陕西洛南下寒武统辛集组疑难管状化石桶螺(Cupitheca)
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摘要
本文对采自陕西洛南上湾剖面下寒武统辛集组疑难管状化石Cupitheca进行了研究,系统厘定和描述了两个种,分别为Cupitheca holocyclata和Cupitheca costellata,并对Cupithecidae科进行了重新修订。本文所描述标本的壳体多为次生磷酸盐化保存,壳体表面纹饰保存较好;C.holocyclata管体表面为横向纹饰,C.costellata管体表面为纵向纹饰。C.holocyclata全球广布,如南澳大利亚、南极乔治王岛、格陵兰东北部、加拿大纽芬兰等地皆有报道,产出于下寒武统中上部地层,具有一定的洲际地层对比意义。本文为C.holocyclata在中国首次发现。C.costellata仅发现于华北,即本文所研究的洛南辛集组及其同期地层安徽淮南与霍邱的雨台山组。
Cupithecais an enigmatic tubular fossil among the Small Shelly Fossils(SSFs)and occurs worldwide in the SSFs-bearing rocks of the Lower Cambrian,such as South China(Qian,1977;Xing et al.,1984;Duan,1984;Qian,1989),North China(Xiao &Zhou,1984;Pei & Feng,2005),South Australia(Bengtson et al.,1990;Gravestock et al.,2001),Antarctica(Wrona,2003),Greenland(Malinky & Skovsted,2004;Skovsted,2006)and Canada(Skovsted & Peel,2007).This tube-like fossil is characterized by a straight or curved conch with circular to oval cross-section,low angle of divergence of conch.Its growth pattern is very special:older parts of the calcareous conch successively aborted during ontogeny in connection with formation of secondary transverse wall sealing off apical end(Bengtson et al.,1990).In China,it has a wide distribution and long stratigraphic range(Table.1).However,most of the Cupithecaspecimens recovered from China are generally preserved as steinkerns with various forms of initial part and tube outline,and were described as several genera(Duan,1984;Xiao &Zhou,1984).But through detailed taxonomic emendation,Bengtson et al.(1990)and Demidenko(in Gravestock et al.,2001)found that Actinotheca Zhou et Xiao,1984,Arcitheca Duan,1984,Emeitheca Duan,1984,Ensithcea Duan,1984 and Varitheca Duan,1984 all belong to junior synonyms of Cupitheca Duan,1984.Especially,based on the abundant specimens with external shells of Cupithecafrom South Australia,Bengtson et al.(1990)demonstrated that the ornamentation of the shell can be useful character for differentiation of species.The tubular specimens of Cupithecadescribed herein were collected from the basal part of the Lower Cambrian Xinji Formation at Shangwan Section of Luonan County,Shaanxi Province,North China Platform(Figs.1,2).Based on trilobite fossils,the Xinji Formation can be correlated with the Drepanuloides Biozone of the middle Tsanglangpuan stage(Cambrian Stage 4)on the Yangtze platform(Yu et al.,1984;He & Pei,1985).The co-occurring small shelly fossils include chancelloriid sclerites,hyoliths,Pojetaia runnegari,Mackinnonia rostrata,Stenotheca drepanoida,Pelagiella subangulata and Apistoconchacf.apheles.The SSF assemblage of the basal Xinji Formation suggests an approximate correlation between the basal Xinji Formation and the Stenotheca drepanoida Zone in South Australia(Gravestock et al.,2001),and also indicates a middle to late Botomian age(Cambrian Series 2,Stage 4)for the Xinji Formation(Li et al.,2014).The Cupithecaspecimens from the Xinji Formation include phosphatized tubes and steinkerns.Based on the shell outer sculpture,C.holocyclata with transverse ridges and C.costellata with longitudinal ridges are systematically described in detail.The conch of C.holocyclatais short and small,straight or slightly curved with paralleled transverse ridges on the surface.The angle of divergence of conch is low with circular to oval transverse section.Each conch is sealed off apically by a transverse convex wall.The diameter of the convex wall is apparently shorter than the upper conch.The periphery of the convex wall consists of several short and fine rods which are vertical to the surface.The outline of C.costellatais similar to C.holocyclata,but the outer surface of C.costellata bears approximately paralleled longitudinal ridges along the conch's vertical axis.C.holocyclata has a wide distribution,such as South Australia(Bengtson et al.,1990;Gravestock et al.,2001),King George Island of Antarctica(Wrona,2003),Northeast Greenland(Malinky & Skovsted,2004;Skovsted,2006)and Newfoundland of Canada(Skovsted & Peel,2007)ranging from the middle to late Early Cambrian.This is the first time to report C.holocyclata with exact external conch discovered in China.C.costellata was only discovered from North China,in the Xinji Formation of Luonan,Shaanxi Province(this paper)and the Yutaishan Formation of Huainan and Huoqiu,Anhui Province(Xiao & Zhou,1984).
