利用地理坐标网分块的矢量地图脆弱水印方案
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摘要
为解决矢量地图数据的完整性认证问题,提出一种利用地理坐标网分块的脆弱水印方案.首先利用地理坐标网按照一定的经差和纬差将矢量地图划分为互不重叠的数据子块,然后对每个子块内的数据点进行排序处理,利用嵌入位前的坐标信息生成脆弱水印,最后采用防数据点溢出策略通过修改坐标嵌入位将认证信息嵌入.水印检测与嵌入过程相对应,无需借助原始数据.数据认证时,通过对比检测出水印和生成水印的一致性,判断地图数据是否遭到了篡改.采用某地1:100万的道路线状数据进行水印性能评估实验,实验结果表明,该脆弱水印方案具有良好的稳定性、不可见性和篡改定位精度,能够对矢量地图数据的完整性进行准确认证.
To solve the problem of vector map data integrity authentication, a fragile watermarking scheme using geographic graticule block-wise method is proposed. Initially, the whole vector map is divided into non-overlapping data subblocks by means of geographic graticule according to certain longitude difference and latitude difference. Then vertices in each subblock are sorted, and fragile watermarking is generated by utilizing the coordinate information before the embedding place. Finally, a vertice anti-overflow strategy is adopted to embed the authentication information through modifying the embedding digits of coordinates. Watermarking detection corresponds to the embedding procedure and does not require the participation of original vector map data. During the data authentication process, whether the map data has been tampered could be determined by comparing the consistency of the extracted watermarking with the generated watermarking. A road-linear data with a scale of 1: 1 000 000 was adopted to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme. Experimental results show that the proposed fragile watermarking scheme has satisfactory stability, imperceptibility and tamper localization ability. Therefore, the scheme is capable of authenticating the integrity of vector map data accurately.
To solve the problem of vector map data integrity authentication, a fragile watermarking scheme using geographic graticule block-wise method is proposed. Initially, the whole vector map is divided into non-overlapping data subblocks by means of geographic graticule according to certain longitude difference and latitude difference. Then vertices in each subblock are sorted, and fragile watermarking is generated by utilizing the coordinate information before the embedding place. Finally, a vertice anti-overflow strategy is adopted to embed the authentication information through modifying the embedding digits of coordinates. Watermarking detection corresponds to the embedding procedure and does not require the participation of original vector map data. During the data authentication process, whether the map data has been tampered could be determined by comparing the consistency of the extracted watermarking with the generated watermarking. A road-linear data with a scale of 1: 1 000 000 was adopted to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme. Experimental results show that the proposed fragile watermarking scheme has satisfactory stability, imperceptibility and tamper localization ability. Therefore, the scheme is capable of authenticating the integrity of vector map data accurately.
引文
[1]Peng Z Y,Yue M L,Wu X,et al.Blind watermarking scheme for polylines in vector geo-spatial data[J].Multimedia Tools Applications,2015,74(24):11721-11739
[2]Min Lianquan,Yang Hui,Hou Xiang,et al.Watermarking of Geospatial Information[M].Beijing:Surveying and Mapping Press,2017:6-11(in Chinese)(闵连权,杨辉,侯翔,等.地理空间信息数字水印技术[M].北京:测绘出版社,2017:6-11)
[3]Wang N N,Zhang H,Men C G.A high capacity reversible data hiding method for 2D vector maps based on virtual coordinates[J].Computer-Aided Design,2014,47:108-117
[4]Zhou Lang,Su Zhiyong,Tang Weiqing.Topology integrity verification for 2D engineering CAD drawings[J].Journal of Computer-Aided Design&Computer Graphics,2017,29(5):895-905(in Chinese)(周浪,苏智勇,唐卫清.面向二维工程CAD图的拓扑完整性校验算法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2017,29(5):895-905)
[5]Su Z Y,Yang X,Liu G J,et al.Topology authentication for piping isometric drawings[J].Computer-Aided Design,2015,66:33-44
[6]Chen Yongfu,Cui Hongxing,Wang Yanwei,et al.Asemi-fragile watermarking algorithm for copyright protection and tamper localization of engineering graphics[J].Journal of Computer-Aided Design&Computer Graphics,2014,26(8):1240-1250(in Chinese)(陈永府,崔洪星,王彦伟,等.面向工程图版权保护和修改定位的半脆弱水印算法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2014,26(8):1240-1250)
[7]Lee S H,Huo X J,Kwon K R.Vector watermarking method for digital map protection using arc length distribution[J].IEICETransactions on Information and Systems,2014,E97-D(1):34-42
[8]Abubahia A,Cocea M.Advancements in GIS map copyright protection schemes-a critical review[J].Multimedia Tools Applications,2017,76(10):12205-12231
[9]Huber S,Held M,Meerwald P,et al.Topology-preserving watermarking of vector graphics[J].International Journal of Computational Geometry and Application,2014,24:61-86
[10]Lafaye J,Béguec J,Gross-Amblard D.Blind and squaring-resistant watermarking of vectorial building layers[J].Geoinformatica,2012,16(2):245-279
[11]Lee S H,Kwon K R.Vector watermarking scheme for GISvector map management[J].Multimedia Tool Application,2013,63(3):757-790
[12]Muttoo S K,Kumar V.Watermarking digital vector map using graph theoretic approach[J].Annals of GIS,2012,18(2):135-146
