不同杂草防除模式对大葱产量及根际土壤生物学性状的影响
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摘要
【目的】分析不同杂草防除模式对大葱产量及根际土壤生物学性状的影响,阐明不同杂草防除模式对菜园土壤肥力的影响机制,为构建杂草生态防控模式提供理论依据。【方法】以大葱为试验对象,设置3种杂草防除处理:不除草(CK)、人工除草(T1)和木糠覆盖(T2);并基于传统和高通量测序技术分析不同杂草防除模式对大葱产量及根际土壤生物学性状的影响。【结果】处理T2显著提高了大葱产量和根际土壤中可培养的细菌及真菌数量,与对照相比,分别增加了6.5%、20.8%和33.3%,不同杂草防除模式对可培养放线菌数量的影响不显著;处理T2显著提高了大葱根际土壤β-葡糖苷酶和氨肽酶活性,但对磷酸酶活性的影响不显著;处理T2显著提高了大葱根际土壤微生物生物量碳和氮,但对微生物生物量磷的影响不显著;不同杂草防除模式下,细菌丰度指数ACE指数和Chao指数呈现T2>T1>CK的趋势;细菌多样性指数Simpson指数呈现CK>T1>T2的趋势,表明处理T2的土壤微生物物种丰富度和多样性更高;门分类水平下,杂草防除处理提高了根际土壤中酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)细菌的比例,分别增加了28.08%、7.53%和74.59%;属分类水平下,处理T1和T2与对照相比假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)显著减少,分别减少了486.00%和925.00%。【结论】木糠覆盖防除杂草模式能够提高大葱的产量和改善大葱根际土壤的健康状况,适宜作为南方大田作物生产中杂草生态防控的管理模式进行规模化推广。
【Objective】To clarify the mechanism of different weed control modes on soil fertility and find out an ecological method for controlling weeds in vegetable garden, yields of green onion and the biological characteristics of rhizosphere soil under different treatments for weed control were analyzed.【Method】The green onion was used as the test object, and three treatments for weed control were designed as following: no weeding(CK), manual weeding(T1), and mulching with sawdust(T2). Based on traditional and high-throughput sequencing techniques, yield of green onion and the soil biological characteristics of rhizosphere under three treatments of weed control were analyzed.【Result】T2 Treatment significantly increased the amount of cultivable bacteria and fungi in rhizosphere soil of green onion, which increased by 20.79 % and 33.34 %, respectively. However, there was no significant effect on the amount of cultivable actinomycetes. The activities of β-glucosidase and aminopeptidase in rhizosphere soils of green onion were significantly increased by T2 treatment, but there was no significant effect on the activity of phosphatase; Meanwhile, the microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in rhizosphere soil of green onion were also significantly increased by T2 treatment, and there was no significant effect on microbial biomass phosphorus too; Under different treatments of weeds control, the bacterial abundance indexes of ACE and Chao, showed a trend with T2>T1>CK; By contrast the bacterial diversity index of Simpson showed a trend with CK>T1>T2, These results indicated that the indexes of richness and diversity with soil bacteria can be improved by T2 treatment. At the phylum level, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Bacteroidetes bacteria in rhizosphere soil of green onion could be increased by upper treatments for weeds control, which increased with 28.08 %, 7.53 % and 74.59 %, respectively; At the Genus level, Pseudomonas was significantly reduced in T1 and T2 treatments, which reduced with 486.00 % and 925.00 % in comparing with CK.【Conclusion】The method of mulching with sawdust for weeds control not only improved the yield of green onions, but also improved the fertility in rhizosphere soil of green onion. It indicates that the method of mulching with sawdust is an ecological method for weeds control and suits for large-scale application in Southern China.
【Objective】To clarify the mechanism of different weed control modes on soil fertility and find out an ecological method for controlling weeds in vegetable garden, yields of green onion and the biological characteristics of rhizosphere soil under different treatments for weed control were analyzed.【Method】The green onion was used as the test object, and three treatments for weed control were designed as following: no weeding(CK), manual weeding(T1), and mulching with sawdust(T2). Based on traditional and high-throughput sequencing techniques, yield of green onion and the soil biological characteristics of rhizosphere under three treatments of weed control were analyzed.【Result】T2 Treatment significantly increased the amount of cultivable bacteria and fungi in rhizosphere soil of green onion, which increased by 20.79 % and 33.34 %, respectively. However, there was no significant effect on the amount of cultivable actinomycetes. The activities of β-glucosidase and aminopeptidase in rhizosphere soils of green onion were significantly increased by T2 treatment, but there was no significant effect on the activity of phosphatase; Meanwhile, the microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in rhizosphere soil of green onion were also significantly increased by T2 treatment, and there was no significant effect on microbial biomass phosphorus too; Under different treatments of weeds control, the bacterial abundance indexes of ACE and Chao, showed a trend with T2>T1>CK; By contrast the bacterial diversity index of Simpson showed a trend with CK>T1>T2, These results indicated that the indexes of richness and diversity with soil bacteria can be improved by T2 treatment. At the phylum level, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Bacteroidetes bacteria in rhizosphere soil of green onion could be increased by upper treatments for weeds control, which increased with 28.08 %, 7.53 % and 74.59 %, respectively; At the Genus level, Pseudomonas was significantly reduced in T1 and T2 treatments, which reduced with 486.00 % and 925.00 % in comparing with CK.【Conclusion】The method of mulching with sawdust for weeds control not only improved the yield of green onions, but also improved the fertility in rhizosphere soil of green onion. It indicates that the method of mulching with sawdust is an ecological method for weeds control and suits for large-scale application in Southern China.