Cupithecais an enigmatic tubular fossil among the Small Shelly Fossils(SSFs)and occurs worldwide in the SSFs-bearing rocks of the Lower Cambrian,such as South China(Qian,1977;Xing et al.,1984;Duan,1984;Qian,1989),North China(Xiao &Zhou,1984;Pei & Feng,2005),South Australia(Bengtson et al.,1990;Gravestock et al.,2001),Antarctica(Wrona,2003),Greenland(Malinky & Skovsted,2004;Skovsted,2006)and Canada(Skovsted & Peel,2007).This tube-like fossil is characterized by a straight or curved conch with circular to oval cross-section,low angle of divergence of conch.Its growth pattern is very special:older parts of the calcareous conch successively aborted during ontogeny in connection with formation of secondary transverse wall sealing off apical end(Bengtson et al.,1990).In China,it has a wide distribution and long stratigraphic range(Table.1).However,most of the Cupithecaspecimens recovered from China are generally preserved as steinkerns with various forms of initial part and tube outline,and were described as several genera(Duan,1984;Xiao &Zhou,1984).But through detailed taxonomic emendation,Bengtson et al.(1990)and Demidenko(in Gravestock et al.,2001)found that Actinotheca Zhou et Xiao,1984,Arcitheca Duan,1984,Emeitheca Duan,1984,Ensithcea Duan,1984 and Varitheca Duan,1984 all belong to junior synonyms of Cupitheca Duan,1984.Especially,based on the abundant specimens with external shells of Cupithecafrom South Australia,Bengtson et al.(1990)demonstrated that the ornamentation of the shell can be useful character for differentiation of species.The tubular specimens of Cupithecadescribed herein were collected from the basal part of the Lower Cambrian Xinji Formation at Shangwan Section of Luonan County,Shaanxi Province,North China Platform(Figs.1,2).Based on trilobite fossils,the Xinji Formation can be correlated with the Drepanuloides Biozone of the middle Tsanglangpuan stage(Cambrian Stage 4)on the Yangtze platform(Yu et al.,1984;He & Pei,1985).The co-occurring small shelly fossils include chancelloriid sclerites,hyoliths,Pojetaia runnegari,Mackinnonia rostrata,Stenotheca drepanoida,Pelagiella subangulata and Apistoconchacf.apheles.The SSF assemblage of the basal Xinji Formation suggests an approximate correlation between the basal Xinji Formation and the Stenotheca drepanoida Zone in South Australia(Gravestock et al.,2001),and also indicates a middle to late Botomian age(Cambrian Series 2,Stage 4)for the Xinji Formation(Li et al.,2014).The Cupithecaspecimens from the Xinji Formation include phosphatized tubes and steinkerns.Based on the shell outer sculpture,C.holocyclata with transverse ridges and C.costellata with longitudinal ridges are systematically described in detail.The conch of C.holocyclatais short and small,straight or slightly curved with paralleled transverse ridges on the surface.The angle of divergence of conch is low with circular to oval transverse section.Each conch is sealed off apically by a transverse convex wall.The diameter of the convex wall is apparently shorter than the upper conch.The periphery of the convex wall consists of several short and fine rods which are vertical to the surface.The outline of C.costellatais similar to C.holocyclata,but the outer surface of C.costellata bears approximately paralleled longitudinal ridges along the conch's vertical axis.C.holocyclata has a wide distribution,such as South Australia(Bengtson et al.,1990;Gravestock et al.,2001),King George Island of Antarctica(Wrona,2003),Northeast Greenland(Malinky & Skovsted,2004;Skovsted,2006)and Newfoundland of Canada(Skovsted & Peel,2007)ranging from the middle to late Early Cambrian.This is the first time to report C.holocyclata with exact external conch discovered in China.C.costellata was only discovered from North China,in the Xinji Formation of Luonan,Shaanxi Province(this paper)and the Yutaishan Formation of Huainan and Huoqiu,Anhui Province(Xiao & Zhou,1984).
