中国内陆高原雷暴云底部正电荷区的形成机制
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摘要
为了进一步了解中国内陆高原雷暴的特殊性,基于以往高原雷暴存在范围深厚的底部正电荷区的观测及模拟事实,利用三维完全可压缩非静力(WRF)模式对2017年6月20日一次内陆高原雷暴过程进行模拟,分析高原雷暴成熟阶段的底部正电荷结构特征;并从微物理和动力角度对其形成机制进行讨论。模拟结果表明,内陆高原地区雷暴云成熟阶段主要呈倾斜的三级性电荷结构;其中底部正电荷区的范围和电荷密度均较大。底部正电荷区主要是由霰和冰雹等固态大粒子与冰晶、雪晶等固态小粒子非感应碰撞起电携带的正电荷以及霰粒子与云滴之间的感应碰撞起电携带正电荷组成;此外霰粒子与雹粒子降落过程中融化成携带正电荷的雨滴也对深厚的底部正电荷区存在一定的作用。
In order to further understand the characteristics of thunderstorm over inland plateau of China,the weather research and forecasting( WRF) model was used to analysis the lower positive charge center( LPCC) characteristics of the thunderstorm occurred on 20 June 2017 and discussed the formation mechanism from the view of microphysics and dynamic,based on the previous observation and simulation facts. The results indicate that the plateau thunderstorm in the mature stage mainly displays an inclined tripole charge structure,which has a larger range of LPCC and larger charge density than the typical one. The LPCC is mainly composed of the positive charge carried by the non-inductive collisional separation between ice-phase microphysics and the inductive collision separation between graupel and cloud drop. In addition,the melting of the graupel and hail particles into raindrops carrying positives charges has a certain effect on the formation of the deep LPCC.
In order to further understand the characteristics of thunderstorm over inland plateau of China,the weather research and forecasting( WRF) model was used to analysis the lower positive charge center( LPCC) characteristics of the thunderstorm occurred on 20 June 2017 and discussed the formation mechanism from the view of microphysics and dynamic,based on the previous observation and simulation facts. The results indicate that the plateau thunderstorm in the mature stage mainly displays an inclined tripole charge structure,which has a larger range of LPCC and larger charge density than the typical one. The LPCC is mainly composed of the positive charge carried by the non-inductive collisional separation between ice-phase microphysics and the inductive collision separation between graupel and cloud drop. In addition,the melting of the graupel and hail particles into raindrops carrying positives charges has a certain effect on the formation of the deep LPCC.
引文
1刘欣生,郭昌明,王才伟,等.闪电引起的地面电场变化特征及雷暴云下部的正电荷层[J].气象学报,1987,45(4):500-504Liu Xinsheng,Guo Changming,Wang Caiwei,et al.The surface electrostatic field-change produced by lightning flashes and the lower positive charge layer of the thunderstorm[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,1987,45(4):500-504
2王才伟,陈茜,刘欣生,等.雷雨云下部正电荷中心产生的电场[J].高原气象,1987,6(1):65-74Wang Caiwei,Chen Qian,Liu Xinsheng,et al.The electric field produced by the positive charge center of thundercloud[J].Plateau Meteorology,1987,6(1):65-74
3 Qie X S,Zhang Y J,Yuan T,et al.A review of atmospheric electricity research in China[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2015,32(2):169-191
4 Liu X S,Ye Z X,Shao X M,et al.Intracloud lightning discharges in the lower part of thundercloud[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,1989,3(2):212-219
5 Qie X S,Zhang T L,Chen C P,et al.The lower positive charge center and its effect on lightning discharges on the Tibetan Plateau[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2005,32(5):215-236
6赵阳,张义军,董万胜,等.青藏高原那曲地区雷电特征初步分析[J].地球物理学报,2004,47(3):405-410Zhao Yang,Zhang Yijun,Dong Wansheng,et al.Preliminary analysis of characteristics of lighting in the Naqu area of the Qinghai-Xizang plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2004,47(3):405-410
7 Qie X S,Zhang T L,Zhang G S,et al.Electrical characteristics of thunderstorms in different plateau regions of China[J].Atmospheric Research,2009,91(2):244-249
8 Simpson G,Robinson G D.The distribution of electricity in thunderclouds,II[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society of London,1941,177(970):281-329