引文
[1]张朝贤.我国农田杂草发生概况及防除对策[C]中国科协年会论文集(下册).北京: 中国农业科技出版社,2006:113-118.
[2]张无敌,刘士清.有害杂草的利用观[J].生命科学,1995,7(1):30-33.
[3]冯芳,张起鹏,王倩,等.农业地膜应用危害及其防治措施探讨[J].国土与自然资源研究,2015(1):42-43.
[4]邹晟,苏小波.农业生产中除草剂的危害及对策[J].中国农业信息,2016(9):119-120.
[5]Gianfreda L, Sannino F, Violante A. Pesticide effects on the activityof free, immobilized and soil invertase[J]. Soil Biology &Biochemistry, 1995, 27(9): 1201-1208.
[6]董萍,孙寓姣,王红旗,等.利用T-RFLP技术对温榆河微生物群落结构研究[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(4):631-636.
[7]王栋,李辉信,胡锋.不同耕作方式下覆草旱作稻田土壤肥力特征[J].土壤学报,2011,48(6):1203-1209.
[8]谢驾阳,王朝辉,李生秀.地表覆草和覆膜对西北旱地土壤有机碳氮和生物活性的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(24):6781-6786.
[9]严奉君,孙永健,马均,等.秸秆覆盖与氮肥运筹对杂交稻根系生长及氮素利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(1):23-35.
[10]Riley D, Barber S A. Salt accumulation at the soybean [Glycine max(L.)Merr] root-soil interface[J]. Proceedings Soil Science Society of America, 1970, 34(1):154-155.
[11]林先贵.土壤微生物研究原则与方法[M]. 北京:中国农业出出版社,2010:24-85.
[12]李振高.土壤微生物学与土壤生物化学[J].土壤学进展,1994,22(1):52.
[13]赵久成. 嫁接对西瓜根际土壤微生物多样性及生物学性状的影响[D].南宁:广西大学,2014.
[14]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M]. 北京:中国农业出版社,2011:25-114.
[15]艾超.长期施肥下根际碳氮转化与微生物多样性研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2015.
[16]Makarov M I, Malysheva T I, Maslov M N, et al.Determination of carbon and nitrogen in microbial biomass of southern-Taiga soils by different methods[J].Eurasian Soil Science, 2016, 49(6):685-695.
[17]周德庆.微生物学教程[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1993:281-282.
[18]Isabel B, Michael J G, Mário de C, et al. Impact of tillage system on arbuscular mycorrhiza fungal communities in the soil under Mediterranean conditions[J]. Soil and Tillage Research, 2012(121):63-67.
[19]尚晓瑛,程旭艳,霍培书,等.株堆肥耐低温纤维素降解菌的筛选、鉴定及生长特性的初步研究[J].华中农业大学学报,2012,31(5):558-562.
[20]姚倩,彭党聪,赵俏迪,等.活性污泥中硝化螺菌(Nitrospira)的富集及其动力学参数[J].环境科学,2017,38(12):5201-5207.
[21]Kim J J, Alkawally M, Brady A L, et al. Chryseolinea serpens gen. nov., sp nov., a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes isolated from soil[J].International Journal of Systematic & Evolutionary Microbiology, 2013(63): 654-660.
[22]禹朴家,范高华,韩可欣,等.基于土壤微生物生物量碳和酶活性指标的土壤肥力质量评价初探[J].农业现代化研究,2018,39(1):163-169.
[23]臧逸飞. 长期不同轮作施肥土壤微生物学特性研究及生物肥力评价[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.
[24]靳正忠,雷加强,徐新文,等.沙土微生物多样性与土壤肥力质量的咸水滴灌效应[J].生态学报,2014,34(13):3720-3727.
[25]吕德国,赵新阳,马怀宇,等.覆草对苹果园土壤养分和微生物的影响[J].贵州农业科学,2010,38(6):104-107.
