胶州湾沉积物重金属生物可利用性及生态风险评价
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摘要
在模拟双壳类肠胃消化液的弱酸性(pH=4)条件下对胶州湾8个站位沉积物中的重金属进行浸提,探究重金属的生物可利用性,并以改进的平均沉积物质量基准法(SQG-Q)评估重金属的生态风险。浸提结果表明,胶州湾沉积物中各重金属释放量(mg·kg~(-1))由高到低依次为:Zn(39.21)>Cu(20.88)>Cr(18.32)>Pb(10.69)>As(1.00)>Cd(0.125)>Hg(0.021),释放量较高值多出现在湾西南角的S7站位。沉积物中重金属各形态的释放率由高及低依次为:弱酸溶解态(88.21%)>可氧化态(16.39%)>可还原态(15.95%)>残渣态(1.36%),即重金属的释放主要与弱酸溶解态含量有关。各重金属总释放率表明,Cd在所有重金属中的稳定度最差,而Hg和As则较高。生态风险评价表明,研究区域内除S7、S3站位具有中等程度的潜在不利生物毒性外,其它站位重金属的生物毒性效应均较弱。
In order to explore the bioavailability of heavy metals in the sediments of Jiaozhou Bay,the heavy metals were extracted under the weak acidity(pH=4)which simulated bivalve gastrointestinal digestion.And then the ecological risk of heavy metals was evaluated by the improved mean sediment quality guideline quotient(SQG-Q)in the light of the bioavailability of heavy metals.The results of extraction showed the release amount of heavy metals(mg·kg~(-1))in the sediments was as follows:Zn(39.21)>Cu(20.88)>Cr(18.32)>Pb(10.69)>As(1.00)>Cd(0.125)>Hg(0.021).Higher release amount of most heavy metals were observed at S7 site located in the southwest of the bay.The release rates of different geochemical fractions decreased with the order:water/acid fraction(88.21%)>oxidizable fraction(16.39%)>reducible fraction(15.95%)>residual fraction(1.36%),and the release of heavy metals was strongly related to the contents of weak acid-soluble fraction.According to the total extraction rates of heavy metals,Cd exhibited the lowest stability,while the stability of Hg and As were higher.SQG-Q showed that the bio-toxic effect was weak in the study area,and only the S7 and S3 sites had moderate adverse biological toxicity.
In order to explore the bioavailability of heavy metals in the sediments of Jiaozhou Bay,the heavy metals were extracted under the weak acidity(pH=4)which simulated bivalve gastrointestinal digestion.And then the ecological risk of heavy metals was evaluated by the improved mean sediment quality guideline quotient(SQG-Q)in the light of the bioavailability of heavy metals.The results of extraction showed the release amount of heavy metals(mg·kg~(-1))in the sediments was as follows:Zn(39.21)>Cu(20.88)>Cr(18.32)>Pb(10.69)>As(1.00)>Cd(0.125)>Hg(0.021).Higher release amount of most heavy metals were observed at S7 site located in the southwest of the bay.The release rates of different geochemical fractions decreased with the order:water/acid fraction(88.21%)>oxidizable fraction(16.39%)>reducible fraction(15.95%)>residual fraction(1.36%),and the release of heavy metals was strongly related to the contents of weak acid-soluble fraction.According to the total extraction rates of heavy metals,Cd exhibited the lowest stability,while the stability of Hg and As were higher.SQG-Q showed that the bio-toxic effect was weak in the study area,and only the S7 and S3 sites had moderate adverse biological toxicity.
引文
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[29]Lin Y,Meng F,Du Y,et al.Distribution,speciation,and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of Jiaozhou Bay,China[J].Human and Ecological Risk Assessment:An International Journal,2016,22(5):1253-1267.
[30]汪亚平.胶州湾及邻近海区沉积动力学[D].青岛:中国科学院海洋研究所,2000.Wang Y P.Sediment Dynamics of Jiaozhou Bay and Adjoining Areas[D].Qingdao:Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Science,2000.
[31]王刚.胶州湾入海点源,海水养殖污染物通量研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2009.Wang G.Study on The Pollution of Point Source and Mariculture Fluxes Flowing into Jiaozhou Bay[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2009.
