离心运动的特征和急性反应
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摘要
背景:有研究表明离心收缩与传统的向心收缩和等长收缩相比具有诸多特征与好处,并在康复锻炼和运动训练中被广泛采用,目前研究一直致力于从分子和神经水平去阐述其可能的机制,而离心运动后机体产生不同于向心运动的特异性适应可能和只在离心运动中观察到的适应性信号通路有关。目的:综述现有的解释离心运动独特生理学特征的理论和离心运动后机体的急性反应研究进展,为进一步研究离心运动的具体作用机制提供参考。方法:以"eccentric exercise,negative muscle work,eccentric exercise training,downhill run,concentric exercise,positive muscle work,concentric exercise training,uphill running"为检索词,检索Pub Med数据库(1990年至2017年),纳入离心运动特征、急性反应和适应机制方面相关的内容;以"离心运动,离心训练,下坡跑"为检索词,检索中国知网数据库(2010年至2017年),纳入离心运动特征、急性反应和适应机制方面的内容。结果与结论:共得到98篇文献,根据纳入排除标准,对其中54篇文献进行分析。离心收缩的机械学、分子学和神经学特征与向心收缩和等长收缩不同;离心运动后的特殊的代谢和心肺反应反映出离心运动在运动训练和康复治疗方案制定中的优势;相比于向心运动,离心运动在募集较少运动单位的同时给它们施加更大的刺激,这涉及到运动诱导的肌损伤过程,卫星细胞可能发挥重要作用;卫星细胞在离心运动后的含量升高幅度要比向心运动更高,说明卫星细胞在离心运动造成的肌损伤重建和修复过程中可能发挥重要作用。因此,离心运动对于运动训练和康复具有重要意义,仍然需要进一步研究离心运动给机体带来适应的机制。
BACKGROUND: Eccentric exercise displays many advantages over concentric and isometric contractions, and it has been applied in exercise training and rehabilitation. The existing researches focus on the underlyingmechanisms at molecular and neural levels, and the specific adaptation after eccentric exercise may be related to the adaptive signaling pathway. OBJECTIVE: To review the unique physiological characteristics and mechanisms of eccentric exercise, thereby providing reference for in-depth understanding of eccentric exercise. METHODS: The relevant articles were searched in Pub Med(1990-2017) and CNKI(2010-2017) with the keywords of "eccentric exercise, negative muscle work, eccentric exercise training, downhill run, concentric exercise, positive muscle work, concentric exercise training, and uphill running" in English and Chinese, respectively. Ultimately, the articles eligible for physiological characteristics, acute response and adaptive mechanism were enrolled. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 98 articles were retrieved, and 54 pertinent papers were enrolled for analysis based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The mechanical, molecular and neural mechanisms of eccentric contractions differ from those of concentric and isometric contractions. Special metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses after eccentric exercise reflect the advantages in making programs of exercise training and rehabilitation. Particularly, compared with concentric exercise, fewer motor units are recruited during eccentric exercise and exert muscle a greater stimulation, which involves the process of exercise-induced muscle damage and the activation of satellite cells. The content of satellite cells after eccentric exercise is higher than that of concentric exercise, suggesting that satellite cells may play an important role in the muscle damage reconstruction caused by eccentric exercise. In conclusion, eccentric exercise is of great significance for exercise training and rehabilitation, while further study on the adaptive mechanism of eccentric exercise is necessary.
