信奉阴谋论的动机及干预手段
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摘要
在心理学的研究视角下,个体的阴谋论心态被定义为将重大的社会和政治事件视为有权力的组织或个人暗中蓄意预谋以达成其预定目的的解释倾向。而人们产生这种心态并选择信奉阴谋论可以通过认知动机、存在动机或群体动机来解释。基于这三种动机,提供反阴谋论证据、发展分析性思维及重视认知理性、缓解焦虑及提升控制感、对重要他人进行认知介入等手段可以有效干预阴谋论。未来研究可以考虑结合中国社会文化背景,选用更具特殊意义的样本,更多通过因果逻辑实验,加强干预研究的开展。
From the perspective of psychological research, the individual's conspiracy mentality is defined as the tendency to interpret major social and political events as powerful organizations or individuals who secretly and deliberately plan to achieve their intended purpose. The generation of this kind of mentality and people's choice to embrace conspiracy theories may be explained by cognitive motives, existential motives, or group motives. Based on these three motives, providing anti-conspiracy evidence, developing analytic thinking and attaching importance to epistemic rationality, relieving anxiety and improving perceived control, and cognitive infiltration of important others can effectively intervene in conspiracy theories. Future research can consider combining Chinese social and cultural backgrounds, selecting more specific samples,conducting more causal logic experiments, and strengthening the implementation of intervention research.
From the perspective of psychological research, the individual's conspiracy mentality is defined as the tendency to interpret major social and political events as powerful organizations or individuals who secretly and deliberately plan to achieve their intended purpose. The generation of this kind of mentality and people's choice to embrace conspiracy theories may be explained by cognitive motives, existential motives, or group motives. Based on these three motives, providing anti-conspiracy evidence, developing analytic thinking and attaching importance to epistemic rationality, relieving anxiety and improving perceived control, and cognitive infiltration of important others can effectively intervene in conspiracy theories. Future research can consider combining Chinese social and cultural backgrounds, selecting more specific samples,conducting more causal logic experiments, and strengthening the implementation of intervention research.
引文
1 Douglas KM,Ang CS,Deravi F.Farewell to truth?Conspiracy theories and fake news on social media.Psychologist,2017,30:36-42
2 Goertzel T.Belief in Conspiracy Theories.Political Psychology,1994,15(4):731-742
3 Green R,Douglas KM.Anxious attachment and belief in conspiracy theories.Personality&Individual Differences,2018,125:30-37
4 Uscinski JE,Parent J.American Conspiracy Theories.New York,NY:Oxford University Press,2014
5 Coady D.Conspiracy theories:the philosophical debate.Farnham,UK:Ashgate,2006
6白洁,郭永玉,徐步霄,等.阴谋论的心理学探索.心理科学,2017,40(2):505-511
7 Swami V,Chamorro-Premuzic T,Furnham A.Unanswered questions:A preliminary investigation of personality and individual difference predictors of 9/11 conspiracist beliefs.Applied Cognitive Psychology,2010,24(6):749-761
8 Wood MJ,Douglas KM,Sutton RM.Dead and alive:Beliefs in contradictory conspiracy theories.Social Psychological&Personality Science,2012,3(6):767-773
9 Imhoff R,Bruder M.Speaking(Un-)Truth to Power:Conspiracy Mentality as a Generalised Political Attitude.European Journal of Personality,2014,28(1):25-43
10 St?hl T,van Prooijen JW.Epistemic rationality:Skepticism toward unfounded beliefs requires sufficient cognitive ability and motivation to be rational.Personality&Individual Differences,2018,122:155-163
11 Pomerantz EM,Chaiken S,Tordesillas RS.Attitude strength and resistance processes.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,1995,69(3):408-419
12 Greenwald AG.The totalitarian ego:Fabrication and revision of personal history.American Psychologist,1980,35(7):603-618
13 van Prooijen JW,Jostmann NB.Belief in conspiracy theories:The influence of uncertainty and perceived morality.European Journal of Social Psychology,2013,43(1):109-115
