“他人信息搜寻”的预期:基于假定影响模型的网络微观动员研究
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摘要
以第三人效果理论和假定影响模型为基本研究框架,运用问卷调查收集数据,量化分析信息接收者在面对网络微观动员信息时所进行的信息处理过程以及他人/自我假定影响与自我行动意向之间的关联可以发现,网络微观动员确实能够引发第一人效果以及投射效应,同时信息处理过程的各个变量会预测自我假定影响和他人假定影响;自我假定影响以及他人假定影响则是自我行动意愿的显著预测因子,而且信息接收者预期"他人更为关注信息"是自我网络参与的显著因子。
Based on the third-person effect theory and the supposed effect model, quantitative analyses are conducted. This paper analyzes the relevance between the receivers ' information processing when facing with the information of Internet micro mobilization and the supposed effect of others/self and the own willingness of action. Results show that the Internet micro mobilization does trigger first-person effect and projection effect. Meanwhile,the variables of the information processing can predict the supposed effects of oneself and others as well,and the supposed effects of oneself and others are the prominent predictablefactors to the own willingness action. Moreover,the receiver's anticipation of others paying closer attention to the information is the significant factor of the Internet involvement of oneself.
Based on the third-person effect theory and the supposed effect model, quantitative analyses are conducted. This paper analyzes the relevance between the receivers ' information processing when facing with the information of Internet micro mobilization and the supposed effect of others/self and the own willingness of action. Results show that the Internet micro mobilization does trigger first-person effect and projection effect. Meanwhile,the variables of the information processing can predict the supposed effects of oneself and others as well,and the supposed effects of oneself and others are the prominent predictablefactors to the own willingness action. Moreover,the receiver's anticipation of others paying closer attention to the information is the significant factor of the Internet involvement of oneself.
引文
[1]Gunther,A.C.,&Storey,J.D.,“The Influence of Presumed Influence,”Journal of Communication,vol.53,no.2,2003,pp.199-215.
[2]Gunther,A.C.,“Overrating the X-rating:The Third-person Perception and Support for Censorship of Pornography,”Journal of Communication,vol.45,no.1,1995,pp.27-38.45:27-38.;Cohen,J.,Mutz,D.,Price,V.,Gunther,A.,“Perceived Impact of Defamation:An Experiment on Third-Person Effects,”The Public Opinion Quarterly,vol.52,no.2,1988,pp.162-173.;Salwen,M.,&Dupagne,M.,“News of Y2K and Experiencing Y2K:Exploring the Relationship between the Third-person Effect and Optimistic Bias,”Media Psychology,vol.5,no.1,2003,pp.57-82.
[3]Cohen,J.,Mutz,D.,Price,V.,Gunther,A.,“Perceived Impact of Defamation:An Experiment on Third-Person Effects,”The Public Opinion Quarterly,vol.52,no.2,1988,pp.162-173.
[4]Salwen,M.,&Dupagne,M.,“News of Y2K and Experiencing Y2K:Exploring the Relationship between the Third-Person Effect and Optimistic Bias,”Media Psychology,vol.5,no.1,2003,pp.57-82.;Tewksbury,D.,Moy,P.,&Weis,D.S.,“Preparations for Y2K:Revisiting the Behavioral Component of the Third-Person Effect,”Journal of Communication,vol.54,no.1,2004,pp.138-155.
[5]Golan.G.J.,Banning,S.A.&Lisa,L.,“Likelihood to Vote,Candidate Choice,and the Third-Person Effect Behavioral Implications of Political Advertising in the 2004 Presidential Election,”American Behavioral Scientist,vol.271,no.52,2008,pp.278-290.;Day,A.G.,“Out of the Living Room and Into the Voting Booth:An Analysis of Corporate Public Affairs Advertising Under the Third-Person Effect,”American Behavioral Scientist,vol.202,no.2,2008,pp.244-260.
[6]Golan.G.J.,Banning,S.A.&Lisa,L.,“Likelihood to Vote,Candidate Choice,and the Third-Person Effect:Behavioral Implications of Political Advertising in the 2004 Presidential Election,”American Behavioral Scientist,vol.271,no.52,2008,pp.278-290.