BACKGROUND: Eccentric exercise displays many advantages over concentric and isometric contractions, and it has been applied in exercise training and rehabilitation. The existing researches focus on the underlyingmechanisms at molecular and neural levels, and the specific adaptation after eccentric exercise may be related to the adaptive signaling pathway. OBJECTIVE: To review the unique physiological characteristics and mechanisms of eccentric exercise, thereby providing reference for in-depth understanding of eccentric exercise. METHODS: The relevant articles were searched in Pub Med(1990-2017) and CNKI(2010-2017) with the keywords of "eccentric exercise, negative muscle work, eccentric exercise training, downhill run, concentric exercise, positive muscle work, concentric exercise training, and uphill running" in English and Chinese, respectively. Ultimately, the articles eligible for physiological characteristics, acute response and adaptive mechanism were enrolled. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 98 articles were retrieved, and 54 pertinent papers were enrolled for analysis based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The mechanical, molecular and neural mechanisms of eccentric contractions differ from those of concentric and isometric contractions. Special metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses after eccentric exercise reflect the advantages in making programs of exercise training and rehabilitation. Particularly, compared with concentric exercise, fewer motor units are recruited during eccentric exercise and exert muscle a greater stimulation, which involves the process of exercise-induced muscle damage and the activation of satellite cells. The content of satellite cells after eccentric exercise is higher than that of concentric exercise, suggesting that satellite cells may play an important role in the muscle damage reconstruction caused by eccentric exercise. In conclusion, eccentric exercise is of great significance for exercise training and rehabilitation, while further study on the adaptive mechanism of eccentric exercise is necessary.
引文
[1]Westing SH,Cresswell AG,Thorstensson A.Muscle activation during maximal voluntary eccentric and concentric knee extension.Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.1991;62(2):104-108.
[2]Crenshaw AG,Karlsson S,Styf J,et al.Knee extension torque and intramuscular pressure of the vastus lateralis muscle during eccentric and concentric activities.Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.1995;70(1):13.
[3]Brunelli S,Sciorati C,D'Antona G,et al.Nitric oxide release combined with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory activity prevents muscular dystrophy pathology and enhances stem cell therapy.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.2007;104(1):264.
[4]Enoka RM.Eccentric contractions require unique activation strategies by the nervous system.J Appl Physiol.1996;81(6):2339-2346.
[5]Fang Y,Siemionow V,Sahgal V,et al.Distinct brain activation patterns for human maximal voluntary eccentric and concentric muscle actions.Brain Res.2004;1023(2):200-212.
[6]Mchugh MP,Tyler TF,Greenberg SC,et al.Differences in activation patterns between eccentric and concentric quadriceps contractions.J Sports Sci.2002;20(2):83-91.
[7]Herzog W,Powers K,Johnston K,et al.A new paradigm for muscle contraction.Front Physiol.2015;6:174.
[8]Linari M,Bottinelli R,Pellegrino MA,et al.The mechanism of the force response to stretch in human skinned muscle fibres with different myosin isoforms.J Physiol.2004;554(2):335-352.
[9]Huxley AF.Biological motors:energy storage in myosin molecules.Curr Biol.1998;8(14):R485.
[10]Duchateau J,Enoka RM.Neural control of lengthening contractions.J Exp Biol.2016;219:197-204.
[11]Hoppeler H.Eccentric exercise:physiology and application in sport and rehabilitation.Routledge.2014.
[12]Aagaard P,Simonsen EB,Andersen JL,et al.Neural inhibition during maximal eccentric and concentric quadriceps contraction:effects of resistance training.J Appl Physiol.2000;89(6):2249-2257.
[13]Sekiguchi H,Nakazawa K,Suzuki S.Differences in recruitment properties of the corticospinal pathway between lengthening and shortening contractions in human soleus muscle.Brain Res.2003;977(2):169-179.
[14]Nardone A,RomanòC,Schieppati M.Selective recruitment of high-threshold human motor units during voluntary isotonic lengthening of active muscles.J Physiol.1989;409(1):451.
[15]Pe?ailillo L,Blazevich A,Numazawa H,et al.Metabolic and muscle damage profiles of concentric versus repeated eccentric cycling.Med Sci Sports Exerc.2013;45(9):1773-1781.
[16]Perrey S,Betik A,Candau R,et al.Comparison of oxygen uptake kinetics during concentric and eccentric cycle exercise.J Appl Physiol.2001;91(5):2135-2142.
[17]Navalta JW.Physiological responses to downhill walking in older and younger individuals.J Exer Physiol.2004;7(6):45-51.
[18]Minetti AE,Moia C.Roi GS,et al.Energy cost of walking and running at extreme uphill and downhill slopes.J Appl Physiol.2002;93(3):1039-1046.
[19]Mitchell WK,Taivassalo T,Narici MV,et al.Eccentric Exercise and the Critically Ill Patient.Front Physiol.2017;8:120.