14 Leman PJ,Marco C.Beliefs in conspiracy theories and the need for cognitive closure.Frontiers in Psychology,2013,4(4):378
15 Marchlewska M,Cichocka A,Kossowska M.Addicted to answers:Need for cognitive closure and the endorsement of conspiracy beliefs.European Journal of Social Psychology,2017,48:109-117
16 Douglas K,Sutton RM,Cichocka A.The Psychology of Conspiracy Theories.Current Directions in Psychological Science,2017,26(6):538-542
17 Lewandowsky S,Oberauer K,Gignac GE.NASA faked the moon landing-therefore,(climate)science is a hoax:An anatomy of the motivated rejection of science.Psychological Science,2013,24(5):622-633
18 Jost JT,Ledgerwood A,Hardin CD.Shared Reality,System Justification,and the Relational Basis of Ideological Beliefs.Social&Personality Psychology Compass,2008,2(1):171-186
19 Jost JT,Hunyady O.Antecedents and Consequences of System-Justifying Ideologies.Current Directions in Psychological Science,2005,14(5):260-265
20 van Prooijen JW,Acker M.The influence of control on belief in conspiracy theories:Conceptual and applied extensions.Applied Cognitive Psychology,2015,29(5):753-761
21 Grzesiak-Feldman M.The Effect of High-Anxiety Situations on Conspiracy Thinking.Current Psychology,2013,32(1):100-118
22 Abalakina-Paap M,Stephan WG,Craig T,et al.Beliefs in Conspiracies.Political Psychology,1999,20(3):637-647
23 Graeupner D,Coman A.The dark side of meaning-making:How social exclusion leads to superstitious thinking.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,2016,69:218-222
24白洁,郭永玉,杨沈龙.人在丧失控制感后会如何?--来自补偿性控制理论的揭示.中国临床心理学杂志,2017,25(5):982-985,981
25王艳丽,郭永玉,杨沈龙.家庭社会阶层与其结构需求的关系:补偿性控制理论视角.中国临床心理学杂志,2017,25(2):371-373
26 van Prooijen JW,Dijk EV.When consequence size predicts belief in conspiracy theories:The moderating role of perspective taking.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,2014,55:63-73
27 Freeman D,Bentall RP.The concomitants of conspiracy concerns.Social Psychiatry&Psychiatric Epidemiology,2017,52(5):595-604
28 Mikulincer M,Shaver PR.The Attachment Behavioral System In Adulthood:Activation,Psychodynamics,And Interpersonal Processes.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,2003,35(3):53-152
29 Jost JT,Costas SVDL,Curtis P,et al.Ideological asymmetries in conformity,desire for shared reality,and the spread of misinformation.Current Opinion in Psychology,2018,23(2):77-83
30 Sunstein CR,Vermeule A.Conspiracy Theories:Causes and Cures.Journal of Political Philosophy,2009,17(2):202-227
31 Sunstein C.Conspiracy Theories and Other Dangerous Ideas.New York,NY:Simon&Schuster,2014
32 Cichocka A,Marchlewska M,Agnieszka GDZ.Does selflove or self-hate predict conspiracy beliefs?Narcissism,self-esteem,and the endorsement of conspiracy theories.Social Psychological&Personality Science,2016,7(2):34-37
33 Agnieszka GDZ,Cichocka A.“Collective narcissism and anti-Semitism in Poland”:Corrigenda.Group Processes&Intergroup Relations,2012,15(2):213-229
34 Cichocka A,Marchlewska M,Agnieszka GDZ,et al.‘They will not control us’:Ingroup positivity and belief in intergroup conspiracies.British Journal of Psychology,2016,107(3):556-576
35 Jolley D,Douglas KM.The social consequences of conspiracism:Exposure to conspiracy theories decreases intentions to engage in politics and to reduce one’s carbon footprint.British Journal of Psychology,2014,105(1):35-56
36 Douglas KM,Leite AC.Suspicion in the workplace:Organizational conspiracy theories and work-related outcomes.Br J Psychol,2017,108(3):486-506
37 Jolley D,Douglas KM.The effects of anti-vaccine conspiracy theories on vaccination intentions.Plos One,2014,9(2):e89177
38 Jolley D,Douglas KM.Prevention is better than cure:Addressing anti-vaccine conspiracy theories.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,2017,47(8):459-469
