宁夏六盘山几种典型水源涵养林林分结构与水文功能的关系
|
摘要
为量化水源涵养林林分结构与其水文功能之间的关系,以宁夏六盘山香水河小流域内的4种典型结构林分(华北落叶松+灌木复层林、华北落叶松纯林、稀植乔木的天然灌丛林、天然灌丛林)为对象,在生长季内定位观测各林分的结构特征、冠层和枯落物截持及林下蒸散量的变化。结果表明:1)林冠截留率的大小表现为天然灌丛林(25.92%)>华北落叶松纯林(23.38%)>华北落叶松+灌木复层林(22.81%)>稀植乔木的天然灌丛林(22.07%)。2)林下枯落物层的持水性能表现为华北落叶松+灌木复层林(26.49 t/hm2)>华北落叶松纯林(23.06 t/hm2)>稀植乔木的天然灌丛林(16.89 t/hm2)>天然灌丛林(14.45 t/hm2)。3)林下日均蒸散量以稀植乔木的天然灌丛林最大(1.09 mm/d),其次为华北落叶松+灌木复层林(0.96 mm/d),而华北落叶松纯林(0.88 mm/d)和天然灌丛林较小(0.69 mm/d)。4)回归分析表明:冠层截留量随着林分叶面积指数的增加而增加,在不同降雨强度条件下(除暴雨外),二者的关系可以很好地用指数函数来表达(P<0.01);在排除林外气象因子变化对林内环境的干扰外,林下蒸散量随着林分叶面积指数的增加而呈对数函数的下降趋势(R2=0.639,P<0.01)。
To quantify the relationship between stand structure and hydrological functions of water conservation forests,the characteristics of forest structure,interception of canopy and litterfall,and evapotranspiration from understory layer were studied in four forest stands with different structures( i. e., mixed forest of Larix principis-rupprechtii and shrub,pure L. principis-rupprechtii forest,mixed shrubswith sparse arbor trees,natural shrubs) during the growing season,which were located at a small catchment of Xiangshuihe of Liupan Mountains of Ningxia. The results showed that there were significant differences in hydrological functions between forest stands. The order of canopy interception percentage was natural shrubs( 25. 92%) > pure Larix forest( 23. 38%) > mixed Larix forest and shrubs( 22. 81%) > mixed shrubs( 22. 07%). The water holding capability of litter followed the order of mixed Larix forest( 26. 49 t / hm2) > pure Larix forest( 23. 06 t/hm2) > mixed shrubs( 16. 89 t/hm2) > natural shrubs( 14. 45 t / hm2),which might be the result of the depth and composition of litterfall. The daily mean evapotranspiration of understory layer of mixed shrubs was the highest( 1. 09 mm / d) among the four stands,followed by mixed Larix forest( 0. 96 mm / d),while pure Larix forest( 0. 88 mm / d) and natural shrubs( 0. 69 mm / d) were lower,and it was possibly attributed by the difference in light distribution in the forest floor among stands due to different canopy structures. Regression analysis showed that canopy interception increased with increasing leaf area index( LAI),and the relationships can be well-described in an exponential function( P < 0. 01) at different rainfall intensities( except for heavy rain). Excluding the interference of meteorological factors outside the stands to the forest microenvironment,evapotranspiration of understory layer decreased with increasing LAI following a logarithm function( R2= 0. 639,P < 0. 01). It suggests that the changes in light and temperature caused by canopy structure are main reasons for soil water loss.
To quantify the relationship between stand structure and hydrological functions of water conservation forests,the characteristics of forest structure,interception of canopy and litterfall,and evapotranspiration from understory layer were studied in four forest stands with different structures( i. e., mixed forest of Larix principis-rupprechtii and shrub,pure L. principis-rupprechtii forest,mixed shrubswith sparse arbor trees,natural shrubs) during the growing season,which were located at a small catchment of Xiangshuihe of Liupan Mountains of Ningxia. The results showed that there were significant differences in hydrological functions between forest stands. The order of canopy interception percentage was natural shrubs( 25. 92%) > pure Larix forest( 23. 38%) > mixed Larix forest and shrubs( 22. 81%) > mixed shrubs( 22. 07%). The water holding capability of litter followed the order of mixed Larix forest( 26. 49 t / hm2) > pure Larix forest( 23. 06 t/hm2) > mixed shrubs( 16. 89 t/hm2) > natural shrubs( 14. 45 t / hm2),which might be the result of the depth and composition of litterfall. The daily mean evapotranspiration of understory layer of mixed shrubs was the highest( 1. 09 mm / d) among the four stands,followed by mixed Larix forest( 0. 96 mm / d),while pure Larix forest( 0. 88 mm / d) and natural shrubs( 0. 69 mm / d) were lower,and it was possibly attributed by the difference in light distribution in the forest floor among stands due to different canopy structures. Regression analysis showed that canopy interception increased with increasing leaf area index( LAI),and the relationships can be well-described in an exponential function( P < 0. 01) at different rainfall intensities( except for heavy rain). Excluding the interference of meteorological factors outside the stands to the forest microenvironment,evapotranspiration of understory layer decreased with increasing LAI following a logarithm function( R2= 0. 639,P < 0. 01). It suggests that the changes in light and temperature caused by canopy structure are main reasons for soil water loss.
