbohydrate concentrations of 7 516. 0 mg·L~(-1) and 7 892. 5 mg·L~(-1),and DNA contents of 1 343. 3 mg·L~(-1) and1 766. 1 mg·L~(-1),respectively. Flow cytometry was adopted to assess cell morphology. The cell mortality rates of sludge after pretreatment accounted for 61. 6%,59. 9%,and 34. 5% respectively,which was improved by 45. 6%( at p H 10),43. 9%( under anaerobic conditions at 70℃),and 18. 5%( with ultrasonic pretreatment at 20 k Hz) compared with raw sewage sludge. At the same time,organic matter removal ratios of sludge after pretreatment were 19. 1%( at p H 10),13. 8%( under anaerobic conditions at70℃),and 7. 6%( with ultrasonic pretreatment at 20 k Hz). Moreover,the pretreatment of per liter sludge at p H 10 saved 28. 5%and 124. 1% more than ultrasonic pretreatment( 20 k Hz) and anaerobic( 70℃) pretreatment. Taking both organic matter release and economic analysis into consideration,the chemical method of pretreatment( at p H 10) was identified as the best option.
引文
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[2] Yuan Y,Wang S Y,Liu Y,et al. Long-term effect of pH on short-chain fatty acids accumulation and microbial community in sludge fermentation systems[J]. Bioresource Technology,2015,197:56-63.
[3] Liu H,Wang J,Liu X L,et al. Acidogenic fermentation of proteinaceous sewage sludge:Effect of pH[J]. Water Research,2012,46(3):799-807.
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[13]袁悦.剩余污泥碱性厌氧发酵强化城市生活污水脱氮除磷[D].北京:北京工业大学,2017.Yuan Y. Enhanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal from municiple wastewater via waste activated sludge alkaline fermentation[D]. Beijing:Beijing University of Technology,2017.
[14] Lee W H,Pressman J G,Wahman D G. Three-dimensional free chlorine and monochloramine biofilm penetration:correlating penetration with biofilm activity and viability[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2018,52(4):1889-1898.
[15] Onyeche T I,Schlfer O,Bormann H,et al. Ultrasonic cell disruption of stabilised sludge with subsequent anaerobic digestion[J]. Ultrasonics,2002,40(1-8):31-35.
[16] Heo N H,Park S C,Lee J S,et al. Solubilization of waste activated sludge by alkaline pretreatment and biochemical methane potential(BMP)tests for anaerobic co-digestion of municipal organic waste[J]. Water Science&Technology,2003,48(8):211-219.
[17] Skiadas I V,Gavala H N,Lu J,et al. Thermal pre-treatment of primary and secondary sludge at 70℃prior to anaerobic digestion[J]. Water Science&Technology,2005,52(1-2):161-166.
[18] Zheng X,Su Y L,Li X,et al. Pyrosequencing reveals the key microorganisms involved in sludge alkaline fermentation for efficient short-Chain fatty acids production[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2013,47(9):4262-4268.
[19]徐慧敏,何国富,戴晓虎,等.超声联合低温热水解促进剩余污泥破解和厌氧消化的研究[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(9):2703-2708.Xu H M,He G F,Dai X H,et al. The effects of combined ultrasound and low temperature thermal pretreatments on disintegration and anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge[J]. China Environmental Science,2016,36(9):2703-2708.
[20]袁光环,周兴求,伍健东.酸-碱预处理促进剩余污泥厌氧消化的研究[J].环境科学,2012,33(6):1918-1922.Yuan G H,Zhou X Q,Wu J D. Enhancement of anaerobic digestion of excess sludge by acid-alkali pretreatment[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(6):1918-1922.
[21] Dhar B R,Nakhla G,Ray M B. Techno-economic evaluation of ultrasound and thermal pretreatments for enhanced anaerobic digestion of municipal waste activated sludge[J]. Waste Management,2012,32(3):542-549.