39 Bogart LM,Thorburn S.Relationship of African Americans’sociodemographic characteristics to belief in conspiracies about HIV/AIDS and birth control.Journal of the National Medical Association,2006,98(7):1144-1150
40 Banas JA,Miller G.Inducing Resistance to Conspiracy Theory Propaganda:Testing Inoculation and Metainoculation Strategies.Human Communication Research,2013,39(2):184-207
41 Oliver JE,Wood T.Medical conspiracy theories and health behaviors in the United States.Jama Intern Med,2014,174(5):817-818
42 Gervais WM,Norenzayan A.Analytic thinking promotes religious disbelief.Science,2012,336(6080):493-496
43 Pennycook G,Cheyne JA,Seli P,et al.Analytic cognitive style predicts religious and paranormal belief.Cognition,2012,123(3):335-346
44 Swami V,Voracek M,Stieger S,et al.Analytic thinking reduces belief in conspiracy theories.Cognition,2014,133(3):572-585
45林国凤,耿靖宇,高峰强,等.大学生依恋回避与抑郁:复合中介模型的检验.中国临床心理学杂志,2018,26(1):82-85
46 van Prooijen JW,De Vries RE.Organizational Conspiracy Beliefs:Implications for Leadership Styles and Employee Outcomes.Journal of Business&Psychology,2016,31(4):479-491
47 van Prooijen JW.Procedural justice as autonomy regulation.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,2009,96(6):1166-1180
2 Goertzel T.Belief in Conspiracy Theories.Political Psychology,1994,15(4):731-742
3 Green R,Douglas KM.Anxious attachment and belief in conspiracy theories.Personality&Individual Differences,2018,125:30-37
4 Uscinski JE,Parent J.American Conspiracy Theories.New York,NY:Oxford University Press,2014
5 Coady D.Conspiracy theories:the philosophical debate.Farnham,UK:Ashgate,2006
6白洁,郭永玉,徐步霄,等.阴谋论的心理学探索.心理科学,2017,40(2):505-511
7 Swami V,Chamorro-Premuzic T,Furnham A.Unanswered questions:A preliminary investigation of personality and individual difference predictors of 9/11 conspiracist beliefs.Applied Cognitive Psychology,2010,24(6):749-761
8 Wood MJ,Douglas KM,Sutton RM.Dead and alive:Beliefs in contradictory conspiracy theories.Social Psychological&Personality Science,2012,3(6):767-773
9 Imhoff R,Bruder M.Speaking(Un-)Truth to Power:Conspiracy Mentality as a Generalised Political Attitude.European Journal of Personality,2014,28(1):25-43
10 St?hl T,van Prooijen JW.Epistemic rationality:Skepticism toward unfounded beliefs requires sufficient cognitive ability and motivation to be rational.Personality&Individual Differences,2018,122:155-163
11 Pomerantz EM,Chaiken S,Tordesillas RS.Attitude strength and resistance processes.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,1995,69(3):408-419
12 Greenwald AG.The totalitarian ego:Fabrication and revision of personal history.American Psychologist,1980,35(7):603-618
13 van Prooijen JW,Jostmann NB.Belief in conspiracy theories:The influence of uncertainty and perceived morality.European Journal of Social Psychology,2013,43(1):109-115
14 Leman PJ,Marco C.Beliefs in conspiracy theories and the need for cognitive closure.Frontiers in Psychology,2013,4(4):378
15 Marchlewska M,Cichocka A,Kossowska M.Addicted to answers:Need for cognitive closure and the endorsement of conspiracy beliefs.European Journal of Social Psychology,2017,48:109-117
16 Douglas K,Sutton RM,Cichocka A.The Psychology of Conspiracy Theories.Current Directions in Psychological Science,2017,26(6):538-542
17 Lewandowsky S,Oberauer K,Gignac GE.NASA faked the moon landing-therefore,(climate)science is a hoax:An anatomy of the motivated rejection of science.Psychological Science,2013,24(5):622-633
18 Jost JT,Ledgerwood A,Hardin CD.Shared Reality,System Justification,and the Relational Basis of Ideological Beliefs.Social&Personality Psychology Compass,2008,2(1):171-186
19 Jost JT,Hunyady O.Antecedents and Consequences of System-Justifying Ideologies.Current Directions in Psychological Science,2005,14(5):260-265
20 van Prooijen JW,Acker M.The influence of control on belief in conspiracy theories:Conceptual and applied extensions.Applied Cognitive Psychology,2015,29(5):753-761