9 Hunters S M,Schuur T J,Marshall T C,et al.Electrical and kinematic structure of the Oklahoma mesoscale convective system of 7 June1989[J].Monthly Weather Review,1992,120(10):2226-2239
10 Zhao Z K,Qie X S,Zhang T L,et al.Electric field soundings and the charge structure within an isolated thunderstorm[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2010,55(9):872-876
11张廷龙,言穆弘,张彤,等.利用地面电场对中川地区一次雷暴过程电荷结构的研究[J].高原气象,2010,29(6):1524-1532Zhang Tinglong,Yan Muhong,Zhang Tong,et al.Study of charge structure in a thunderstorm case of Zhongchuan area by the observation of surface electrical field[J].Plateau Meteorology,2010,29(6):1524-1532
12 Zhang Y J,Meng Q,Krehbiel P R,et al.Spatial and temporal characteristics of VHF radiation source produced by lightning in supercell thunderstorms[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2004,49(6):624-631
13言穆弘,郭昌明,葛正谟.积云动力和电过程二维模式研究Ⅰ.理论和模式[J].地球物理学报,1996,39(增刊1):52-64Yan Muhong,Guo Changming,Ge Zhengmo.Numerical study of cloud dynamic-electrification in an axisymmetric,time-dependent cloud modelⅠ.Theory and model[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1996,39(S1):52-64
14言穆弘,郭昌明,葛正谟.积云动力和电过程二维模式研究Ⅱ.计算结果[J].地球物理学报,1996,39(增刊1):65-77Yan Muhong,Guo Changming,Ge Zhengmo.Numerical study of cloud dynamic-electrification in an axisymmetric,time dependent cloud modelⅡ.Calculation results[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1996,39(S1):65-77
15孙安平,言穆弘,张义军,等.三维强风暴动力-电耦合数值模拟研究Ⅰ:模式及其电过程参数化方案[J].气象学报,2002,60(6):722-731Sun Anping,Yan Muhong,Zhang Yijun,et al.Numerical study of thunderstorm electrification with a three-dimensional dynamics and electrification coupled modelⅠ:Model description and parameterization of electrical processes[J].Acta Meteor Sinica,2002,60(6):722-731
16孙安平,言穆弘,张义军,等.三维强风暴动力-电耦合数值模拟研究Ⅱ:电结构形成机制[J].气象学报,2002,60(6):732-739Sun Anping,Yan Muhong,Zhang Yijun,et al.Numerical study of thunderstorm electrification with a three-dimensional dynamics and electrification coupled modelⅡ:Mechanism of electrical structure[J].Acta Meteor Sinica,2002,60(6):732-739
17徐良韬,张义军,王飞,等.雷暴起电和放电物理过程在WRF模式中的耦合及初步检验[J].大气科学,2012,36(5):1041-1052Xu Liangtao,Zhang Yijun,Wang Fei,et al.Coupling of electrification and discharge processes with WRF model and its preliminary verification[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2012,36(5):1041-1052
18俞小鼎,郑媛媛,廖玉芳,等.一次伴随强烈龙卷的强降水超级单体风暴研究[J].大气科学,2008,32(3):508-522Yu Xiaoding,Zheng Yuanyuan,Liao Yufang,et al.Observational investigation of a tornadic heavy precipitation supercell storm[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2008,32(3):509-521
19郭凤霞,张义军,言穆弘.青藏高原那曲地区雷暴云电荷结构特征数值模拟研究[J].大气科学,2007,31(1):28-36Guo Fengxia,Zhang Yijun,Yan Muhong.A numerical study of the charge structure in thunderstorm in Naqu area of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2007,31(1):28-36
20 Mansell E R,Ziegler C L,Bruning E C.Simulated electrification of a small thunderstorm with two-moment bulk microphysics[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,2010,67(1):171
21 Saunders C P R,Keith W D,Mitzeva R P.The effect of liquid water on thunderstorm charging[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,1991,96(D6):11007-11017
22 Hesldon J H,Wojcik W A,Farley R D.An examination of thunderstormcharging mechanisms using a two-dimensional storm electrification model[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2001,106(D1):1165-1192
23 Ziegler C L,Macgorman D R,Dye J E,et al.A model evaluation of noninductive graupel-ice charging in the early electrification of a mountain thunderstorm[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,1991,96(D7):12833-12855
24 MacGorman D R,Straka J M,Ziegler C L.A lightning parameterization for numerical cloud models[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,2001,40(3):459-478
25 Fierro A O,Mansell E R,Macgorman D R,et al.The implementation of an explicit charging and discharge lightning scheme within the WRF-ARW model:Benchmark simulations of a continental squall line,a tropical cyclone,and a winter storm[J].Monthly Weather Review,2013,141(7):2390-2415
