干热河谷雨养坡地剑麻和番麻的径流分配作用及水土保持效应
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摘要
金沙江干热河谷水土流失严重,自然降雨对地面的溅蚀以及形成径流对地表的冲刷是造成区域土壤养分流失、地力退化的重要原因。为了探究番麻、剑麻对干热河谷地区坡地产流产沙的影响及其对降雨径流的调控分配机制,设置标准小区监测试验,比较番麻、剑麻和裸地措施对小区土壤侵蚀量及降雨径流分配的影响。结果表明:干热河谷地区坡地径流输出以地表径流为主, 3种处理小区地表径流占总径流量的比例为76.42%～95.78%;番麻、剑麻小区的地表径流与裸地相比分别减少了71.09%、 84.21%, 50 cm处壤中流减少了19.33%、32.77%, 100 cm处壤中流则增加80.26%、 36.84%。拟合方程分析发现,平均雨强对裸地小区的产流影响最大,3种处理小区泥沙含量均与径流深关系最为密切,呈极显著正相关关系(p<0.01)。该结论提示,在干热河谷栽种剑麻或番麻可以有效降低坡面径流的产生,并减少干热河谷坡面土壤的侵蚀,且这种减流减沙效益与剑麻和番麻在不同降雨条件下对降雨径流(地表径流、壤中流和界面流)的分配作用有关。
Soil and water loss is serious in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha River. Splash erosion and runoff erosion caused by natural rainfall are responsible for soil nutrient loss and soil degradation. In order to explore the effects of Agave sisalana and A. americana on runoff and sediment yield on sloping land in dry-hot valley and their regulation and distribution mechanism on rainfall runoff, a standard plot monitoring experiment was set up to compare the effects of A. sisalana, A. americana and bare land measures on soil erosion and rainfall runoff distribution in the plots. The results showed that surface runoff was the main output of runoff from sloping land in the dry-hot valley, and that the output of surface runoff in three treatment plots made up 76.42%-95.78% of the total runoff output. Compared with that of the bare land, the surface runoff from A. sisalana and A. americana land decreased by 71.09% and 84.21%,respectively, the interflow at the soil depth of 50 cm decreased by 19.33%, 32.77%, and the interflow at the soil depth of 100 cm increased by 80.26% and 36.84%. Analysis of the fitting equation showed the average rainfall intensity had the greatest influence on the runoff yield in the bare plot, and that the sediment content in the three treatment plots was most closely related to the depth of runoff, indicating a highly significant positive correlation(p<0.01). This conclusion suggests that planting of A. sisalana or A.americana in the dry-hot valleys can effectively reduce runoff and soil erosion on the slopes of the dry-hot valleys. This effect of reducing runoff and sediment was related to the distribution of rainfall runoff(surface runoff, interflow, interface flow) by A. sisalana and A. americana under different rainfall conditions.
Soil and water loss is serious in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha River. Splash erosion and runoff erosion caused by natural rainfall are responsible for soil nutrient loss and soil degradation. In order to explore the effects of Agave sisalana and A. americana on runoff and sediment yield on sloping land in dry-hot valley and their regulation and distribution mechanism on rainfall runoff, a standard plot monitoring experiment was set up to compare the effects of A. sisalana, A. americana and bare land measures on soil erosion and rainfall runoff distribution in the plots. The results showed that surface runoff was the main output of runoff from sloping land in the dry-hot valley, and that the output of surface runoff in three treatment plots made up 76.42%-95.78% of the total runoff output. Compared with that of the bare land, the surface runoff from A. sisalana and A. americana land decreased by 71.09% and 84.21%,respectively, the interflow at the soil depth of 50 cm decreased by 19.33%, 32.77%, and the interflow at the soil depth of 100 cm increased by 80.26% and 36.84%. Analysis of the fitting equation showed the average rainfall intensity had the greatest influence on the runoff yield in the bare plot, and that the sediment content in the three treatment plots was most closely related to the depth of runoff, indicating a highly significant positive correlation(p<0.01). This conclusion suggests that planting of A. sisalana or A.americana in the dry-hot valleys can effectively reduce runoff and soil erosion on the slopes of the dry-hot valleys. This effect of reducing runoff and sediment was related to the distribution of rainfall runoff(surface runoff, interflow, interface flow) by A. sisalana and A. americana under different rainfall conditions.