引文
[1]时忠杰,王彦辉,于澎涛,等.宁夏六盘山林区几种主要森林植被生态水文功能研究[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(3):134-138
[2]钟剑飞,刘东兰,郑小贤.水源涵养林结构与功能量化研究进展[J].现代农业科学,2009,16(3):110-112
[3]杨春时.系统论信息论控制论浅说[M].北京:中国广播电视出版社,1987:23-24
[4]Crockford R H,Richardson D P.Partitioning of rainfall into throughfall,stemflow and interception:effect of forest type,ground cover and climate[J].Hydrological Processes,2000,14(16-17):2903-2920
[5]Bruijnzeel L A.Hydrological functions of tropical forests:not seeing the soil for the trees?[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2004,104:185-228
[6]王会利,唐玉贵,韦娇媚.低效林改造对土壤理化性质及水源涵养功能的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2010,8(5):72-78
[7]Dietz J,Holscher D,Leuschner C,et al.Rainfall partitioning in relation to forest structure in differently managed montane forest stands in Central Sulawesi,Indonesia[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2006,237:170-178
[8]马惠,张洪江,王伟,等.重庆市四面山不同森林类型林冠的截留作用[J].中国水土保持科学,2010,8(6):108-114
[9]张任好.杉木福建柏混交林生物量及水源涵养能力的研究[J].福建林业科技,1999,26:17-20
[10]潘紫重,杨文化.不同林分类型凋落物的蓄水功能[J].东北林业大学学报,2002,30(5):19-21
[11]郝占庆,王力华.辽东山区主要森林类型林地土壤涵蓄水性能的研究[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(3):237-241
[12]胡建忠,郑佳丽,张春霞.黄河上游退耕地植被组成、结构及水保功能评价[J].中国水土保持科学,2005,3(2):42-50
[13]周彬,韩海荣,康峰峰,等.太岳山不同郁闭度油松人工林降水分配特征[J].生态学报,2013,33(5):1645-1653
[14]徐丽宏,时忠杰,王彦辉,等.六盘山主要植被类型冠层截留特征[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(10):2487-2493
[15]范世香,裴铁璠,蒋德明,等.两种不同林分截留能力的比较研究[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(5):671-674
[16]彭明俊,郞南军,温绍龙,等.金沙江流域不同林分类型的土壤特性及其水源涵养功能研究[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(6):106-109
[17]徐学华,崔立志,王锡武,等.不同经营措施对冀北山地华北落叶松林枯落物持水特性的影响[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(3):157-161
[18]史晓巍.水源涵养林功能指标与结构指标的定量模拟[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2007:8
[19]蒋桂娟,郑小贤,宁杨翠.林分结构与水源涵养功能耦合关系研究:以北京八达岭林场为例[J].西北林学院学报,2012,27(2);175-179
[20]王晶,莫菲,段文标,等.六盘山南坡不同密度华北落叶松水源林生长过程比较[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(3):500-506
[21]时忠杰,王彦辉,徐丽宏,等.六盘山香水河小流域地形与植被类型对降雨径流系数的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2009,7(4):31-37
[22]张雷燕,刘常富,王彦辉,等.宁夏六盘山南侧森林枯落物及土壤的水文生态功能研究[J].林业科学研究,2007,20(1):15-20
[23]童鸿强,王玉杰,王彦辉,等.六盘山叠叠沟华北落叶松人工林叶面积指数的时空变化特征[J].林业科学研究,2011,24(1):13-20
[24]李衍青,张铜会,赵学勇,等.科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿灌丛降雨截留特征研究[J].草叶学报,2010,19(5):267-272
[25]郭明春.六盘山叠叠沟小流域森林植被坡面水文影响的研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2005:34
[26]张象君,王庆成,王石磊,等.小兴安岭落叶松人工纯林近自然化改造对林下植物多样性的影响[J].林业科学,2011,47(1):6-14
[27]王进欣,张一平.林隙微环境异质性及物种的响应[J].南京林业大学学报,2002,26(1):69-74
