英国自然文学发展——从自然书写到新自然文学
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摘要
英国的自然文学与田园和乡土有着难解之缘。早在文艺复兴时期,田园文学在英国逐渐发展。进入18至19世纪,理性主义者开始注重乡村生活中的现实主义元素,田园传统开始受到挑战。与此同时,随着近代科学精神对西方世界观的影响,基于自然观察和物候研究的随笔散文日益流行起来。一战以后,倡导回归田园的自然书写开始走向式微,甚至受到了一些现代作家和主流媒体的讽刺和批判。但在20世纪生态危机日峻严重的形势下,自然书写在英国现当代文学中并未真正缺席过。从20世纪末至今,英国非虚构类自然文学开始呈现复苏的趋势,批评界将这类书写冠之以"新自然文学"一名。这类书写既继承了自然文学的某些传统,同时也在主题和文体上有所突破和创新。
British nature writing derives from pastoralism concerning rural tradition. Pastoral literature was prevalent during Renaissance. But the realistic perspective challenged this tradition in the 18 th and 19 th centuries. Enlightened by modern science,some writers write essays about nature and phenology based upon their observation of and reflection on rural experiences. This style has declined since WWI, and some writers and critics assail and ironize it as a nostalgic escapism. However, nature writing has never been absent in British modern and contemporary literature. Non-fiction books about the relationship between nature and man have revived and prospered in the recent years. Labeled as the new nature writing, these books innovate on the theme and style while inheriting the traditional nature writing.
British nature writing derives from pastoralism concerning rural tradition. Pastoral literature was prevalent during Renaissance. But the realistic perspective challenged this tradition in the 18 th and 19 th centuries. Enlightened by modern science,some writers write essays about nature and phenology based upon their observation of and reflection on rural experiences. This style has declined since WWI, and some writers and critics assail and ironize it as a nostalgic escapism. However, nature writing has never been absent in British modern and contemporary literature. Non-fiction books about the relationship between nature and man have revived and prospered in the recent years. Labeled as the new nature writing, these books innovate on the theme and style while inheriting the traditional nature writing.
引文
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[42]麦克法伦.2015.心事如山[M].陆文艳译.上海:上海译文出版社.
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[50]张林.2013.英国田园文学概述[J].江苏师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),(6):48-52.
[2]Chatwin,B.1999.On the Black Hill[M].London:Vintage Classics.
[3]Cocker,M.2008.Crow Country[M].London:Vintage Publishing.
[4]Cocker,M.2015.Death of the Naturalist:Why Is the“New Nature Writing”So Tame?[J].New Stateman,(6):17.
[5]Cocker,M.&R.Mabey.2005.Birds Britannica[M].London:Chatto Windus.
[6]Deakin,R.2000.Waterlog[M].London:Vintage Classics
[7]Gibbons,S.2006.Cold Comfort Farm[M].London:Penguin Classics.
[8]Gifford,T.1999.Pastoral[M].London:Routledge.
[9]Jamie,K.2002.Findings[M].London:Sort of Books.
[10]Jamie,K.2012.Sightlines[M].London:Sort of Books.
[11]Jefferies,R.2007.The Story of My Heart:An Autobiography[M].Gloucester:Dodo Press.
[12]Liptrot,A.2016.The Outrun[M].Edinburgh:Canongate Books.
[13]Lyon,T.J.2001.This Incomparable Land:A Guide to American Nature Writing[M].Minneapolis:Milkweed Editions.
[14]Mabey,Richard.1997.Flora Britannica[M].London:Sinclair Stevenson.
[15]Mabey,R.2000.A Brush with Nature:25 Years of Personal Reflections on the Natural World[M].London:BBC Books.
[16]Mabey,R.2008.Nature Cure[M].London:Vintage Publishing.
[17]Mabey,R.2013.Richard Mabey:In Defense of Nature Writing[N].The Guardian,7-18.
[18]Macdonald,H.2014.H Is for Hawk[M].London:Vintage Publishing.
[19]Macfarlane,R.2003.Call of the Wild[N].The Guardian,12-6.
[20]Macfarlane,R.2003.Mountains of the Mind[M].London:Vintage Classics.
[21]Macfarlane,R.2007.The Wild Places[M].London:Penguin Books.
[22]Macfarlane,R.2013.The Old Ways[M].London:Penguin Books.
[23]Macfarlane,R.2015.Robert Macfarlane:Why We Need Nature Writing[J].New Statesman,(9):2.
[24]Mc Gahern,J.2006.That They May Face the Rising[M].London:Faber&Faber.
[25]Mitford,M.R.2014.Our Village[M].南京:译林出版社.
[26]Moran,J.2014.A Cultural History of the New Nature Writing[J].Literary&History,(1):49-63.
[27]Oswald,A.2002.Dart[M].London:Faber&Faber.
[28]Poole,S.2013.Is Our Love of Nature Writing Bourgeois Escapism?[N].The Guardian,7-6.
[29]Sackville-West,V.et al.2002.Vita Sackville-West:Selected Writings[M].London:Palgrave Mac Millan.
[30]Swift,G.1992.Waterland[M].London:Vintage Classics.
[31]Thomas,E.1982.The Heart of England[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
[32]Thorpe,A.2012.Ulverton[M].London:Vintage Classics.
[33]Walton,I.1996.The Compleat Angler,or the Contemplative Man’s Recreation[M].Hertfordshire:Wordsworth Editions.
[34]Whitehead,F.1995.George Crabbe:A Reappraisal[M].Harrisburg:Susquehanna University.
[35]White,G.1996.The Natural History of Selborne[M].Hertfordshire:Wordsworth Editions.
[36]常耀信.2008.英国文学通史[M].天津:南开大学出版社.
[37]程虹.2015.宁静无价——英美自然文学散论[M].上海:上海人民出版社.
[38]利普特罗特.2017.岛屿之书[M].高天航译.济南:山东文艺出版社.
[39]刘新民.2007.十九世纪英国文学选评[M].上海:复旦大学出版社.
[40]麦克法伦.2015.古道[M].王青松译.上海:上海译文出版社.
[41]麦克法伦.2015.荒野之境[M].姜向明,郭汪韬略译.上海:上海译文出版社.
[42]麦克法伦.2015.心事如山[M].陆文艳译.上海:上海译文出版社.
[43]麦克唐纳.2017.海伦的苍鹰[M].刘健译.北京:人民邮电出版社.
[44]米特福德.2016.我们的村庄[M].吴刚译.桂林:漓江出版社.
[45]年慧敏.2015.英国田园文学一瞥[J].山西大同大学学报,(5):74-77.
[46]孙重人.2017.荒野行吟——美国自然文学之旅[M].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店.
[47]沃尔顿.2001.钓客清话[M].缪哲译.广州:花城出版社.
[48]赵一凡,张中载,李德恩.2006.西方文论关键词[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
[49]张建国.2006.英国田园文学的不朽之作——《钓客清话》的意蕴及艺术特色[J].牡丹江教育学院学报,(6):26-27,40.
[50]张林.2013.英国田园文学概述[J].江苏师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),(6):48-52.