引文
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[20]张杰,谢颂华,莫明浩,等.不同覆盖红壤坡地磷素随径流分层输出的特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2017,15(4):68-77.
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[23]程冬兵,张平仓,杨洁.红壤坡地覆盖与敷盖径流调控特征研究[J].长江科学院院报,2012,29(1):30-34.
[2]纪中华,方海东,杨艳鲜,等.金沙江干热河谷退化生态系统植被恢复生态功能评价---以元谋小流域典型模式为例[J].生态环境学报,2009,18(4):1 383-1 389.
[3]李艳梅,王克勤,崔吉林,等.云南干热河谷不同坡面整地方式强化降雨入渗的效益[J].中国水土保持,2008(11):25-29,58.
[4]岳学文,潘志贤,史亮涛,等.金沙江干热河谷典型灌木群落的土壤养分特征[J].西南农业学报,2016,29(11):2 665-2 668.
[5]Fox D M,Bryan R B,Price A G.The influence of slope angle on final infiltration rate for interrill conditions[J].Geoderma,1997,80(1/2):181-194.
[6]郑海金,左继超,奚同行,等.红壤坡地氮的径流输出通量及形态组成[J].土壤学报,2018,55(5):1 168-1 178.
[7]郑海金,胡建民,黄鹏飞,等.红壤坡耕地地表径流与壤中流氮磷流失比较[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(6):41-45,70.
[8]王春雪,纪中华,李纪潮,等.3个品种剑麻抗旱生理指标比较及抗旱性评价[J].热带作物学报,2014,35(10):1 912-1 919.
[9]王春雪,纪中华,潘志贤,等.不同苗龄剑麻生理指标的相关性分析及抗旱性评价[J].热带作物学报,2015,36(7):1 254-1 260.
[10]何周窈,苏正安,熊东红,等.金沙江干热河谷区坡面剑麻的水土保持效应[J].山地学报,2018,36(5):731-739.
[11]刘刚才,李兰,周忠浩,等.紫色土容许侵蚀量的定位试验确定[J].水土保持通报,2008,28(6):90-94.
[12]王洪,孔祥周,张瑜,等.金沙江干热河谷地区降雨对水土流失的影响[J].西南林业大学学报,2014,34(4):70-74.
[13]孙向阳.土壤学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2004.
[14]陈晓安,杨洁,汤崇军,等.雨强和坡度对红壤坡耕地地表径流及壤中流的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(9):141-146.
[15]张杰,谢颂华,莫明浩,等.不同自然降雨雨型下红壤坡地地表径流和壤中流输出特征[J].水电能源科学,2017,35(7):18-21.
[16]郑海金,左继超,奚同行,等.红壤坡地氮的径流输出通量及形态组成[J].土壤学报,2018,55(5):1 168-1 178.
[17]甘凤玲,王涛,何丙辉.汶川震区滑坡堆积体壤中流产流规律研究[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(5):69-75.
[18]谢颂华,莫明浩,涂安国,等.自然降雨条件下红壤坡面径流垂向分层输出特征[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(19):132-138.
[19]谢颂华,涂安国,莫明浩,等.坡地径流与溶质输出研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(9):1 551-1 556.
[20]张杰,谢颂华,莫明浩,等.不同覆盖红壤坡地磷素随径流分层输出的特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2017,15(4):68-77.
[21]Kienzler P M,Naef F.Temporalvariability of subsurface storm flow:1.A 147-storm analysis of the Panola hillslope[J].Water Resources Research,2006,42(2):1-11.
[22]Uchida T,Tromp-van Meerveld I,McDonnell J J.The role of lateral pipe flow in hillslope runoff response:Arintercomparison of nonlinear hillslope response[J].Journal of Hydrology,2005,311(1):117-133.
[23]程冬兵,张平仓,杨洁.红壤坡地覆盖与敷盖径流调控特征研究[J].长江科学院院报,2012,29(1):30-34.
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