[20]Hackney KJ,Engels HJ,Gretebeck RJ.Resting energy expenditure and delayed-onset muscle soreness after full-body resistance training with an eccentric concentration.J Strength Cond Res.2008;22(5):1602.
[21]Gavin JP,Myers SD,Willems ME.Cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses after exercise-induced muscle damage:the influence of lowered glycogen.J Sports Med Phys Fitness.2016.
[22]Fry CS,Kirby TJ,Kosmac K,et al.Myogenic progenitor cells control extracellular matrix production by fibroblasts during skeletal muscle hypertrophy.Cell Stem Cell.2017;20:56-69.
[23]Hyldahl RD,Olson T,Welling T,et al.Satellite cell activity is differentially affected by contraction mode in human muscle following a work-matched bout of exercise.Front Physiol.2014;5:485.
[24]Cermak NM,Snijders T,Mckay BR,et al.Eccentric exercise increases satellite cell content in type II muscle fibers.Med Sci Sports Exerc.2013;45(2):230.
[25]Willoughby DS,Mcfarlin BC.Interleukin-6 expression after repeated bouts of eccentric exercise.Int J Sports Med.2003;24(1):15.
[26]Eliasson J,Elfegoun T,Nilsson J,et al.Maximal lengthening contractions increase p70 S6 kinase phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle in the absence of nutritional supply.Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.2006;291(6):E1197.
[27]Kirby Tyler J,Mc Carthy John J.Micro RNAs in skeletal muscle biology and exercise adaptation.Free Radic Biol Med.2013;64:95-105.
[28]Fridén J,Lieber RL.Structural and mechanical basis of exercise-induced muscle injury.Med Sci Sports Exerc.1992;24(5):521.
[29]Bonde-Petersen F,Knuttgen HG,Henriksson J.Muscle metabolism during exercise with concentric and eccentric contractions.J Appl Physiol.1972;33(6):792-795.
[30]董贵俊,吕晨曦,葛新发,等.一次和重复大强度离心运动前后大鼠骨骼肌超微结构变化[J].中国运动医学杂志,2013,32(2):142-148.
[31]刘向东,李阳.一次力竭性离心运动损伤模型大鼠骨骼肌波形蛋白的表达[J].中国组织工程研究,2014,18(18):2880-2885.
[32]Mc Hugh MP,Tetro DT.Changes in the relationship between joint angle and torque production associated with the repeated bout effect.J Sports Sci.2003;21(11):927-932.
[33]Murayama M,Nosaka K,Yoneda T,et al.Changes in hardness of the human elbow flexor muscles after eccentric exercise.Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.2000;82(5):361.
[34]Tee JC,Bosch AN,Lambert MI.Metabolic consequences of exercise-induced muscle damage.Sports Med.2007;37(10):827.
[35]Dartnall TJ,Nordstrom MA,Semmler JG.Adaptations in biceps brachii motor unit activity after repeated bouts of eccentric exercise in elbow flexor muscles.J Neurophysiol.2011;105(3):1225-1235.
[36]Eston RG,Lemmey AB,Mchugh P,et al.Effect of stride length on symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage during a repeated bout of downhill running.Scand J Med Sci Sports.2000;10(4):199-204.
[37]Sayers SP,Clarkson PM.Short-term immobilization after eccentric exercise.Part II:creatine kinase and myoglobin.Med Sci Sports Exerc.2003;35(5):762.
[38]Telley IA,Stehle R,Ranatunga KW,et al.Dynamic behaviour of half‐sarcomeres during and after stretch in activated rabbit psoas myofibrils:sarcomere asymmetry but no sarcomere popping.J Physiol.2006;573(1):173-185.
[39]Allen DG,Whitehead NP,Yeung EW.Mechanisms of stretch-induced muscle damage in normal and dystrophic muscle:role of ionic changes.J Physiol.2005;567(3):723-735.
[40]Butterfield TA.Eccentric exercise in vivo:strain-induced muscle damage and adaptation in a stable system.Exerc Sport Sci Rev.2010;38(38):51-60.