[28]Muscolo A,Sidari M,Mercurio R.Influence of gap size on organic matter decomposition,microbial biomass and nutrient cycle in Calabrian pine(Pinus laricio,Poriet)stands[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2007,242(2/3):412-418
[29]胡相明,程积民,万惠娥.黄土丘陵区人工林下草本层植物的结构特征[J].水土保持通报,2006,26(3):41-45
[30]胡雪凡.不同经营措施对华北落叶松人工林结构和生长的影响[D].河北保定:河北农业大学,2012:42-44
[31]马履一,李春义,王希群,等.不同强度间伐对北京山区油松生长及其林下生物多样性的影响[J].林业科学,2007,43(5):1-9
[32]毛志宏,朱教君,刘足根,等.间伐对落叶松人工林草本植物多样性及其组成的影响[J].生态学杂志,2006,25(10):1201-1207
[33]高志红,张万里,张庆费.森林凋落物生态功能研究概况及展望[J].东北林业大学学报,2004,32(6):79-83
[34]王辉,贺康宁,胡兴波,等.高寒区不同树种配置对林下植被物种多样性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,19(3):147-150
[35]蔡体久,朱道光,盛后财.原始红松林和次生白桦林降雨截留分配效应研究[J].中国水土保持科学,2006,4(6):61-65
[36]Pypker T G,Bond B J,Link T E,et al.The importance of canopy structure in controlling the interception loss of rainfall:Examples from a young and an old-growth Douglas-fir forest[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2005,130:113-129
[37]郭立群,王庆华.滇中高原区主要森林类型枯枝落叶层对降雨的截留功能[J].云南林业科技,1999(1):22-25
[38]刘向东,吴钦孝,赵鸿雁.黄土高原油松人工林枯枝落叶层水文生态功能研究[J].水土保持学报,1991,5(4):87-92
[39]罗跃初,韩单恒,王宏昌,等.辽西半干旱区几种人工林生态系统涵养水源功能研究[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(6):919-923
[40]Garcia-Estringana P,Alonso-Blazquez N,Alegre J.Water storage capacity,stemflow and water funneling in Mediterranean shrubs[J].Journal of Hydrology,2010,389:363-372
[2]钟剑飞,刘东兰,郑小贤.水源涵养林结构与功能量化研究进展[J].现代农业科学,2009,16(3):110-112
[3]杨春时.系统论信息论控制论浅说[M].北京:中国广播电视出版社,1987:23-24
[4]Crockford R H,Richardson D P.Partitioning of rainfall into throughfall,stemflow and interception:effect of forest type,ground cover and climate[J].Hydrological Processes,2000,14(16-17):2903-2920
[5]Bruijnzeel L A.Hydrological functions of tropical forests:not seeing the soil for the trees?[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2004,104:185-228
[6]王会利,唐玉贵,韦娇媚.低效林改造对土壤理化性质及水源涵养功能的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2010,8(5):72-78
[7]Dietz J,Holscher D,Leuschner C,et al.Rainfall partitioning in relation to forest structure in differently managed montane forest stands in Central Sulawesi,Indonesia[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2006,237:170-178
[8]马惠,张洪江,王伟,等.重庆市四面山不同森林类型林冠的截留作用[J].中国水土保持科学,2010,8(6):108-114
[9]张任好.杉木福建柏混交林生物量及水源涵养能力的研究[J].福建林业科技,1999,26:17-20
[10]潘紫重,杨文化.不同林分类型凋落物的蓄水功能[J].东北林业大学学报,2002,30(5):19-21
[11]郝占庆,王力华.辽东山区主要森林类型林地土壤涵蓄水性能的研究[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(3):237-241
[12]胡建忠,郑佳丽,张春霞.黄河上游退耕地植被组成、结构及水保功能评价[J].中国水土保持科学,2005,3(2):42-50
[13]周彬,韩海荣,康峰峰,等.太岳山不同郁闭度油松人工林降水分配特征[J].生态学报,2013,33(5):1645-1653