[22] Guo X S,Liu J X,Xiao B Y. Evaluation of the damage of cell wall and cell membrane for various extracellular polymeric substance extractions of activated sludge[J]. Journal of Biotechnology,2014,188(1):130-135.
[23] Salama Y,Chennaoui M,Sylla A,et al. Characterization,structure, and function of extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)of microbial biofilm in biological wastewater treatment systems:a review[J]. Desalination and Water Treatment,2016,57(35):16220-16237.
[24] Frlund B, Palmgren R, Keiding K, et al. Extraction of extracellular polymers from activated sludge using a cation exchange resin[J]. Water Research,1996,30(8):1749-1758.
[25] Liu H, Fang H H P. Extraction of extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)of sludges[J]. Journal of Biotechnology,2002,95(3):249-256.
[26] Sheng G P,Yu H Q,Li X Y,et al. Extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)of microbial aggregates in biological wastewater treatment systems:a review[J]. Biotechnology Advances,2010,28(6):882-894.
[27]肖本益,张志渊,张晓红,等.污泥碱处理过程中的微生物细胞结构损伤[A].见:2014中国环境科学学会学术年会论文集[C].成都:中国环境科学学会,2014. 1-9.
[28]杨洁,季民,韩育宏,等.污泥碱解和超声破解预处理的效果研究[J].环境科学,2008,29(4):1002-1006.Yang J,Ji M,Han Y H,et al. Effect of alkaline and ultrasonic pretreatment on the sludge disintegration[J]. Environmental Science,2008,29(4):1002-1006.
[2] Yuan Y,Wang S Y,Liu Y,et al. Long-term effect of pH on short-chain fatty acids accumulation and microbial community in sludge fermentation systems[J]. Bioresource Technology,2015,197:56-63.
[3] Liu H,Wang J,Liu X L,et al. Acidogenic fermentation of proteinaceous sewage sludge:Effect of pH[J]. Water Research,2012,46(3):799-807.
[4] Kim M,Gomec C Y,Ahn Y,et al. Hydrolysis and acidogenesis of particulate organic material in mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion[J]. Environmental Technology,2003,24(9):1183-1190.
[5] CJ/T 510-2017,城镇污水处理厂污泥处理稳定标准[S].CJ/T 510-2017,Standard for sludge stabilization treatment of municipal wastewater treatment plant[S].
[6] Carrère H,Dumas C,Battimelli A,et al. Pretreatment methods to improve sludge anaerobic degradability:a review[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,183(1-3):1-15.
[7]贾瑞来,魏源送,刘吉宝.基于微波-过氧化氢-碱预处理的污泥水解影响因素[J].环境科学,2015,36(6):2222-2231.Jia R L,Wei Y S,Liu J B. Influencing factors for hydrolysis of sewage sludge pretreated by microwave-H2O2-alkaline process[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(6):2222-2231.
[8]代勤,张文哲,于潘芬,等.热、热碱处理对污泥溶胞和溶解性有机物的影响[J].环境科学,2018,39(5):2283-2288.Dai Q,Zhang W Z,Yu P F,et al. Effects of heat and heatalkaline treatments on disintegration and dissolved organic matter in sludge[J]. Environmental Science,2018,39(5):2283-2288.
[9]何品晶,王颖,胡洁,等.应用解蛋白菌生物预水解剩余污泥[J].环境科学,2016,37(11):4317-4325.He P J,Wang Y,Hu J,et al. Biological pre-treatment of surplus sludge using the protease-secreting bacteria[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(11):4317-4325.
[10] Liu X L,Liu H,Chen J H,et al. Enhancement of solubilization and acidification of waste activated sludge by pretreatment[J].Waste Management,2008,28(12):2614-2622.
[11] Kim J,Park C,Kim T H,et al. Effects of various pretreatments for enhanced anaerobic digestion with waste activated sludge[J].Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering,2003,95(3):271-275.
[12] Zhang J X,Li W L,Lee J,et al. Enhancement of biogas production in anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and waste activated sludge by biological co-pretreatment[J]. Energy,2017,137:479-486.
