中国对美国追索流失文物的途径研究
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摘要
历史上中国诸多文物通过非法和不道德的手段流失美国,当今中国文物同样面临着流失美国的风险。中国向美国追索流失文物的方式主要有三种:第一,在《1970年UNESCO公约》框架下,依据相关国际法和美国国内法,通过国家间的外交手段追索;第二,向文物的持有者提起返还财产的民事诉讼;第三,和文物的持有者进行谈判协商。这三种方式各有不同的适用范围、规则体系、优势和劣势。中国针对不同的流失文物类型,应选择相应的追索手段,有理、有利、有节,实现流失文物的返还。
A lot of Chinese cultural relics were lost and smuggled to the United States by illegally and immorally in history; and now Chinese cultural relics still suffer high risk of being stolen to the United States. There are three main approaches for the restitution of lost Chinese cultural relics from the United States. The first one is diplomacy in accordance with international conventions and relevant internal laws in the framework of 1970 UNESCO Convention. The second one is bringing an action of replevin to the one who possesses the lost cultural relics. The third one is negotiation with the one who possesses the lost cultural relics. There are different scopes, rules, advantages and disadvantages for these three approaches. China should choose the suitable approach respectively depending on the type of lost cultural relics, with good reason, advantage and restraint, to realize the restitution of nation treasure.
A lot of Chinese cultural relics were lost and smuggled to the United States by illegally and immorally in history; and now Chinese cultural relics still suffer high risk of being stolen to the United States. There are three main approaches for the restitution of lost Chinese cultural relics from the United States. The first one is diplomacy in accordance with international conventions and relevant internal laws in the framework of 1970 UNESCO Convention. The second one is bringing an action of replevin to the one who possesses the lost cultural relics. The third one is negotiation with the one who possesses the lost cultural relics. There are different scopes, rules, advantages and disadvantages for these three approaches. China should choose the suitable approach respectively depending on the type of lost cultural relics, with good reason, advantage and restraint, to realize the restitution of nation treasure.
引文
[1] Susan J.Walters.Art Law,Protection of Foreign Antiquities Using Domestic Statutes:United States v.McClain[J].Connecticut Law Review,1977:729.
[2] Paul M.Bator.The International Trade in Art [M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1982:11.
[3] Barbara B.Rosecrance.Harmonious Meeting:The McClain Decision and the Cultural Property Implementation Act [J].Cornell International Law Journal,1986,19(2).
[4] 陈文平.昭陵两骏流失海外真相新证[J].收藏,2017(2):104-115.
[5] Vitale K D.The War on Antiquities:United States Law and Foreign Cultural Property[J].Notre Dame Law Review,2009,84(4):1835-1875.
[6] 霍政欣.追索海外流失文物的法律问题[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2013:267-268.
[7] 霍政欣.追索海外流失文物的法律问题[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2013:269.
[8] 王云霞.《中美限制进口中国文物谅解备忘录》及其对中国的影响[J].南京大学法律评论,2011(2):363-374.
[9] 王云霞.《中美限制进口中国文物谅解备忘录》及其对中国的影响[J].南京大学法律评论,2011(2) :363-374.
[10] John Henry Merryman and Albert E.Elsen.Law,Ethics and the Visual Arts [M].London:Kluwer Law International,1998:180.
[11] 王云霞.文化遗产法学:框架与使命[M].北京:中国环境出版社,2013:515.
[12] Lyndel V.Pratt,Ruth Redmond-Cooper and Stephen Urice.Realizing Cultural Heritage Law:Festschrift for Patrick O'Keefe [J].Powys:Institute of Art and Law,2013:22-23.
[13] Lyndel V.Pratt,Ruth Redmond-Cooper and Stephen Urice.Realizing Cultural Heritage Law:Festschrift for Patrick O'Keefe [J].Powys:Institute of Art and Law,2013:23.
[14] M.Christiane Bourloyannis,Virginia Morris.Autocephalous Greek-Orthodox Church of Cyprus and the Republic of Cyprus v.Goldberg & Feldman Fine Arts,Inc.[J].American Journal of International Law,1992,86(1):128-133.
[15] Menzel v.List,253 NYS 2d 43 (App.Div.1964).
[16] O'Keeffe v.Snyder,170 N.J.Super.75,405 A.2d 840 (1979).
[17] James A.R.Nafziger and Ann M.Nicgorski.Cultural Heritage Issues:the Legacy of Conquest,Colonization,and Commerce [M].Leiden:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2009:372.
[18] M.Christiane Bourloyannis,Virginia Morris.Autocephalous Greek-Orthodox Church of Cyprus and the Republic of Cyprus v.Goldberg & Feldman Fine Arts,Inc.[J].American Journal of International Law,1992,86(1):128-133.
[19] 郭玉军.圆明园鼠兔两兽首所有权争议问题研究[J].武汉大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2010(1):26.
[20] Joshua S.Wolkoff.Transcending Cultural Nationalist and Internationalist Tendencies:the Case for Mutually Beneficial Repatriation Agreements[J].Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution,2010:709-738.
