美国国防研发投资:战略、特点与启示
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摘要
美国领先的军事技术和先进的武器装备与其国防研发投资紧密相关。美国在战略上高度重视研发投资对保持军事优势的作用,能够着眼于长远响应军事需求的变化,坚持均衡发展与重点投入相结合,通过建立军民一体化的研发体制保证研发投资的高效率。美国国防研发投资规模在长期内逐步增长,但在短期内存在一定的周期性。与其它国家相比,美国国防研发投资占国防费的比例较高。美国把对空军的研发投资摆在优先位置,而国防部本部的研发投资也日趋重要。从结构上看,美国对国防科技基础和产品开发的投资比例相对比较稳定,大致维持在1∶4左右。最后,从美国国防研发投资的战略和特点中得出了4点主要启示。
America's leading military technology and advanced weaponry are closely related to its defense R&D investments.Strategically,the United States attaches great importance to the R&D investments to maintain military superiority,and can take a long-term perspective to response to the change of military requirements,and adhere to the combination of balanced developments and key inputs.The United States ensure the high efficiency of defense R&D investment through the establishment of civil-military integration development system.The defense R&D investment scale of the United States is increasing gradually in the long term,but in the short term there is a certain periodicity.Compared with other countries,the defense R&D investment accounted for a higher proportion of America's defense expenditures.The United States place the R&D investments on the air force in priority.The R&D investment of defense-wide became more and more important.Look from the structure,the investment ratio that the United States put on defense science and technology and product development is relatively stable,roughly at around 1:4.We can draw four main enlightenments from the strategy and the characteristics of America's defense R&D investment.
America's leading military technology and advanced weaponry are closely related to its defense R&D investments.Strategically,the United States attaches great importance to the R&D investments to maintain military superiority,and can take a long-term perspective to response to the change of military requirements,and adhere to the combination of balanced developments and key inputs.The United States ensure the high efficiency of defense R&D investment through the establishment of civil-military integration development system.The defense R&D investment scale of the United States is increasing gradually in the long term,but in the short term there is a certain periodicity.Compared with other countries,the defense R&D investment accounted for a higher proportion of America's defense expenditures.The United States place the R&D investments on the air force in priority.The R&D investment of defense-wide became more and more important.Look from the structure,the investment ratio that the United States put on defense science and technology and product development is relatively stable,roughly at around 1:4.We can draw four main enlightenments from the strategy and the characteristics of America's defense R&D investment.
引文
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[2]严海宁,谢奉军.浅析西方发达国家研发管理特点及启示[J].南昌航空大学学报,2010(12):28-32.
[3]林蔚然.美国2007财年研发投资特点[J].国防科技情报,2007(1):1-5.
[4]帕特里克.蒂博多.中国研发开支增速令美不安[N].参考消息,2014-05-01.
[5]王雷.国际战略形势变化与各国军事战略调整[J].外国军事学术,1992(1):5-8.
[6]方晶,张晔,马辉.从美国2013财年国防费变化管窥美军后勤发展新趋向[J].军事经济学院学报,2012(11):53-55.
[7]蔡祖铭.美国军事战略研究[M].北京:军事科学出版社,1993:119.
[8]张洁,蔡虹,赵皎卉.日美军民两用技术政策的演化及启示[J].科技进步与对策,2011,28(23):120-123.
[9]杜兰英,陈鑫.发达国家军民融合的经验与启示[J].科技进步与对策,2011,28(23):126-130.
[10]彭玲霞.欧盟将增加国防研发和技术投资[J].兵器快报,2006(2):6.
[11]严剑峰.美国国防部国防研发支出的规模构成与组织实施[J].国防技术基础,2012(1):43-48.
[12]翟宝林.浅析美国国防科研费用分配[J].现代军事,1990(5):36-41.