[7]Wei,R.,Lo,V.and Lu,H.,“Third-Person Effects of Health News:Exploring the Relationships Among Media Exposure,Presumed Media Influence,and Behavioral Intentions,”American Behavioral Scientist,vol.52,no.52,2008,pp.261-277.
[8]Hoffner,C.,&Buchanan,M.,“Parents'Responses to Television Violence:The Third Person Perception,Parental Mediation and Support for Censorship,”Media Psychology,vol.4,no.3,2002,pp.232-252.
[9]Tsfati,Y.,&Cohen,J.,“The Influence of Presumed Media Influence on Democratic Legitimacy:The Case of Gaza Settlers,”Communication Research,vol.32,no.6,2005,pp.795-821.
[10]Jensen,J.D.&Hurley,R.J.,“Third-Person Effects and the Environment:Social Distance,Social Desirability,and Presumed Behavior,”Journal of Communication,vol.55,no.2,2005,pp.242-56.
[11]Lo,V.,&Wei,R.,“Third-Person Effect,Gender,and Pornography on the Internet,”Journal of Broadcasting&Electronic Media,vol.46,no.1,2002,pp.13-33.
[12]Lee,B.&Tamborini,R.,“Third-Person Effect and Internet Pornography:The Influence of Collectivism and Internet Self-Efficacy,”Journal of Communication,vol.55,no.2,2005,pp.292-310.
[13]禹卫华:《中国大众媒介信息流程中的第三人效果认知》,博士学位论文,复旦大学,2007年。
[14]洪雅慧:《网络电子邮件之“第三人效果”与“第一人效果”——以台湾“319枪击疑云”子邮件散播为例》,《新闻学研究》(台湾)2007年90期。
[15]洪雅慧:《网络电子邮件之“第三人效果”与“第一人效果”—以台湾“319枪击疑云”电子邮件散播为例》,《新闻学研究》(台湾)2007年90期。
[16]Bennett,W.L.,“Communicating Global Activism:Strengths and Vulnerabilities of Networked Politics Information,”Communication&Society,vol.6,no.2,2003,pp.143-168.
[17]Klandermans,B.,“Mobilization and Participation:Social Psychological Expansions of Resource Mobilization Theory,”American Sociological Review,vol.49,no.5,1984,pp.583-600.
[18]Bakker,T.P&de Vreese,C.H.,“Good News for the Future?Young People,Internet Use,and Political Participation,”Communication Research,vol.38,no.4,2011,pp.451-471.
[19]Shah,D.V.,Cho,J.,Eveland,W.P.,Jr.,&Kwak,N.,“Information and Expression in a Digital Age:Modeling Internet Effects on Civic Participation,”Communication Research,vol.32,no.5,2005,pp.531-565.;Kwak.N,Williams.A.E,Wang,X&Lee.H.,“Talking Politics and Engaging Politics:An Examination of the Interactive,”Communication Research,vol.32,no.1,2005,pp.87-111.
[20]Gunther,A.C.,&Storey,J.D.,“The Influence of Presumed Influence,”Journal ofCommunication,vol.53,no.2,2003,pp.199-215.
[21]Perloff.Richard M.,“Third-Person Effect Research 1983-1992.A Review and Synthesis,”International Journal of Public Opinion Research,vol.5,no.2,1993,pp.167-184.
[22]Meirick,P.C.,“Topic-Relevant Reference Groups and Dimensions of Distance:Political Advertising and First-and Third-Person Effects,”Communication Research,vol.31,no.2,2004,pp.234-255.
[23]Gouveia,S.,&Clark,V.,“Optimistic Bias for Negative and Positive Events,”Health Education,vol.101,no.5,2001,pp.228-234.
[24]Gunther,A.C.,&Mundy,P.,“Biased Optimism and the Third-Person Effect,”Journalism Quarterly,vol.70,no.1,1993,pp.58-67.
