三峡库区土地利用的阶段性响应分析——以库区湖北段为例
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摘要
三峡工程历经规划论证、大坝施工、大江截流、下闸蓄水、正式建成和全面运营等6个阶段.以1990年～2015年6期土地利用数据为基础,在ArcGIS平台下提取土地利用双向变化信息,并构建了土地利用程度综合变化指数(Land Use Degree Change, LUDC),对三峡库区湖北段土地利用的阶段性响应进行了分析.结果表明:1)规划论证阶段三峡库区湖北段土地利用(耕地、林地、草地、水域、建设用地)结构是10∶82∶6∶1∶1,正式运营阶段土地利用结构是9∶81∶6∶2∶2,土地覆盖以植被型为主; 2)三峡工程不同阶段库区土地利用变化面积、速度/速率及方向差异性显著.蓄水前主要是林地和耕地的相互转换,蓄水后除水面扩展外,宜昌市区建设用地持续大面积增加; 3)创建覆盖研究区的1 km×1 km空间网格,以此为单元计算LUDC,土地利用程度综合变化主要发生在500 m以下的河谷地区,且变化与其所处工程建设阶段、国家政策和区域发展规划非常契合,反映了区域生态环境对社会经济发展的响应.在研究区各阶段,影响因素主次有所差异,工程建设和经济发展是土地开发的主要驱动力,建设用地和水域通过占有林地和耕地迅速增加;在移民安置、农业结构调整和生态保护政策影响下,生态环境日益得到改善.研究结果为库区社会经济与生态环境协调发展提供基础数据支撑,也为了解重大水利工程建设对生态系统的影响提供参考.
The Three Gorges Project has gone through six stages: planning demonstration, dam construction, river closure, sluice storage, formal completion and full operation. