基于音频特征MFCC的混合域脆弱水印算法
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摘要
将DWT与SVD进行结合,设计一种以音频自身特征MFCC为基础的脆弱水印方案。不直接采用二值图像作为水印,利用原始音频特征Mel频率倒谱系数(MFCC)对常见音频处理操作比较敏感的特性,一方面构造脆弱水印,另一方面进行音频内容的认证。利用音频特征MFCC进行脆弱水印构造,对各音频分段进行DWT变换,选取小波域的低频部分并进行SVD分解操作,将水印通过均值量化的策略嵌入在DWT变换和SVD分解组成的混合域中。实验结果表明,该方案有很好的透明性,对多种攻击具备较强的敏感性,可对恶意篡改进行定位。
Combining discrete wavelet transform with singular value decomposition,a fragile watermarking algorithm based on audio features of MFCC was presented.The algorithm did not adopt binary image as the watermark,but utilized the features of the original audio Mel frequency cepstral coefficients(MFCC) to construct the fragile watermark sequence,since MFCC was very sensitive to common audio attacks,and this feature was also applied to audio content authentication.The audio features were used to construct the fragile watermark sequence.Each audio segment was processed through discrete wavelet and the low frequency parts of wavelet transform were selected for singular value decomposition.The watermark sequence was embedded in hybrid domain using mean quantization method.Experimental results indicate that the method presented is invisible and sensitive enough to the popular attacks,and it can locate the malicious tampering.
Combining discrete wavelet transform with singular value decomposition,a fragile watermarking algorithm based on audio features of MFCC was presented.The algorithm did not adopt binary image as the watermark,but utilized the features of the original audio Mel frequency cepstral coefficients(MFCC) to construct the fragile watermark sequence,since MFCC was very sensitive to common audio attacks,and this feature was also applied to audio content authentication.The audio features were used to construct the fragile watermark sequence.Each audio segment was processed through discrete wavelet and the low frequency parts of wavelet transform were selected for singular value decomposition.The watermark sequence was embedded in hybrid domain using mean quantization method.Experimental results indicate that the method presented is invisible and sensitive enough to the popular attacks,and it can locate the malicious tampering.
引文
[1]LIU Haiyan,XIONG Zenggang.LIU Yi.Multifunctional audio watermarking algorithm for copyright protection and content authentication[J].Journal of Beijing University of Technology,2015,41(1):68-75(in Chinese).[刘海燕,熊曾刚,刘易.用于版权保护与内容认证的多功能音频水印算法[J].北京工业大学学报,2015,41(1):68-75.]
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[4]Bhat KV,Sengupta I,Das A.An audio watermarking scheme using singular value decomposition and dither-modulation quantization[J].Multimed Tools Appl,2011,52(2/3):369-383.
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[11]DUAN Suijun,FAN Jiulun.Audio watermarking algorithm based on SVD and DWT[J].Application Research of Computers,2014,31(7):2116-2118(in Chinese).[段岁军,范九伦.一种基于SVD和DWT的音频水印算法[J].计算机应用研究,2014,31(7):2116-2118.]
[12]SONG Zhiyong.The application of MATLAB in speech signal analysis and synthesis[M].Beijing:Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Press,2011:37-43(in Chinese).[宋知用.MATLAB在语音信号分析与合成中的应用[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2011:37-43.]
[13]YANG Zhijiang,YE A'yong.An audio public watermarking algorithm based on mutiple watermarks embedding in DWTSVD domain[J].System Simulation Technology,2014,10(1):27-31(in Chinese).[杨志疆,叶阿勇.多重水印嵌入的DWT-SVD音频公开水印算法[J].系统仿真技术,2014,10(1):27-31.]
[14]ZHU Guang,ZHANG Junliang.Audio watermarking algorithm based on lifting wavelet transform and SVD[J].Computer Application and Software,2014,31(2):149-152(in Chinese).[朱光,张军亮.基于提升小波变换和SVD的音频水印算法[J].计算机应用与软件,2014,31(2):149-152.]
[15]SONG Hui,LI Chen,TIAN Lihua.The zero-watermarking algorithm based on audio features of MFCC[J].Computer Applications and Software,2016,33(10),140-144(in Chinese).[宋慧,李晨,田丽华.基于音频特征MFCC的零水印算法[J].计算机应用与软件,2016,33(10):140-144.]