26 Soula S,Seity Y,Feral L,et al.Cloud-to-ground lightning activity in hail-bearing storms[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2004,109(D2):D02101
27冯桂力,郄秀书,吴书君.山东地区冰雹云的闪电活动特征[J].大气科学,2008,32(2):290-296Feng Guili,Qie Xiushu,Wu Shujun.Cloud-to-ground lightning characteristics of hail clouds in Shandong Province[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2008,32(2):290-296
28邵选民,刘欣生.云中闪电及云下部正电荷的初步分析[J].高原气象,6(4):317-325Shao Xuanmin,Liu Xinsheng.A preliminary analysis of intracloud lightning flashes and lower positive charge of thunderclouds[J].Plateau Meteorology,1987,6(4):317-325
29崔海华,郄秀书,张其林,等.甘肃中川地区云闪的多站同步观测及雷暴的等效电荷结构[J].高原气象,2009,28(4):808-815Cui Haihua,Qie Xiushu,Zhang Qilin,et al.Equivalent electrical discharge structure of thunderstorm and simultaneous observation of multi-station of cloud flashes in Zhongchuan of Gansu[J].Plateau Meteorology,2009,28(4):809-815
30李照荣.西北地区雷暴云中闪电特征研究[D].南京:南京信息工程大学,2004Li Zhaorong.Lightning features of thunderstorms in northwest of China[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology,2004
31 Takahashi T.Thunderstorm electrification-A numerical study[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,1984,41(17):2541-2558
32张廷龙,郄秀书,言穆弘,等.中国内陆高原不同海拔地区雷暴电学特征成因的初步分析[J].高原气象,2009,28(5):1007-1015Zhang Tinglong,Qie Xiushu,Yan Muhong,et al.Preliminary analysis on formation of electrical characteristics of thunderstorm in different altitude regions in Chinese inland plateau[J].Plateau Meteorology,2009,28(5):1007-1015
33 Liu D X,Qiu X S,Lu C P,et al.Charge structure of a summer thunderstorm in North China:Simulation using a regional atmospheric model system[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2014,31(5):1022-1034
34 Xu L T,Zhang Y J,Liu H Y,et al.The role of dynamic transport in the formation of the inverted charge structure in a simulated hailstorm[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2016,59(7):1414
35徐良韬,张义军,张文娟,等.台风莫拉菲(2009)登陆前后电荷结构演变的模拟研究[J].气象学报,2016,74(6):1002-1016Xu Liangtao,Zhang Yijun,Zhang Wenjuan,et al.Simulation of the evolution of the charge structure during the landfall of Typhoon Molave(2009)[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2016,74(6):1002-1016
36 Rosenfeld D,Woodley W L.Closing the 50-year circle:From cloud seeding to space and back to climate change through precipitation physics[M].Boston:American Mathematical Society,2003:59-80
37 Mansell E R,Macgorman D R,Ziegler C L,et al.Charge structure and lightning sensitivity in a simulated multicell thunderstorm[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2005,110(D12):1545-1555
38周志敏,郭学良.强雷暴云中电荷多层分布与形成过程的三维数值模拟研究[J].大气科学,2009,33(3):600-620Zhou Zhimin,Guo Xueliang.A three-dimensional modeling study of multi-layer distribution and formation processes of electric charge in a severe thunderstorm[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2009,33(3):600-620
39 Brooks I M,Saunders C P R.An experimental investigation of the inductive mechanism of thunderstorm electrification[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,1994,99(D5):10627-10632
40 Macgorman D R,Rust W D,Krehbiel P R,et al.The electrical structure of two supercell storms during STEPS[J].Monthly Weather Review,2005,133:2583-2607
2王才伟,陈茜,刘欣生,等.雷雨云下部正电荷中心产生的电场[J].高原气象,1987,6(1):65-74Wang Caiwei,Chen Qian,Liu Xinsheng,et al.The electric field produced by the positive charge center of thundercloud[J].Plateau Meteorology,1987,6(1):65-74
3 Qie X S,Zhang Y J,Yuan T,et al.A review of atmospheric electricity research in China[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2015,32(2):169-191
4 Liu X S,Ye Z X,Shao X M,et al.Intracloud lightning discharges in the lower part of thundercloud[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,1989,3(2):212-219
5 Qie X S,Zhang T L,Chen C P,et al.The lower positive charge center and its effect on lightning discharges on the Tibetan Plateau[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2005,32(5):215-236