[13]Neyman S N,Sitohang B,Sutisna S.Reversible fragile watermarking based on difference expansion using manhattan distances for 2D vector map[J].Procedia Technology,2013,11:614-620
[14]Wang X T,Shao C Y,Xu X G,et al.Reversible data-hiding scheme for 2-D vector maps based on difference expansion[J].IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security,2007,2(3):311-320
[15]Wang Qisheng,Zhu Changqing.Fragile watermarking algorithm for vector geographic data exact authentication[J].Journal of Geomatics Science and Technology,2012,29(3):218-221(in Chinese)(王奇胜,朱长青.一种用于精确认证的矢量地理数据脆弱水印算法[J].测绘科学技术学报,2012,29(3):218-221)
[16]Neyman S N,Sitohang B,Cahyono F.An improvement technique of fragile watermarking to assurance the data integrity on vector maps[C]//Proceedings of International Conference on Computer,Control,Informatics and Its Applications.Los Alamitos:IEEE Computer Society Press,2013:179-184
[17]Ren Na,Wu Wei,Zhu Changqing.An accurate authentication algorithm based on point constraint block for vector geographic data[J].Journal of Geo-Information Science,2015,17(2):166-171(in Chinese)(任娜,吴维,朱长青.一种点约束分块的矢量地理数据精确认证算法[J].地球信息科学学报,2015,17(2):166-171)
[18]Zheng L B,You F C.A fragile digital watermark used to verify the integrity of vector map[C]//Proceedings of International Conference on E-Business and Information System Security.Los Alamitos:IEEE Computer Society Press,2009:1-4
[19]Wang N N,Men C G.Reversible fragile watermarking for locating tampered blocks in 2D vector maps[J].Multimedia Tools and Applications,2013,67(3):709-739
[2]Min Lianquan,Yang Hui,Hou Xiang,et al.Watermarking of Geospatial Information[M].Beijing:Surveying and Mapping Press,2017:6-11(in Chinese)(闵连权,杨辉,侯翔,等.地理空间信息数字水印技术[M].北京:测绘出版社,2017:6-11)
[3]Wang N N,Zhang H,Men C G.A high capacity reversible data hiding method for 2D vector maps based on virtual coordinates[J].Computer-Aided Design,2014,47:108-117
[4]Zhou Lang,Su Zhiyong,Tang Weiqing.Topology integrity verification for 2D engineering CAD drawings[J].Journal of Computer-Aided Design&Computer Graphics,2017,29(5):895-905(in Chinese)(周浪,苏智勇,唐卫清.面向二维工程CAD图的拓扑完整性校验算法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2017,29(5):895-905)
[5]Su Z Y,Yang X,Liu G J,et al.Topology authentication for piping isometric drawings[J].Computer-Aided Design,2015,66:33-44
[6]Chen Yongfu,Cui Hongxing,Wang Yanwei,et al.Asemi-fragile watermarking algorithm for copyright protection and tamper localization of engineering graphics[J].Journal of Computer-Aided Design&Computer Graphics,2014,26(8):1240-1250(in Chinese)(陈永府,崔洪星,王彦伟,等.面向工程图版权保护和修改定位的半脆弱水印算法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2014,26(8):1240-1250)
[7]Lee S H,Huo X J,Kwon K R.Vector watermarking method for digital map protection using arc length distribution[J].IEICETransactions on Information and Systems,2014,E97-D(1):34-42
[8]Abubahia A,Cocea M.Advancements in GIS map copyright protection schemes-a critical review[J].Multimedia Tools Applications,2017,76(10):12205-12231
[9]Huber S,Held M,Meerwald P,et al.Topology-preserving watermarking of vector graphics[J].International Journal of Computational Geometry and Application,2014,24:61-86
[10]Lafaye J,Béguec J,Gross-Amblard D.Blind and squaring-resistant watermarking of vectorial building layers[J].Geoinformatica,2012,16(2):245-279
[11]Lee S H,Kwon K R.Vector watermarking scheme for GISvector map management[J].Multimedia Tool Application,2013,63(3):757-790
[12]Muttoo S K,Kumar V.Watermarking digital vector map using graph theoretic approach[J].Annals of GIS,2012,18(2):135-146
[13]Neyman S N,Sitohang B,Sutisna S.Reversible fragile watermarking based on difference expansion using manhattan distances for 2D vector map[J].Procedia Technology,2013,11:614-620
[14]Wang X T,Shao C Y,Xu X G,et al.Reversible data-hiding scheme for 2-D vector maps based on difference expansion[J].IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security,2007,2(3):311-320
[15]Wang Qisheng,Zhu Changqing.Fragile watermarking algorithm for vector geographic data exact authentication[J].Journal of Geomatics Science and Technology,2012,29(3):218-221(in Chinese)(王奇胜,朱长青.一种用于精确认证的矢量地理数据脆弱水印算法[J].测绘科学技术学报,2012,29(3):218-221)
[16]Neyman S N,Sitohang B,Cahyono F.An improvement technique of fragile watermarking to assurance the data integrity on vector maps[C]//Proceedings of International Conference on Computer,Control,Informatics and Its Applications.Los Alamitos:IEEE Computer Society Press,2013:179-184
[17]Ren Na,Wu Wei,Zhu Changqing.An accurate authentication algorithm based on point constraint block for vector geographic data[J].Journal of Geo-Information Science,2015,17(2):166-171(in Chinese)(任娜,吴维,朱长青.一种点约束分块的矢量地理数据精确认证算法[J].地球信息科学学报,2015,17(2):166-171)
[18]Zheng L B,You F C.A fragile digital watermark used to verify the integrity of vector map[C]//Proceedings of International Conference on E-Business and Information System Security.Los Alamitos:IEEE Computer Society Press,2009:1-4
[19]Wang N N,Men C G.Reversible fragile watermarking for locating tampered blocks in 2D vector maps[J].Multimedia Tools and Applications,2013,67(3):709-739