[16]LIN Xiaodan.Audio watermarking for copyright verification and content authentication[J].Journal of Computer Application,2010,30(8):2269-2271(in Chinese).[林晓丹.用于版权和内容认证的音频水印[J].计算机应用,2010,30(8):2269-2271.]
[2]Wang J,Healy R,Timoney J.A robust audio gular value decomposition and distortion removal[J].Signal Processing,2011,91(8):1693-1708.
[3]Lei BY,Soon IY,Li Z.Blind and robust audio watermarking scheme based on SVD-DCT[J].Signal Processing,2011,91(8):1973-1984.
[4]Bhat KV,Sengupta I,Das A.An audio watermarking scheme using singular value decomposition and dither-modulation quantization[J].Multimed Tools Appl,2011,52(2/3):369-383.
[5]ZHOU Yun,WANG Rangding.Fragile watermarking scheme based on index constrained vector quantization[J].Application Research of Computers,2011,28(5):1940-1942(in Chinese).[周赟,王让定.一种基于索引约束矢量量化的脆弱音频水印算法[J].计算机应用研究,2011,28(5):1940-1942.]
[6]Huang XH,Jiang WZ.An adaptive fragile audio watermarking based on MDFT[C]//International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Integrated Systems,2010:91-94.
[7]Li J,Wang R,Zhu J.A fragile audio aggregation watermarking algorithm based on Huffman coding[C]//International Conference on Electronics,Communications and Control,2011:626-629.
[8]FAN Mingquan,WANG Hongxia.Content-based fragile audio watermarking in hybrid domain[J].Journal of China Railway Society,2010,32(1):118-122(in Chinese).[范明泉,王宏霞.基于音频内容的混合域脆弱水印算法[J].铁道学报,2010,32(1):118-122.]
[9]REN Keqiang,LI Hui,XIE Bin.Adaptive digital audio zerowatermarking algorithm based on DWT and SVD[J].Computer Engineering and Applications,2014,50(12):87-90(in Chinese).[任克强,李慧,谢斌.基于DWT和SVD的自适应数字音频零水印算法[J].计算机工程与应用,2014,50(12):87-90.]
[10]LEI Min,YANG Yu.An audio blind watermarking scheme based on DWT-DCT-SVD[J].Journal of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,2011,34(S1):51-54(in Chinese).[雷敏,杨榆.基于DWT-DCT-SVD的音频盲水印算法[J].北京邮电大学学报,2011,34(S1):51-54.]
[11]DUAN Suijun,FAN Jiulun.Audio watermarking algorithm based on SVD and DWT[J].Application Research of Computers,2014,31(7):2116-2118(in Chinese).[段岁军,范九伦.一种基于SVD和DWT的音频水印算法[J].计算机应用研究,2014,31(7):2116-2118.]
[12]SONG Zhiyong.The application of MATLAB in speech signal analysis and synthesis[M].Beijing:Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Press,2011:37-43(in Chinese).[宋知用.MATLAB在语音信号分析与合成中的应用[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2011:37-43.]
[13]YANG Zhijiang,YE A'yong.An audio public watermarking algorithm based on mutiple watermarks embedding in DWTSVD domain[J].System Simulation Technology,2014,10(1):27-31(in Chinese).[杨志疆,叶阿勇.多重水印嵌入的DWT-SVD音频公开水印算法[J].系统仿真技术,2014,10(1):27-31.]
[14]ZHU Guang,ZHANG Junliang.Audio watermarking algorithm based on lifting wavelet transform and SVD[J].Computer Application and Software,2014,31(2):149-152(in Chinese).[朱光,张军亮.基于提升小波变换和SVD的音频水印算法[J].计算机应用与软件,2014,31(2):149-152.]
[15]SONG Hui,LI Chen,TIAN Lihua.The zero-watermarking algorithm based on audio features of MFCC[J].Computer Applications and Software,2016,33(10),140-144(in Chinese).[宋慧,李晨,田丽华.基于音频特征MFCC的零水印算法[J].计算机应用与软件,2016,33(10):140-144.]
[16]LIN Xiaodan.Audio watermarking for copyright verification and content authentication[J].Journal of Computer Application,2010,30(8):2269-2271(in Chinese).[林晓丹.用于版权和内容认证的音频水印[J].计算机应用,2010,30(8):2269-2271.]