[41]Gomez-Cabrera MC,Domenech E,Vi?a J.Moderate exercise is an antioxidant:upregulation of antioxidant genes by training.Free Radic Biol Med.2008;44(2):126-131.
[42]Proske U,Morgan DL.Muscle damage from eccentric exercise:mechanism,mechanical signs,adaptation and clinical applications.J Physiol.2001;537(2):333-345.
[43]Fridén J,Lieber RL.Segmental muscle fiber lesions after repetitive eccentric contractions.Cell Tissue Res.1998;293(1):165-171.
[44]Sorichter S,Mair J,Koller A,et al.Creatine kinase,myosin heavy chains and magnetic resonance imaging after eccentric exercise.J Sports Sci.2001;19(9):687.
[45]Brancaccio P,Lippi GN.Biochemical markers of muscular damage.Clin Chem Lab Med.2010;48(6):757.
[46]Chapman DW,Simpson JA,Iscoe S,et al.Changes in serum fast and slow skeletal troponin I concentration following maximal eccentric contractions.J Sci Med Sport.2013;16(1):82-85.
[47]Hyldahl RD,Chen TC,and Nosaka K.Mechanisms and mediators of the skeletal muscle repeated bout effect.Exerc Sport Sci.2017;45:24-33.
[48]Howatson G,Van SK,Hortobágyi T.Repeated bout effect after maximal eccentric exercise.Int J Sports Med.2007;28(7):557-563.
[49]Nosaka K,Clarkson PM.Muscle damage following repeated bouts of high force eccentric exercise.Med Sci Sports Exerc.1995;27(9):1263-1269.
[50]Starbuck C,Eston RG.Exercise-induced muscle damage and the repeated bout effect:evidence for cross transfer.Eur J Appl Physiol.2012;112(3):1005-1013.
[51]Lapier TK,Burton HW,Almon R,et al.Alterations in intramuscular connective tissue after limb casting affect contraction-induced muscle injury.J Appl Physiol.1995;78(3):1065-1069.
[52]Lastayo PC,Ewy GA,Pierotti DD,et al.The positive effects of negative work:increased muscle strength and decreased fall risk in a frail elderly population.J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.2003;58(5):M419.
[53]Lastayo PC,Pierotti DJ,Pifer J,et al.Eccentric ergometry:increases in locomotor muscle size and strength at low training intensities.Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol.2000;278(5):R1282.
[54]Ingham SA,van Someren KA,Howatson G.Effect of a concentric warm-up exercise on eccentrically induced soreness and loss of function of the elbow flexor muscles.J Sports Sci.2010;28(13):1377-1382.
[2]Crenshaw AG,Karlsson S,Styf J,et al.Knee extension torque and intramuscular pressure of the vastus lateralis muscle during eccentric and concentric activities.Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.1995;70(1):13.
[3]Brunelli S,Sciorati C,D'Antona G,et al.Nitric oxide release combined with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory activity prevents muscular dystrophy pathology and enhances stem cell therapy.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.2007;104(1):264.
[4]Enoka RM.Eccentric contractions require unique activation strategies by the nervous system.J Appl Physiol.1996;81(6):2339-2346.
[5]Fang Y,Siemionow V,Sahgal V,et al.Distinct brain activation patterns for human maximal voluntary eccentric and concentric muscle actions.Brain Res.2004;1023(2):200-212.
[6]Mchugh MP,Tyler TF,Greenberg SC,et al.Differences in activation patterns between eccentric and concentric quadriceps contractions.J Sports Sci.2002;20(2):83-91.
[7]Herzog W,Powers K,Johnston K,et al.A new paradigm for muscle contraction.Front Physiol.2015;6:174.
[8]Linari M,Bottinelli R,Pellegrino MA,et al.The mechanism of the force response to stretch in human skinned muscle fibres with different myosin isoforms.J Physiol.2004;554(2):335-352.
[9]Huxley AF.Biological motors:energy storage in myosin molecules.Curr Biol.1998;8(14):R485.
[10]Duchateau J,Enoka RM.Neural control of lengthening contractions.J Exp Biol.2016;219:197-204.