6赵阳,张义军,董万胜,等.青藏高原那曲地区雷电特征初步分析[J].地球物理学报,2004,47(3):405-410Zhao Yang,Zhang Yijun,Dong Wansheng,et al.Preliminary analysis of characteristics of lighting in the Naqu area of the Qinghai-Xizang plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2004,47(3):405-410
7 Qie X S,Zhang T L,Zhang G S,et al.Electrical characteristics of thunderstorms in different plateau regions of China[J].Atmospheric Research,2009,91(2):244-249
8 Simpson G,Robinson G D.The distribution of electricity in thunderclouds,II[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society of London,1941,177(970):281-329
9 Hunters S M,Schuur T J,Marshall T C,et al.Electrical and kinematic structure of the Oklahoma mesoscale convective system of 7 June1989[J].Monthly Weather Review,1992,120(10):2226-2239
10 Zhao Z K,Qie X S,Zhang T L,et al.Electric field soundings and the charge structure within an isolated thunderstorm[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2010,55(9):872-876
11张廷龙,言穆弘,张彤,等.利用地面电场对中川地区一次雷暴过程电荷结构的研究[J].高原气象,2010,29(6):1524-1532Zhang Tinglong,Yan Muhong,Zhang Tong,et al.Study of charge structure in a thunderstorm case of Zhongchuan area by the observation of surface electrical field[J].Plateau Meteorology,2010,29(6):1524-1532
12 Zhang Y J,Meng Q,Krehbiel P R,et al.Spatial and temporal characteristics of VHF radiation source produced by lightning in supercell thunderstorms[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2004,49(6):624-631
13言穆弘,郭昌明,葛正谟.积云动力和电过程二维模式研究Ⅰ.理论和模式[J].地球物理学报,1996,39(增刊1):52-64Yan Muhong,Guo Changming,Ge Zhengmo.Numerical study of cloud dynamic-electrification in an axisymmetric,time-dependent cloud modelⅠ.Theory and model[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1996,39(S1):52-64
14言穆弘,郭昌明,葛正谟.积云动力和电过程二维模式研究Ⅱ.计算结果[J].地球物理学报,1996,39(增刊1):65-77Yan Muhong,Guo Changming,Ge Zhengmo.Numerical study of cloud dynamic-electrification in an axisymmetric,time dependent cloud modelⅡ.Calculation results[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1996,39(S1):65-77
15孙安平,言穆弘,张义军,等.三维强风暴动力-电耦合数值模拟研究Ⅰ:模式及其电过程参数化方案[J].气象学报,2002,60(6):722-731Sun Anping,Yan Muhong,Zhang Yijun,et al.Numerical study of thunderstorm electrification with a three-dimensional dynamics and electrification coupled modelⅠ:Model description and parameterization of electrical processes[J].Acta Meteor Sinica,2002,60(6):722-731
16孙安平,言穆弘,张义军,等.三维强风暴动力-电耦合数值模拟研究Ⅱ:电结构形成机制[J].气象学报,2002,60(6):732-739Sun Anping,Yan Muhong,Zhang Yijun,et al.Numerical study of thunderstorm electrification with a three-dimensional dynamics and electrification coupled modelⅡ:Mechanism of electrical structure[J].Acta Meteor Sinica,2002,60(6):732-739
17徐良韬,张义军,王飞,等.雷暴起电和放电物理过程在WRF模式中的耦合及初步检验[J].大气科学,2012,36(5):1041-1052Xu Liangtao,Zhang Yijun,Wang Fei,et al.Coupling of electrification and discharge processes with WRF model and its preliminary verification[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2012,36(5):1041-1052
18俞小鼎,郑媛媛,廖玉芳,等.一次伴随强烈龙卷的强降水超级单体风暴研究[J].大气科学,2008,32(3):508-522Yu Xiaoding,Zheng Yuanyuan,Liao Yufang,et al.Observational investigation of a tornadic heavy precipitation supercell storm[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2008,32(3):509-521
19郭凤霞,张义军,言穆弘.青藏高原那曲地区雷暴云电荷结构特征数值模拟研究[J].大气科学,2007,31(1):28-36Guo Fengxia,Zhang Yijun,Yan Muhong.A numerical study of the charge structure in thunderstorm in Naqu area of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2007,31(1):28-36
20 Mansell E R,Ziegler C L,Bruning E C.Simulated electrification of a small thunderstorm with two-moment bulk microphysics[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,2010,67(1):171
21 Saunders C P R,Keith W D,Mitzeva R P.The effect of liquid water on thunderstorm charging[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,1991,96(D6):11007-11017
22 Hesldon J H,Wojcik W A,Farley R D.An examination of thunderstormcharging mechanisms using a two-dimensional storm electrification model[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2001,106(D1):1165-1192