[25]Chapin,J.R.,“Third-Person Perception and Optimistic Bias Among Urban Minority At-Risk Youth,”Communication Research,vol.27,no.1,2010,pp.51-81.;Wei.R,Lo,V.H.,&Lu,H.Y.,““Reconsidering the Relationship Between the Third-Person Perception and Optimistic Bias,”Communication Research,vol.34,no.6,2007,pp.665-684.
[26]Wei.R,Lo,V.H.,&Lu,H.Y.,“Reconsidering the Relationship Between the ThirdPerson Perception and Optimistic Bias,”Communication Research,vol.34,no.6,2007,pp.665-684.
[27]Sherif,C.W.,Kelley,M.,Rodgers,H.,Sarup,G.,&Tittler,B.,“Personal Involvement,Social Judgment and Action,”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,vol.27,no.3,1973,pp.312-328.
[28]Aplser,R.,Sears,D.,“Warnings,Personal Involvement,and Attitude Change,”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,vol.9,no.2,1968,pp.162-166.
[29]Petty,R.E.,&Cacioppo,J.T.,“Communication and Persuasion:Central and Peripheral Routes to Attitude Change,”American Journal of Psychology,vol.101,no.1,1986,pp.231-242.
[30]Petty,R.E.,&Cacioppo,J.T.,“Involvement and Persuasion:Tradition Versus Integration,”Psychological Blletin,vol.107,no.3,1990,pp.367-374.
[31]Leippe,M.R.,&Elkin,R.A.,“When Motives Clash:Issue Involvement and Response Involvement as Determinants of Persuasion,”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,vol.52,no.2,1987,pp.269-278.
[32]Cho,H.,&Boster,F.J.,“Development and Validation of Value,Outcome,and ImpressionRelevant Involvement Scales,”Communication Research,vol.32,no.2,2005,pp.235-264.;Johnson,B.T.,&Eagly,A.H.,“Involvement and Persuasion:Types,Traditions,and the Evidence,”Psychological Bulletin,vol.107,no.3,1990,pp.375-384.
[33]Oliver,P.,“Rewards and Punishments as Selective Incentives for Collective Action:Theoretical Investigations,”American Journal of Sociology,vol.85,no.6,1980,pp.1356-1375.
[34]Oliver,P.,“Rewards and Punishments as Selective Incentives for Collective Action:Theoretical Investigations,”American Journal of Sociology,vol.85,no.6,1980,pp.1356-1375.
[35]Chapin,J.R.,“Third-Person Perception and Optimistic Bias Among Urban Minority At-Risk Youth,”Communication Research,vol.27,no.1,2000,pp.51-81.
[36]Shepperd,J.A.,&Helweg-Larsen,M.,“Do Moderators of the Optimistic Bias Affect Personal or Target Risk Estimates?A Review of the Literature,”Personality and Social Psychology Review,vol.5,no.1,2001,pp.74-95.
[37]Wei.R,Lo,V.H.,&Lu,H.Y.,“Reconsidering the Relationship Between the ThirdPerson Perception and Optimistic Bias,”Communication Research,vol.34,no.6,2007,pp.665-684.
[2]Gunther,A.C.,“Overrating the X-rating:The Third-person Perception and Support for Censorship of Pornography,”Journal of Communication,vol.45,no.1,1995,pp.27-38.45:27-38.;Cohen,J.,Mutz,D.,Price,V.,Gunther,A.,“Perceived Impact of Defamation:An Experiment on Third-Person Effects,”The Public Opinion Quarterly,vol.52,no.2,1988,pp.162-173.;Salwen,M.,&Dupagne,M.,“News of Y2K and Experiencing Y2K:Exploring the Relationship between the Third-person Effect and Optimistic Bias,”Media Psychology,vol.5,no.1,2003,pp.57-82.
[3]Cohen,J.,Mutz,D.,Price,V.,Gunther,A.,“Perceived Impact of Defamation:An Experiment on Third-Person Effects,”The Public Opinion Quarterly,vol.52,no.2,1988,pp.162-173.