[32]GB 17378.5-2007,海洋监测规范第5部分:沉积物分析[S].GB 17378.5-2007,The Specification for Marine Monitoring-Part5:Sediment Analysis[S].
[33]李鹏,曾光明,蒋敏,等.pH值对霞湾港沉积物重金属Zn、Cu释放的影响[J].环境工程学报,2010,4(11):2425-2428.Li P,Zeng G M,Jiang M,et al.Effect of pH on release of heavy metals Zn and Cu in sediment from Xia wan[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2010,4(11):2425-2428.
[34]Cabon J Y,Giamarchi P,Floch S L.A study of marine pollution caused by the release of metals into seawater following acid spills.[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2010,60(7):998-1004.
[35]De los Ríos A,Juanes J A,Ortiz-Zarragoitia M,et al.Assessment of the effects of a marine urban outfall discharge on caged mussels using chemical and biomarker analysis[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2012,64(3):563-573.
[36]Boucaud C,Lebesnerais C,Lubet P,et al.Dynamique Et Enzymologie De La Digestion Chez L′hu5tre Crassostrea gigas(Thunberg)[M].Montpellier:Proceedings,IFREMER,Bases Biologiques De L’aquaculture,1983:75-96.
[37]Amiard J C,Geffard A,Amiard-Triquet C,et al.Relationship between the lability of sediment-bound metals(Cd,Cu,Zn)and their bioaccumulation in benthic invertebrates[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2007,72(3):511-521.
[38]Long E R,Macdonald D D,Smith S L,et al.Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments[J].Environmental Management,1995,19(1):81-97.
[39]李如忠,姜艳敏,潘成荣,等.典型有色金属矿山城市小河流沉积物重金属形态分布及风险评估[J].环境科学,2013,34(3):1067-1075.Li R Z,Jiang Y M,Pan C R,et al.Fraction distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in stream sediments from a typical nonferrous metals mining city[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(3):1067-1075.
[40]Feng H,Jiang H,Gao W,et al.Metal contamination in sediments of the western Bohai Bay and adjacent estuaries,China[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2011,92(4):1185-1197.
[41]Wang Y,Wei Y,Guo P,et al.Distribution variation of heavy metals in maricultural sediments and their enrichment,ecological risk and possible source-A case study from Zhelin Bay in Southern China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2016,113(1):240-246.
[42]Gao X,Chen C T A.Heavy metal pollution status in surface sediments of the coastal Bohai Bay[J].Water Research,2012,46(6):1901-1911.
[43]Karbassi A R,Shankar R.Geochemistry of two sediment cores from the west coast of India[J].International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology,2005,1(4):307-316.
[44]Jiang X,Shi Z F,Liu F,et al.Effects of dredging on speciation and bio-toxicity of heavy metals in the surface sediment from Meiliang Bay,Taihu Lake[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2010,23(9):1151-1157.
[2]Chai M,Shi F,Li R,et al.Heavy metal contamination and ecological risk in Spartina alterniflora marsh in intertidal sediments of Bohai Bay,China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,84(1):115-124.
[3]El Nemr A,El-Said G F,Khaled A,et al.Distribution and ecological risk assessment of some heavy metals in coastal surface sediments along the Red Sea,Egypt[J].International Journal of Sediment Research,2016,31(2):164-172.
[4]Agah H,Bastami K D,Fumani N S.Ecological risk,source and preliminary assessment of metals in the surface sediments of Chabahar Bay,Oman Sea[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2016,107(1):383-388.
[5]Pang H J,Lou Z H,Jin A M,et al.Contamination,distribution,and sources of heavy metals in the sediments of Andong tidal flat,Hangzhou Bay,China[J].Continental Shelf Research,2015,110:72-84.
[6]Rodríguez J G,Tueros I,Borja A,et al.Maximum likelihood mixture estimation to determine metal background values in estuarine and coastal sediments within the European Water Framework Directive[J].Science of the Total Environment,2006,370(2):278-293.
[7]Viguri J R,Irabien M J,Yusta I,et al.Physico-chemical and toxicological characterization of the historic estuarine sediments:a multidisciplinary approach[J].Environment International,2007,33(4):436-444.
[8]Luoma S N.Can we determine the biological availability of sediment-bound trace elements?[J].Hydrobiologia,1989,176(1):379-396.