23 Ziegler C L,Macgorman D R,Dye J E,et al.A model evaluation of noninductive graupel-ice charging in the early electrification of a mountain thunderstorm[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,1991,96(D7):12833-12855
24 MacGorman D R,Straka J M,Ziegler C L.A lightning parameterization for numerical cloud models[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,2001,40(3):459-478
25 Fierro A O,Mansell E R,Macgorman D R,et al.The implementation of an explicit charging and discharge lightning scheme within the WRF-ARW model:Benchmark simulations of a continental squall line,a tropical cyclone,and a winter storm[J].Monthly Weather Review,2013,141(7):2390-2415
26 Soula S,Seity Y,Feral L,et al.Cloud-to-ground lightning activity in hail-bearing storms[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2004,109(D2):D02101
27冯桂力,郄秀书,吴书君.山东地区冰雹云的闪电活动特征[J].大气科学,2008,32(2):290-296Feng Guili,Qie Xiushu,Wu Shujun.Cloud-to-ground lightning characteristics of hail clouds in Shandong Province[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2008,32(2):290-296
28邵选民,刘欣生.云中闪电及云下部正电荷的初步分析[J].高原气象,6(4):317-325Shao Xuanmin,Liu Xinsheng.A preliminary analysis of intracloud lightning flashes and lower positive charge of thunderclouds[J].Plateau Meteorology,1987,6(4):317-325
29崔海华,郄秀书,张其林,等.甘肃中川地区云闪的多站同步观测及雷暴的等效电荷结构[J].高原气象,2009,28(4):808-815Cui Haihua,Qie Xiushu,Zhang Qilin,et al.Equivalent electrical discharge structure of thunderstorm and simultaneous observation of multi-station of cloud flashes in Zhongchuan of Gansu[J].Plateau Meteorology,2009,28(4):809-815
30李照荣.西北地区雷暴云中闪电特征研究[D].南京:南京信息工程大学,2004Li Zhaorong.Lightning features of thunderstorms in northwest of China[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology,2004
31 Takahashi T.Thunderstorm electrification-A numerical study[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,1984,41(17):2541-2558
32张廷龙,郄秀书,言穆弘,等.中国内陆高原不同海拔地区雷暴电学特征成因的初步分析[J].高原气象,2009,28(5):1007-1015Zhang Tinglong,Qie Xiushu,Yan Muhong,et al.Preliminary analysis on formation of electrical characteristics of thunderstorm in different altitude regions in Chinese inland plateau[J].Plateau Meteorology,2009,28(5):1007-1015
33 Liu D X,Qiu X S,Lu C P,et al.Charge structure of a summer thunderstorm in North China:Simulation using a regional atmospheric model system[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2014,31(5):1022-1034
34 Xu L T,Zhang Y J,Liu H Y,et al.The role of dynamic transport in the formation of the inverted charge structure in a simulated hailstorm[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2016,59(7):1414
35徐良韬,张义军,张文娟,等.台风莫拉菲(2009)登陆前后电荷结构演变的模拟研究[J].气象学报,2016,74(6):1002-1016Xu Liangtao,Zhang Yijun,Zhang Wenjuan,et al.Simulation of the evolution of the charge structure during the landfall of Typhoon Molave(2009)[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2016,74(6):1002-1016
36 Rosenfeld D,Woodley W L.Closing the 50-year circle:From cloud seeding to space and back to climate change through precipitation physics[M].Boston:American Mathematical Society,2003:59-80
37 Mansell E R,Macgorman D R,Ziegler C L,et al.Charge structure and lightning sensitivity in a simulated multicell thunderstorm[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2005,110(D12):1545-1555
38周志敏,郭学良.强雷暴云中电荷多层分布与形成过程的三维数值模拟研究[J].大气科学,2009,33(3):600-620Zhou Zhimin,Guo Xueliang.A three-dimensional modeling study of multi-layer distribution and formation processes of electric charge in a severe thunderstorm[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2009,33(3):600-620
39 Brooks I M,Saunders C P R.An experimental investigation of the inductive mechanism of thunderstorm electrification[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,1994,99(D5):10627-10632
40 Macgorman D R,Rust W D,Krehbiel P R,et al.The electrical structure of two supercell storms during STEPS[J].Monthly Weather Review,2005,133:2583-2607
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