[11]Hoppeler H.Eccentric exercise:physiology and application in sport and rehabilitation.Routledge.2014.
[12]Aagaard P,Simonsen EB,Andersen JL,et al.Neural inhibition during maximal eccentric and concentric quadriceps contraction:effects of resistance training.J Appl Physiol.2000;89(6):2249-2257.
[13]Sekiguchi H,Nakazawa K,Suzuki S.Differences in recruitment properties of the corticospinal pathway between lengthening and shortening contractions in human soleus muscle.Brain Res.2003;977(2):169-179.
[14]Nardone A,RomanòC,Schieppati M.Selective recruitment of high-threshold human motor units during voluntary isotonic lengthening of active muscles.J Physiol.1989;409(1):451.
[15]Pe?ailillo L,Blazevich A,Numazawa H,et al.Metabolic and muscle damage profiles of concentric versus repeated eccentric cycling.Med Sci Sports Exerc.2013;45(9):1773-1781.
[16]Perrey S,Betik A,Candau R,et al.Comparison of oxygen uptake kinetics during concentric and eccentric cycle exercise.J Appl Physiol.2001;91(5):2135-2142.
[17]Navalta JW.Physiological responses to downhill walking in older and younger individuals.J Exer Physiol.2004;7(6):45-51.
[18]Minetti AE,Moia C.Roi GS,et al.Energy cost of walking and running at extreme uphill and downhill slopes.J Appl Physiol.2002;93(3):1039-1046.
[19]Mitchell WK,Taivassalo T,Narici MV,et al.Eccentric Exercise and the Critically Ill Patient.Front Physiol.2017;8:120.
[20]Hackney KJ,Engels HJ,Gretebeck RJ.Resting energy expenditure and delayed-onset muscle soreness after full-body resistance training with an eccentric concentration.J Strength Cond Res.2008;22(5):1602.
[21]Gavin JP,Myers SD,Willems ME.Cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses after exercise-induced muscle damage:the influence of lowered glycogen.J Sports Med Phys Fitness.2016.
[22]Fry CS,Kirby TJ,Kosmac K,et al.Myogenic progenitor cells control extracellular matrix production by fibroblasts during skeletal muscle hypertrophy.Cell Stem Cell.2017;20:56-69.
[23]Hyldahl RD,Olson T,Welling T,et al.Satellite cell activity is differentially affected by contraction mode in human muscle following a work-matched bout of exercise.Front Physiol.2014;5:485.
[24]Cermak NM,Snijders T,Mckay BR,et al.Eccentric exercise increases satellite cell content in type II muscle fibers.Med Sci Sports Exerc.2013;45(2):230.
[25]Willoughby DS,Mcfarlin BC.Interleukin-6 expression after repeated bouts of eccentric exercise.Int J Sports Med.2003;24(1):15.
[26]Eliasson J,Elfegoun T,Nilsson J,et al.Maximal lengthening contractions increase p70 S6 kinase phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle in the absence of nutritional supply.Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.2006;291(6):E1197.
[27]Kirby Tyler J,Mc Carthy John J.Micro RNAs in skeletal muscle biology and exercise adaptation.Free Radic Biol Med.2013;64:95-105.
[28]Fridén J,Lieber RL.Structural and mechanical basis of exercise-induced muscle injury.Med Sci Sports Exerc.1992;24(5):521.
[29]Bonde-Petersen F,Knuttgen HG,Henriksson J.Muscle metabolism during exercise with concentric and eccentric contractions.J Appl Physiol.1972;33(6):792-795.
[30]董贵俊,吕晨曦,葛新发,等.一次和重复大强度离心运动前后大鼠骨骼肌超微结构变化[J].中国运动医学杂志,2013,32(2):142-148.
[31]刘向东,李阳.一次力竭性离心运动损伤模型大鼠骨骼肌波形蛋白的表达[J].中国组织工程研究,2014,18(18):2880-2885.
[32]Mc Hugh MP,Tetro DT.Changes in the relationship between joint angle and torque production associated with the repeated bout effect.J Sports Sci.2003;21(11):927-932.