[9]Yu X,Li H,Pan K,et al.Mercury distribution,speciation and bioavailability in sediments from the Pearl River Estuary,Southern China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2012,64(8):1699-1704.
[10]Griscom S B,Fisher N S,Luoma S N.Geochemical influences on assimilation of sediment-bound metals in clams and mussels[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2000,34(1):91-99.
[11]Cardoso P G,LillebA I,Pereira E,et al.Different mercury bioaccumulation kinetics by two macrobenthic species:the bivalve Scrobicularia plana and the polychaete Hediste diversicolor[J].Marine Environmental Research,2009,68(1):12-18.
[12]Ure A M,Quevauviller P,Muntau H,et al.Speciation of heavy metals in soils and sediments.An account of the improvement and harmonization of extraction techniques undertaken under the auspices of the BCR of the Commission of the European Communities[J].International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry,1993,51(1-4):135-151.
[13]Diks D M,Allen H E.Correlation of copper distribution in a freshwater-sediment system to bioavailability[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,1983,30(1):37-43.
[14]汪飞,黄小平.海洋沉积物中重金属对底栖无脊椎动物的生物有效性[J].生态学杂志,2012,31(1):207-214.Wang F,Huang X P.Bioavailability of marine sediment-bound heavy metals to benthic invertebrates:A review[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2012,31(1):207-214.
[15]Griscom S B,Fisher N S,Aller R C,et al.Effects of gut chemistry in marine bivalves on the assimilation of metals from ingested sediment particles[J].Journal of Marine Research,2002,60(1):101-120.
[16]Owen G Digestion.Physiology of Mollusca,vol.2[M].Wilbur K M,Yonge C M.New York:Academic Press,1966:53-96.
[17]Caeiro S,Costa M H,Ramos T B,et al.Assessing heavy metal contamination in Sado Estuary sediment:An index analysis approach[J].Ecological Indicators,2005,5(2):151-169.
[18]Zoller W H,Gladney E S,Duce R A.Atmospheric concentrations and sources of trace metals at the South Pole[J].Science,1974,183(4121):198-200.
[19]Muller G.Heavy-metals in sediment of the Rhine-changes since1971[J].Umschau in Wissenschaft und Technik,1979,79(24):778-783.
[20]Wolska L,Sagajdakow A,Kuczyńska A,et al.Application of ecotoxicological studies in integrated environmental monitoring:Possibilities and problems[J].TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry,2007,26(4):332-344.
[21]Cheng W H,Yap C K.Potential human health risks from toxic metals via mangrove snail consumption and their ecological risk assessments in the habitat sediment from Peninsular Malaysia[J].Chemosphere,2015,135:156-165.
[22]柏建坤,李潮流,康世昌,等.雅鲁藏布江中段表层沉积物重金属形态分布及风险评价[J].环境科学,2014,35(9):3346-3351.Bai J K,Li C L,Kang S C,et al.Chemical speciation and risk assessment of heavy metals in the middle Part of Yarlung Zangbo surface sediments[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(9):3346-3351.
[23]张学庆,孙英兰.胶州湾入海污染物总量控制研究[J].海洋环境科学,2007,26(4):347-351.Zhang X Q,Sun Y L.Study on the environmental capacity in Jiaozhou Bay[J].Marine Environmental Science,2007,26(4):347-351.
[24]Xu F,Qiu L,Cao Y,et al.Trace metals in the surface sediments of the intertidal Jiaozhou Bay,China:Sources and contamination assessment[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2016,104(1):371-378.
[25]刘兆庆,徐方建,田旭,等.胶州湾潮间带表层沉积物重金属污染评价[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(6):2239-2247.Liu Z Q,Xu F J,Tian X,et al.Evaluation of heavy metals pollution in surface sediments of the intertidal Jiaozhou Bay,China[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(6):2239-2247.
[26]张乃星,曹丛华,任荣珠,等.胶州湾外海洋倾倒区表层沉积物中的重金属及其潜在生态风险[J].环境科学,2011,32(5):1315-1320.Zhang N X,Cao C H,Ren R Z,et al.Heavy metals in the surface sediment of the dumping ground outside Jiaozhou Bay and their potential ecological risk[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(5):1315-1320.