21 Grzesiak-Feldman M.The Effect of High-Anxiety Situations on Conspiracy Thinking.Current Psychology,2013,32(1):100-118
22 Abalakina-Paap M,Stephan WG,Craig T,et al.Beliefs in Conspiracies.Political Psychology,1999,20(3):637-647
23 Graeupner D,Coman A.The dark side of meaning-making:How social exclusion leads to superstitious thinking.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,2016,69:218-222
24白洁,郭永玉,杨沈龙.人在丧失控制感后会如何?--来自补偿性控制理论的揭示.中国临床心理学杂志,2017,25(5):982-985,981
25王艳丽,郭永玉,杨沈龙.家庭社会阶层与其结构需求的关系:补偿性控制理论视角.中国临床心理学杂志,2017,25(2):371-373
26 van Prooijen JW,Dijk EV.When consequence size predicts belief in conspiracy theories:The moderating role of perspective taking.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,2014,55:63-73
27 Freeman D,Bentall RP.The concomitants of conspiracy concerns.Social Psychiatry&Psychiatric Epidemiology,2017,52(5):595-604
28 Mikulincer M,Shaver PR.The Attachment Behavioral System In Adulthood:Activation,Psychodynamics,And Interpersonal Processes.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,2003,35(3):53-152
29 Jost JT,Costas SVDL,Curtis P,et al.Ideological asymmetries in conformity,desire for shared reality,and the spread of misinformation.Current Opinion in Psychology,2018,23(2):77-83
30 Sunstein CR,Vermeule A.Conspiracy Theories:Causes and Cures.Journal of Political Philosophy,2009,17(2):202-227
31 Sunstein C.Conspiracy Theories and Other Dangerous Ideas.New York,NY:Simon&Schuster,2014
32 Cichocka A,Marchlewska M,Agnieszka GDZ.Does selflove or self-hate predict conspiracy beliefs?Narcissism,self-esteem,and the endorsement of conspiracy theories.Social Psychological&Personality Science,2016,7(2):34-37
33 Agnieszka GDZ,Cichocka A.“Collective narcissism and anti-Semitism in Poland”:Corrigenda.Group Processes&Intergroup Relations,2012,15(2):213-229
34 Cichocka A,Marchlewska M,Agnieszka GDZ,et al.‘They will not control us’:Ingroup positivity and belief in intergroup conspiracies.British Journal of Psychology,2016,107(3):556-576
35 Jolley D,Douglas KM.The social consequences of conspiracism:Exposure to conspiracy theories decreases intentions to engage in politics and to reduce one’s carbon footprint.British Journal of Psychology,2014,105(1):35-56
36 Douglas KM,Leite AC.Suspicion in the workplace:Organizational conspiracy theories and work-related outcomes.Br J Psychol,2017,108(3):486-506
37 Jolley D,Douglas KM.The effects of anti-vaccine conspiracy theories on vaccination intentions.Plos One,2014,9(2):e89177
38 Jolley D,Douglas KM.Prevention is better than cure:Addressing anti-vaccine conspiracy theories.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,2017,47(8):459-469
39 Bogart LM,Thorburn S.Relationship of African Americans’sociodemographic characteristics to belief in conspiracies about HIV/AIDS and birth control.Journal of the National Medical Association,2006,98(7):1144-1150
40 Banas JA,Miller G.Inducing Resistance to Conspiracy Theory Propaganda:Testing Inoculation and Metainoculation Strategies.Human Communication Research,2013,39(2):184-207
41 Oliver JE,Wood T.Medical conspiracy theories and health behaviors in the United States.Jama Intern Med,2014,174(5):817-818
42 Gervais WM,Norenzayan A.Analytic thinking promotes religious disbelief.Science,2012,336(6080):493-496
43 Pennycook G,Cheyne JA,Seli P,et al.Analytic cognitive style predicts religious and paranormal belief.Cognition,2012,123(3):335-346
44 Swami V,Voracek M,Stieger S,et al.Analytic thinking reduces belief in conspiracy theories.Cognition,2014,133(3):572-585
45林国凤,耿靖宇,高峰强,等.大学生依恋回避与抑郁:复合中介模型的检验.中国临床心理学杂志,2018,26(1):82-85
46 van Prooijen JW,De Vries RE.Organizational Conspiracy Beliefs:Implications for Leadership Styles and Employee Outcomes.Journal of Business&Psychology,2016,31(4):479-491
47 van Prooijen JW.Procedural justice as autonomy regulation.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,2009,96(6):1166-1180