[4]Salwen,M.,&Dupagne,M.,“News of Y2K and Experiencing Y2K:Exploring the Relationship between the Third-Person Effect and Optimistic Bias,”Media Psychology,vol.5,no.1,2003,pp.57-82.;Tewksbury,D.,Moy,P.,&Weis,D.S.,“Preparations for Y2K:Revisiting the Behavioral Component of the Third-Person Effect,”Journal of Communication,vol.54,no.1,2004,pp.138-155.
[5]Golan.G.J.,Banning,S.A.&Lisa,L.,“Likelihood to Vote,Candidate Choice,and the Third-Person Effect Behavioral Implications of Political Advertising in the 2004 Presidential Election,”American Behavioral Scientist,vol.271,no.52,2008,pp.278-290.;Day,A.G.,“Out of the Living Room and Into the Voting Booth:An Analysis of Corporate Public Affairs Advertising Under the Third-Person Effect,”American Behavioral Scientist,vol.202,no.2,2008,pp.244-260.
[6]Golan.G.J.,Banning,S.A.&Lisa,L.,“Likelihood to Vote,Candidate Choice,and the Third-Person Effect:Behavioral Implications of Political Advertising in the 2004 Presidential Election,”American Behavioral Scientist,vol.271,no.52,2008,pp.278-290.
[7]Wei,R.,Lo,V.and Lu,H.,“Third-Person Effects of Health News:Exploring the Relationships Among Media Exposure,Presumed Media Influence,and Behavioral Intentions,”American Behavioral Scientist,vol.52,no.52,2008,pp.261-277.
[8]Hoffner,C.,&Buchanan,M.,“Parents'Responses to Television Violence:The Third Person Perception,Parental Mediation and Support for Censorship,”Media Psychology,vol.4,no.3,2002,pp.232-252.
[9]Tsfati,Y.,&Cohen,J.,“The Influence of Presumed Media Influence on Democratic Legitimacy:The Case of Gaza Settlers,”Communication Research,vol.32,no.6,2005,pp.795-821.
[10]Jensen,J.D.&Hurley,R.J.,“Third-Person Effects and the Environment:Social Distance,Social Desirability,and Presumed Behavior,”Journal of Communication,vol.55,no.2,2005,pp.242-56.
[11]Lo,V.,&Wei,R.,“Third-Person Effect,Gender,and Pornography on the Internet,”Journal of Broadcasting&Electronic Media,vol.46,no.1,2002,pp.13-33.
[12]Lee,B.&Tamborini,R.,“Third-Person Effect and Internet Pornography:The Influence of Collectivism and Internet Self-Efficacy,”Journal of Communication,vol.55,no.2,2005,pp.292-310.
[13]禹卫华:《中国大众媒介信息流程中的第三人效果认知》,博士学位论文,复旦大学,2007年。
[14]洪雅慧:《网络电子邮件之“第三人效果”与“第一人效果”——以台湾“319枪击疑云”子邮件散播为例》,《新闻学研究》(台湾)2007年90期。
[15]洪雅慧:《网络电子邮件之“第三人效果”与“第一人效果”—以台湾“319枪击疑云”电子邮件散播为例》,《新闻学研究》(台湾)2007年90期。
[16]Bennett,W.L.,“Communicating Global Activism:Strengths and Vulnerabilities of Networked Politics Information,”Communication&Society,vol.6,no.2,2003,pp.143-168.
[17]Klandermans,B.,“Mobilization and Participation:Social Psychological Expansions of Resource Mobilization Theory,”American Sociological Review,vol.49,no.5,1984,pp.583-600.
[18]Bakker,T.P&de Vreese,C.H.,“Good News for the Future?Young People,Internet Use,and Political Participation,”Communication Research,vol.38,no.4,2011,pp.451-471.
[19]Shah,D.V.,Cho,J.,Eveland,W.P.,Jr.,&Kwak,N.,“Information and Expression in a Digital Age:Modeling Internet Effects on Civic Participation,”Communication Research,vol.32,no.5,2005,pp.531-565.;Kwak.N,Williams.A.E,Wang,X&Lee.H.,“Talking Politics and Engaging Politics:An Examination of the Interactive,”Communication Research,vol.32,no.1,2005,pp.87-111.