[27]张珂,王朝晖,冯杰,等.胶州湾表层沉积物重金属分布特征及污染评价[J].分析测试学报,2011,30(12):1406-1411.Zhang K,Wang Z H,Feng J,et al.Distribution and pollution assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of Jiaozhou Bay[J].Journal of Instrumental Analysis,2011,30(12):1406-1411.
[28]郭军辉,殷月芬,陈发荣,等.胶州湾表层沉积物重金属污染分布特征及其生态风险评价[J].环境污染与防治,2012,34(3):13-21.Guo J H,Yin Y F,Chen F R,et al.,The distribution characteristics of heavy metals in sediments of Jiaozhou Bay and its potential ecological risk evaluation[J].Environmental Pollution and Control,2012,34(3):13-21.
[29]Lin Y,Meng F,Du Y,et al.Distribution,speciation,and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of Jiaozhou Bay,China[J].Human and Ecological Risk Assessment:An International Journal,2016,22(5):1253-1267.
[30]汪亚平.胶州湾及邻近海区沉积动力学[D].青岛:中国科学院海洋研究所,2000.Wang Y P.Sediment Dynamics of Jiaozhou Bay and Adjoining Areas[D].Qingdao:Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Science,2000.
[31]王刚.胶州湾入海点源,海水养殖污染物通量研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2009.Wang G.Study on The Pollution of Point Source and Mariculture Fluxes Flowing into Jiaozhou Bay[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2009.
[32]GB 17378.5-2007,海洋监测规范第5部分:沉积物分析[S].GB 17378.5-2007,The Specification for Marine Monitoring-Part5:Sediment Analysis[S].
[33]李鹏,曾光明,蒋敏,等.pH值对霞湾港沉积物重金属Zn、Cu释放的影响[J].环境工程学报,2010,4(11):2425-2428.Li P,Zeng G M,Jiang M,et al.Effect of pH on release of heavy metals Zn and Cu in sediment from Xia wan[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2010,4(11):2425-2428.
[34]Cabon J Y,Giamarchi P,Floch S L.A study of marine pollution caused by the release of metals into seawater following acid spills.[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2010,60(7):998-1004.
[35]De los Ríos A,Juanes J A,Ortiz-Zarragoitia M,et al.Assessment of the effects of a marine urban outfall discharge on caged mussels using chemical and biomarker analysis[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2012,64(3):563-573.
[36]Boucaud C,Lebesnerais C,Lubet P,et al.Dynamique Et Enzymologie De La Digestion Chez L′hu5tre Crassostrea gigas(Thunberg)[M].Montpellier:Proceedings,IFREMER,Bases Biologiques De L’aquaculture,1983:75-96.
[37]Amiard J C,Geffard A,Amiard-Triquet C,et al.Relationship between the lability of sediment-bound metals(Cd,Cu,Zn)and their bioaccumulation in benthic invertebrates[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2007,72(3):511-521.
[38]Long E R,Macdonald D D,Smith S L,et al.Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments[J].Environmental Management,1995,19(1):81-97.
[39]李如忠,姜艳敏,潘成荣,等.典型有色金属矿山城市小河流沉积物重金属形态分布及风险评估[J].环境科学,2013,34(3):1067-1075.Li R Z,Jiang Y M,Pan C R,et al.Fraction distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in stream sediments from a typical nonferrous metals mining city[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(3):1067-1075.
[40]Feng H,Jiang H,Gao W,et al.Metal contamination in sediments of the western Bohai Bay and adjacent estuaries,China[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2011,92(4):1185-1197.
[41]Wang Y,Wei Y,Guo P,et al.Distribution variation of heavy metals in maricultural sediments and their enrichment,ecological risk and possible source-A case study from Zhelin Bay in Southern China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2016,113(1):240-246.
[42]Gao X,Chen C T A.Heavy metal pollution status in surface sediments of the coastal Bohai Bay[J].Water Research,2012,46(6):1901-1911.
[43]Karbassi A R,Shankar R.Geochemistry of two sediment cores from the west coast of India[J].International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology,2005,1(4):307-316.
[44]Jiang X,Shi Z F,Liu F,et al.Effects of dredging on speciation and bio-toxicity of heavy metals in the surface sediment from Meiliang Bay,Taihu Lake[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2010,23(9):1151-1157.