[21] Joshua S.Wolkoff.Transcending Cultural Nationalist and Internationalist Tendencies:the Case for Mutually Beneficial Repatriation Agreements[J].Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution,2010:709-738.
(1)根据欧洲艺术基金会(TEFAF)的统计,在2016年全球艺术品交易总额中,美国占据了29.5%的份额,全球第一,之后分别为英国(24%)和中国(18%)。参见:The European Fine Art Foundation:TEFAF Art Market Report 2017。而且在之前的年份中,美国的份额更加巨大,比如在2015年占据43%。
(1)这批中国被盗文物由克里斯蒂安·戴迪安先生收藏,并捐赠给法国吉美博物馆。在发现这批文物系原产于中国的被盗文物后,由于根据法国文化遗产法的规定,藏于吉美博物馆的收藏品系法国国家所有的文化财产,不得转移至国外。因此吉美博物馆将该批被盗文物退还给克里斯蒂安·戴迪安,并由克里斯蒂安·戴迪安返还给中国。
[2] Paul M.Bator.The International Trade in Art [M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1982:11.
[3] Barbara B.Rosecrance.Harmonious Meeting:The McClain Decision and the Cultural Property Implementation Act [J].Cornell International Law Journal,1986,19(2).
[4] 陈文平.昭陵两骏流失海外真相新证[J].收藏,2017(2):104-115.
[5] Vitale K D.The War on Antiquities:United States Law and Foreign Cultural Property[J].Notre Dame Law Review,2009,84(4):1835-1875.
[6] 霍政欣.追索海外流失文物的法律问题[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2013:267-268.
[7] 霍政欣.追索海外流失文物的法律问题[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2013:269.
[8] 王云霞.《中美限制进口中国文物谅解备忘录》及其对中国的影响[J].南京大学法律评论,2011(2):363-374.
[9] 王云霞.《中美限制进口中国文物谅解备忘录》及其对中国的影响[J].南京大学法律评论,2011(2) :363-374.
[10] John Henry Merryman and Albert E.Elsen.Law,Ethics and the Visual Arts [M].London:Kluwer Law International,1998:180.
[11] 王云霞.文化遗产法学:框架与使命[M].北京:中国环境出版社,2013:515.
[12] Lyndel V.Pratt,Ruth Redmond-Cooper and Stephen Urice.Realizing Cultural Heritage Law:Festschrift for Patrick O'Keefe [J].Powys:Institute of Art and Law,2013:22-23.
[13] Lyndel V.Pratt,Ruth Redmond-Cooper and Stephen Urice.Realizing Cultural Heritage Law:Festschrift for Patrick O'Keefe [J].Powys:Institute of Art and Law,2013:23.
[14] M.Christiane Bourloyannis,Virginia Morris.Autocephalous Greek-Orthodox Church of Cyprus and the Republic of Cyprus v.Goldberg & Feldman Fine Arts,Inc.[J].American Journal of International Law,1992,86(1):128-133.
[15] Menzel v.List,253 NYS 2d 43 (App.Div.1964).
[16] O'Keeffe v.Snyder,170 N.J.Super.75,405 A.2d 840 (1979).
[17] James A.R.Nafziger and Ann M.Nicgorski.Cultural Heritage Issues:the Legacy of Conquest,Colonization,and Commerce [M].Leiden:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2009:372.
[18] M.Christiane Bourloyannis,Virginia Morris.Autocephalous Greek-Orthodox Church of Cyprus and the Republic of Cyprus v.Goldberg & Feldman Fine Arts,Inc.[J].American Journal of International Law,1992,86(1):128-133.
[19] 郭玉军.圆明园鼠兔两兽首所有权争议问题研究[J].武汉大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2010(1):26.
[20] Joshua S.Wolkoff.Transcending Cultural Nationalist and Internationalist Tendencies:the Case for Mutually Beneficial Repatriation Agreements[J].Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution,2010:709-738.
[21] Joshua S.Wolkoff.Transcending Cultural Nationalist and Internationalist Tendencies:the Case for Mutually Beneficial Repatriation Agreements[J].Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution,2010:709-738.
(1)根据欧洲艺术基金会(TEFAF)的统计,在2016年全球艺术品交易总额中,美国占据了29.5%的份额,全球第一,之后分别为英国(24%)和中国(18%)。参见:The European Fine Art Foundation:TEFAF Art Market Report 2017。而且在之前的年份中,美国的份额更加巨大,比如在2015年占据43%。
(1)这批中国被盗文物由克里斯蒂安·戴迪安先生收藏,并捐赠给法国吉美博物馆。在发现这批文物系原产于中国的被盗文物后,由于根据法国文化遗产法的规定,藏于吉美博物馆的收藏品系法国国家所有的文化财产,不得转移至国外。因此吉美博物馆将该批被盗文物退还给克里斯蒂安·戴迪安,并由克里斯蒂安·戴迪安返还给中国。