[26]白雪,周怀平,解文艳,等.不同类型地膜覆盖对玉米农田土壤酶活性的影响[J].农业资源与环境学报,2018,35(4):381-388.
[27]李旺霞,陈彦云,陈科元,等.不同覆膜栽培对马铃薯土壤酶活性和土壤微生物的影响[J].西南农业学报,2015,28(5):2154-2157.
[28]魏静,郭树芳,孙本华,等.冬季覆盖作物对潮褐土土壤肥力和微生物学性状的影响[J].生态与农村环境学报,2018,34(5):426-432.
[2]张无敌,刘士清.有害杂草的利用观[J].生命科学,1995,7(1):30-33.
[3]冯芳,张起鹏,王倩,等.农业地膜应用危害及其防治措施探讨[J].国土与自然资源研究,2015(1):42-43.
[4]邹晟,苏小波.农业生产中除草剂的危害及对策[J].中国农业信息,2016(9):119-120.
[5]Gianfreda L, Sannino F, Violante A. Pesticide effects on the activityof free, immobilized and soil invertase[J]. Soil Biology &Biochemistry, 1995, 27(9): 1201-1208.
[6]董萍,孙寓姣,王红旗,等.利用T-RFLP技术对温榆河微生物群落结构研究[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(4):631-636.
[7]王栋,李辉信,胡锋.不同耕作方式下覆草旱作稻田土壤肥力特征[J].土壤学报,2011,48(6):1203-1209.
[8]谢驾阳,王朝辉,李生秀.地表覆草和覆膜对西北旱地土壤有机碳氮和生物活性的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(24):6781-6786.
[9]严奉君,孙永健,马均,等.秸秆覆盖与氮肥运筹对杂交稻根系生长及氮素利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(1):23-35.
[10]Riley D, Barber S A. Salt accumulation at the soybean [Glycine max(L.)Merr] root-soil interface[J]. Proceedings Soil Science Society of America, 1970, 34(1):154-155.
[11]林先贵.土壤微生物研究原则与方法[M]. 北京:中国农业出出版社,2010:24-85.
[12]李振高.土壤微生物学与土壤生物化学[J].土壤学进展,1994,22(1):52.
[13]赵久成. 嫁接对西瓜根际土壤微生物多样性及生物学性状的影响[D].南宁:广西大学,2014.
[14]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M]. 北京:中国农业出版社,2011:25-114.
[15]艾超.长期施肥下根际碳氮转化与微生物多样性研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2015.
[16]Makarov M I, Malysheva T I, Maslov M N, et al.Determination of carbon and nitrogen in microbial biomass of southern-Taiga soils by different methods[J].Eurasian Soil Science, 2016, 49(6):685-695.
[17]周德庆.微生物学教程[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1993:281-282.
[18]Isabel B, Michael J G, Mário de C, et al. Impact of tillage system on arbuscular mycorrhiza fungal communities in the soil under Mediterranean conditions[J]. Soil and Tillage Research, 2012(121):63-67.
[19]尚晓瑛,程旭艳,霍培书,等.株堆肥耐低温纤维素降解菌的筛选、鉴定及生长特性的初步研究[J].华中农业大学学报,2012,31(5):558-562.
[20]姚倩,彭党聪,赵俏迪,等.活性污泥中硝化螺菌(Nitrospira)的富集及其动力学参数[J].环境科学,2017,38(12):5201-5207.
[21]Kim J J, Alkawally M, Brady A L, et al. Chryseolinea serpens gen. nov., sp nov., a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes isolated from soil[J].International Journal of Systematic & Evolutionary Microbiology, 2013(63): 654-660.
[22]禹朴家,范高华,韩可欣,等.基于土壤微生物生物量碳和酶活性指标的土壤肥力质量评价初探[J].农业现代化研究,2018,39(1):163-169.
[23]臧逸飞. 长期不同轮作施肥土壤微生物学特性研究及生物肥力评价[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.
[24]靳正忠,雷加强,徐新文,等.沙土微生物多样性与土壤肥力质量的咸水滴灌效应[J].生态学报,2014,34(13):3720-3727.
[25]吕德国,赵新阳,马怀宇,等.覆草对苹果园土壤养分和微生物的影响[J].贵州农业科学,2010,38(6):104-107.
[26]白雪,周怀平,解文艳,等.不同类型地膜覆盖对玉米农田土壤酶活性的影响[J].农业资源与环境学报,2018,35(4):381-388.
[27]李旺霞,陈彦云,陈科元,等.不同覆膜栽培对马铃薯土壤酶活性和土壤微生物的影响[J].西南农业学报,2015,28(5):2154-2157.
[28]魏静,郭树芳,孙本华,等.冬季覆盖作物对潮褐土土壤肥力和微生物学性状的影响[J].生态与农村环境学报,2018,34(5):426-432.