[14]徐丽宏,时忠杰,王彦辉,等.六盘山主要植被类型冠层截留特征[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(10):2487-2493
[15]范世香,裴铁璠,蒋德明,等.两种不同林分截留能力的比较研究[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(5):671-674
[16]彭明俊,郞南军,温绍龙,等.金沙江流域不同林分类型的土壤特性及其水源涵养功能研究[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(6):106-109
[17]徐学华,崔立志,王锡武,等.不同经营措施对冀北山地华北落叶松林枯落物持水特性的影响[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(3):157-161
[18]史晓巍.水源涵养林功能指标与结构指标的定量模拟[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2007:8
[19]蒋桂娟,郑小贤,宁杨翠.林分结构与水源涵养功能耦合关系研究:以北京八达岭林场为例[J].西北林学院学报,2012,27(2);175-179
[20]王晶,莫菲,段文标,等.六盘山南坡不同密度华北落叶松水源林生长过程比较[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(3):500-506
[21]时忠杰,王彦辉,徐丽宏,等.六盘山香水河小流域地形与植被类型对降雨径流系数的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2009,7(4):31-37
[22]张雷燕,刘常富,王彦辉,等.宁夏六盘山南侧森林枯落物及土壤的水文生态功能研究[J].林业科学研究,2007,20(1):15-20
[23]童鸿强,王玉杰,王彦辉,等.六盘山叠叠沟华北落叶松人工林叶面积指数的时空变化特征[J].林业科学研究,2011,24(1):13-20
[24]李衍青,张铜会,赵学勇,等.科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿灌丛降雨截留特征研究[J].草叶学报,2010,19(5):267-272
[25]郭明春.六盘山叠叠沟小流域森林植被坡面水文影响的研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2005:34
[26]张象君,王庆成,王石磊,等.小兴安岭落叶松人工纯林近自然化改造对林下植物多样性的影响[J].林业科学,2011,47(1):6-14
[27]王进欣,张一平.林隙微环境异质性及物种的响应[J].南京林业大学学报,2002,26(1):69-74
[28]Muscolo A,Sidari M,Mercurio R.Influence of gap size on organic matter decomposition,microbial biomass and nutrient cycle in Calabrian pine(Pinus laricio,Poriet)stands[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2007,242(2/3):412-418
[29]胡相明,程积民,万惠娥.黄土丘陵区人工林下草本层植物的结构特征[J].水土保持通报,2006,26(3):41-45
[30]胡雪凡.不同经营措施对华北落叶松人工林结构和生长的影响[D].河北保定:河北农业大学,2012:42-44
[31]马履一,李春义,王希群,等.不同强度间伐对北京山区油松生长及其林下生物多样性的影响[J].林业科学,2007,43(5):1-9
[32]毛志宏,朱教君,刘足根,等.间伐对落叶松人工林草本植物多样性及其组成的影响[J].生态学杂志,2006,25(10):1201-1207
[33]高志红,张万里,张庆费.森林凋落物生态功能研究概况及展望[J].东北林业大学学报,2004,32(6):79-83
[34]王辉,贺康宁,胡兴波,等.高寒区不同树种配置对林下植被物种多样性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,19(3):147-150
[35]蔡体久,朱道光,盛后财.原始红松林和次生白桦林降雨截留分配效应研究[J].中国水土保持科学,2006,4(6):61-65
[36]Pypker T G,Bond B J,Link T E,et al.The importance of canopy structure in controlling the interception loss of rainfall:Examples from a young and an old-growth Douglas-fir forest[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2005,130:113-129
[37]郭立群,王庆华.滇中高原区主要森林类型枯枝落叶层对降雨的截留功能[J].云南林业科技,1999(1):22-25
[38]刘向东,吴钦孝,赵鸿雁.黄土高原油松人工林枯枝落叶层水文生态功能研究[J].水土保持学报,1991,5(4):87-92
[39]罗跃初,韩单恒,王宏昌,等.辽西半干旱区几种人工林生态系统涵养水源功能研究[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(6):919-923
[40]Garcia-Estringana P,Alonso-Blazquez N,Alegre J.Water storage capacity,stemflow and water funneling in Mediterranean shrubs[J].Journal of Hydrology,2010,389:363-372