[20]Gunther,A.C.,&Storey,J.D.,“The Influence of Presumed Influence,”Journal ofCommunication,vol.53,no.2,2003,pp.199-215.
[21]Perloff.Richard M.,“Third-Person Effect Research 1983-1992.A Review and Synthesis,”International Journal of Public Opinion Research,vol.5,no.2,1993,pp.167-184.
[22]Meirick,P.C.,“Topic-Relevant Reference Groups and Dimensions of Distance:Political Advertising and First-and Third-Person Effects,”Communication Research,vol.31,no.2,2004,pp.234-255.
[23]Gouveia,S.,&Clark,V.,“Optimistic Bias for Negative and Positive Events,”Health Education,vol.101,no.5,2001,pp.228-234.
[24]Gunther,A.C.,&Mundy,P.,“Biased Optimism and the Third-Person Effect,”Journalism Quarterly,vol.70,no.1,1993,pp.58-67.
[25]Chapin,J.R.,“Third-Person Perception and Optimistic Bias Among Urban Minority At-Risk Youth,”Communication Research,vol.27,no.1,2010,pp.51-81.;Wei.R,Lo,V.H.,&Lu,H.Y.,““Reconsidering the Relationship Between the Third-Person Perception and Optimistic Bias,”Communication Research,vol.34,no.6,2007,pp.665-684.
[26]Wei.R,Lo,V.H.,&Lu,H.Y.,“Reconsidering the Relationship Between the ThirdPerson Perception and Optimistic Bias,”Communication Research,vol.34,no.6,2007,pp.665-684.
[27]Sherif,C.W.,Kelley,M.,Rodgers,H.,Sarup,G.,&Tittler,B.,“Personal Involvement,Social Judgment and Action,”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,vol.27,no.3,1973,pp.312-328.
[28]Aplser,R.,Sears,D.,“Warnings,Personal Involvement,and Attitude Change,”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,vol.9,no.2,1968,pp.162-166.
[29]Petty,R.E.,&Cacioppo,J.T.,“Communication and Persuasion:Central and Peripheral Routes to Attitude Change,”American Journal of Psychology,vol.101,no.1,1986,pp.231-242.
[30]Petty,R.E.,&Cacioppo,J.T.,“Involvement and Persuasion:Tradition Versus Integration,”Psychological Blletin,vol.107,no.3,1990,pp.367-374.
[31]Leippe,M.R.,&Elkin,R.A.,“When Motives Clash:Issue Involvement and Response Involvement as Determinants of Persuasion,”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,vol.52,no.2,1987,pp.269-278.
[32]Cho,H.,&Boster,F.J.,“Development and Validation of Value,Outcome,and ImpressionRelevant Involvement Scales,”Communication Research,vol.32,no.2,2005,pp.235-264.;Johnson,B.T.,&Eagly,A.H.,“Involvement and Persuasion:Types,Traditions,and the Evidence,”Psychological Bulletin,vol.107,no.3,1990,pp.375-384.
[33]Oliver,P.,“Rewards and Punishments as Selective Incentives for Collective Action:Theoretical Investigations,”American Journal of Sociology,vol.85,no.6,1980,pp.1356-1375.
[34]Oliver,P.,“Rewards and Punishments as Selective Incentives for Collective Action:Theoretical Investigations,”American Journal of Sociology,vol.85,no.6,1980,pp.1356-1375.
[35]Chapin,J.R.,“Third-Person Perception and Optimistic Bias Among Urban Minority At-Risk Youth,”Communication Research,vol.27,no.1,2000,pp.51-81.
[36]Shepperd,J.A.,&Helweg-Larsen,M.,“Do Moderators of the Optimistic Bias Affect Personal or Target Risk Estimates?A Review of the Literature,”Personality and Social Psychology Review,vol.5,no.1,2001,pp.74-95.
[37]Wei.R,Lo,V.H.,&Lu,H.Y.,“Reconsidering the Relationship Between the ThirdPerson Perception and Optimistic Bias,”Communication Research,vol.34,no.6,2007,pp.665-684.