[13]袁悦.剩余污泥碱性厌氧发酵强化城市生活污水脱氮除磷[D].北京:北京工业大学,2017.Yuan Y. Enhanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal from municiple wastewater via waste activated sludge alkaline fermentation[D]. Beijing:Beijing University of Technology,2017.
[14] Lee W H,Pressman J G,Wahman D G. Three-dimensional free chlorine and monochloramine biofilm penetration:correlating penetration with biofilm activity and viability[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2018,52(4):1889-1898.
[15] Onyeche T I,Schlfer O,Bormann H,et al. Ultrasonic cell disruption of stabilised sludge with subsequent anaerobic digestion[J]. Ultrasonics,2002,40(1-8):31-35.
[16] Heo N H,Park S C,Lee J S,et al. Solubilization of waste activated sludge by alkaline pretreatment and biochemical methane potential(BMP)tests for anaerobic co-digestion of municipal organic waste[J]. Water Science&Technology,2003,48(8):211-219.
[17] Skiadas I V,Gavala H N,Lu J,et al. Thermal pre-treatment of primary and secondary sludge at 70℃prior to anaerobic digestion[J]. Water Science&Technology,2005,52(1-2):161-166.
[18] Zheng X,Su Y L,Li X,et al. Pyrosequencing reveals the key microorganisms involved in sludge alkaline fermentation for efficient short-Chain fatty acids production[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2013,47(9):4262-4268.
[19]徐慧敏,何国富,戴晓虎,等.超声联合低温热水解促进剩余污泥破解和厌氧消化的研究[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(9):2703-2708.Xu H M,He G F,Dai X H,et al. The effects of combined ultrasound and low temperature thermal pretreatments on disintegration and anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge[J]. China Environmental Science,2016,36(9):2703-2708.
[20]袁光环,周兴求,伍健东.酸-碱预处理促进剩余污泥厌氧消化的研究[J].环境科学,2012,33(6):1918-1922.Yuan G H,Zhou X Q,Wu J D. Enhancement of anaerobic digestion of excess sludge by acid-alkali pretreatment[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(6):1918-1922.
[21] Dhar B R,Nakhla G,Ray M B. Techno-economic evaluation of ultrasound and thermal pretreatments for enhanced anaerobic digestion of municipal waste activated sludge[J]. Waste Management,2012,32(3):542-549.
[22] Guo X S,Liu J X,Xiao B Y. Evaluation of the damage of cell wall and cell membrane for various extracellular polymeric substance extractions of activated sludge[J]. Journal of Biotechnology,2014,188(1):130-135.
[23] Salama Y,Chennaoui M,Sylla A,et al. Characterization,structure, and function of extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)of microbial biofilm in biological wastewater treatment systems:a review[J]. Desalination and Water Treatment,2016,57(35):16220-16237.
[24] Frlund B, Palmgren R, Keiding K, et al. Extraction of extracellular polymers from activated sludge using a cation exchange resin[J]. Water Research,1996,30(8):1749-1758.
[25] Liu H, Fang H H P. Extraction of extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)of sludges[J]. Journal of Biotechnology,2002,95(3):249-256.
[26] Sheng G P,Yu H Q,Li X Y,et al. Extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)of microbial aggregates in biological wastewater treatment systems:a review[J]. Biotechnology Advances,2010,28(6):882-894.
[27]肖本益,张志渊,张晓红,等.污泥碱处理过程中的微生物细胞结构损伤[A].见:2014中国环境科学学会学术年会论文集[C].成都:中国环境科学学会,2014. 1-9.
[28]杨洁,季民,韩育宏,等.污泥碱解和超声破解预处理的效果研究[J].环境科学,2008,29(4):1002-1006.Yang J,Ji M,Han Y H,et al. Effect of alkaline and ultrasonic pretreatment on the sludge disintegration[J]. Environmental Science,2008,29(4):1002-1006.