[33]Murayama M,Nosaka K,Yoneda T,et al.Changes in hardness of the human elbow flexor muscles after eccentric exercise.Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.2000;82(5):361.
[34]Tee JC,Bosch AN,Lambert MI.Metabolic consequences of exercise-induced muscle damage.Sports Med.2007;37(10):827.
[35]Dartnall TJ,Nordstrom MA,Semmler JG.Adaptations in biceps brachii motor unit activity after repeated bouts of eccentric exercise in elbow flexor muscles.J Neurophysiol.2011;105(3):1225-1235.
[36]Eston RG,Lemmey AB,Mchugh P,et al.Effect of stride length on symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage during a repeated bout of downhill running.Scand J Med Sci Sports.2000;10(4):199-204.
[37]Sayers SP,Clarkson PM.Short-term immobilization after eccentric exercise.Part II:creatine kinase and myoglobin.Med Sci Sports Exerc.2003;35(5):762.
[38]Telley IA,Stehle R,Ranatunga KW,et al.Dynamic behaviour of half‐sarcomeres during and after stretch in activated rabbit psoas myofibrils:sarcomere asymmetry but no sarcomere popping.J Physiol.2006;573(1):173-185.
[39]Allen DG,Whitehead NP,Yeung EW.Mechanisms of stretch-induced muscle damage in normal and dystrophic muscle:role of ionic changes.J Physiol.2005;567(3):723-735.
[40]Butterfield TA.Eccentric exercise in vivo:strain-induced muscle damage and adaptation in a stable system.Exerc Sport Sci Rev.2010;38(38):51-60.
[41]Gomez-Cabrera MC,Domenech E,Vi?a J.Moderate exercise is an antioxidant:upregulation of antioxidant genes by training.Free Radic Biol Med.2008;44(2):126-131.
[42]Proske U,Morgan DL.Muscle damage from eccentric exercise:mechanism,mechanical signs,adaptation and clinical applications.J Physiol.2001;537(2):333-345.
[43]Fridén J,Lieber RL.Segmental muscle fiber lesions after repetitive eccentric contractions.Cell Tissue Res.1998;293(1):165-171.
[44]Sorichter S,Mair J,Koller A,et al.Creatine kinase,myosin heavy chains and magnetic resonance imaging after eccentric exercise.J Sports Sci.2001;19(9):687.
[45]Brancaccio P,Lippi GN.Biochemical markers of muscular damage.Clin Chem Lab Med.2010;48(6):757.
[46]Chapman DW,Simpson JA,Iscoe S,et al.Changes in serum fast and slow skeletal troponin I concentration following maximal eccentric contractions.J Sci Med Sport.2013;16(1):82-85.
[47]Hyldahl RD,Chen TC,and Nosaka K.Mechanisms and mediators of the skeletal muscle repeated bout effect.Exerc Sport Sci.2017;45:24-33.
[48]Howatson G,Van SK,Hortobágyi T.Repeated bout effect after maximal eccentric exercise.Int J Sports Med.2007;28(7):557-563.
[49]Nosaka K,Clarkson PM.Muscle damage following repeated bouts of high force eccentric exercise.Med Sci Sports Exerc.1995;27(9):1263-1269.
[50]Starbuck C,Eston RG.Exercise-induced muscle damage and the repeated bout effect:evidence for cross transfer.Eur J Appl Physiol.2012;112(3):1005-1013.
[51]Lapier TK,Burton HW,Almon R,et al.Alterations in intramuscular connective tissue after limb casting affect contraction-induced muscle injury.J Appl Physiol.1995;78(3):1065-1069.
[52]Lastayo PC,Ewy GA,Pierotti DD,et al.The positive effects of negative work:increased muscle strength and decreased fall risk in a frail elderly population.J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.2003;58(5):M419.
[53]Lastayo PC,Pierotti DJ,Pifer J,et al.Eccentric ergometry:increases in locomotor muscle size and strength at low training intensities.Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol.2000;278(5):R1282.
[54]Ingham SA,van Someren KA,Howatson G.Effect of a concentric warm-up exercise on eccentrically induced soreness and loss of function of the elbow flexor muscles.J Sports Sci.2010;28(13):1377-1382.
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