引文
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邢裕盛,丁启秀,罗惠麟等,1984.中国震旦系-寒武系界线.中国地质科学院地质研究所所刊,(10):152-153
伊鹍英,1992.陕西洛南一带早寒武世中晚期小壳化石.小壳化石研究与地质找矿,陕西省地质矿产局地质成果编辑室出版.50-57
何廷贵,裴放,1985.河南方城一带下寒武统辛集组中双壳类化石的发现.成都地质学院学报,1:61-68
李国祥,STEINER M,钱逸等,2006.华南寒武纪早期骨骼动物的爆发性辐射.见:戎嘉余(主编),生物的起源、辐射与多样性演变——华夏化石记录的启示.北京:科学出版社.41-57,831-834
肖立功,周本和,1984.安徽淮南、霍邱下寒武统雨台山组软舌螺.地层古生物论文集,13:141-151
余汶,徐均涛,伊鹍英,1984.陕西洛南下寒武统辛集组软体动物的发现.地层学杂志,8(3):234
张文堂,朱兆玲,袁克兴等,1979.华北南部、西南部寒武系及上前寒武系的分界.地层学杂志,3(1):51-56
张文堂,朱兆玲,1979.华北南部及西南部早寒武世猴家山组三叶虫.古生物学报,18(6):513-529
罗惠麟,蒋志文,唐良栋,1994.中国下寒武统建阶层型剖面.昆明:云南科技出版社.165
罗惠麟,蒋志文,武希彻等,1982.云南东部震旦系-寒武系界线.昆明:云南人民出版社.167
段承华,1984.湖北神农架地区早寒武世西蒿坪组小壳化石——软舌螺和亲缘关系不明的骨骼化石.中国地质科学院天津地质矿产研究所所刊,7:143-183
钱逸,1977.华中西南区早寒武世梅树村阶的软舌螺纲及其它化石.古生物学报,16(2):255-278
钱逸(主编),1999.中国小壳化石分类学与生物地层学.北京:科学出版社.1-247
钱逸,陈孟莪,陈忆元,1979.峡东地区下寒武统黄鳝洞组的古动物化石.古生物学报,18(3):207-232
高振家,王务严,彭昌文等,1985.新疆阿克苏-乌什地区震旦系.乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社.34
章森桂,孙乘云,1991.安徽巢湖地区早寒武世小壳化石.微体古生物学报,8(1):19-40
殷继成,丁莲芳,何廷贵等,1980.四川峨嵋-甘洛地区震旦纪地层古生物及沉积环境.成都:四川人民出版社.165-166
裴放,冯伟民,2005.河南灵宝朱阳下寒武统辛集组软体动物群的发现.地层学杂志,29(S1):458-461
裴放,刘长乐,冯炬明等,1992.河南宝丰观音堂下寒武统辛集组小壳化石动物的发现及其意义.河南地质,10:125-128
BENGTSON S,CONWAY M S,COOPER B J et al.,1990.Early Cambrian fossils from South Australia.Association of Australasian Palaeontologists Memoir,9:1-334
DUAN Chenghua,1984.Small shelly fossils from the Lower Cambrian Xihaoping Formation in the Shennongjia District,Hubei Province-Hyoliths and fossil skeletons of unknown affinities.Bull.Tianjin Inst.Geol.Miner.Res.,7:143-183(in Chinese with English abstract)
FENG Weimin,QIAN Yi,RONG Zhiquan,1994.Study of monoplacophora and gastropoda form Lower Cambrian Xinji Formation in Yexian,Henan.Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica,11(1):1-19(in Chinese with English abstract)
GAO Zhenjia,WANG Wuyan,PENG Changwen et al.,1985.The Sinian system on Aksu-Wushi Region,Xinjiang,China.Urumuqi:Xinjiang People’s Publishing House.34(in Chinese)
GUO Junfeng,LI Yong and LI Guoxiang,2014.Small shelly fossils from the Early Cambrian Yanjiahe Formation,Yichang,Hubei,China.Gondwana Research,25:999-1007
GRAVESTOCK D I,ALEXANDER E M,DEMIDENKO Yu E,2001.The Cambrian biostratigraphy of the Stansbury Basin,South Australia.Russian Academy of Sciences,Transactions of the Palaeontological Institute.Moscow:Nauka/Interperiodica.282:96-97
HE Tinggui,PEI Fang,1985.The discovery of bivalves from the Lower Cambrian Xinji Formation in Fangcheng County,Henan Province.Journal of Chengdu College of Geology,1:61-68(in Chinese with English abstract)
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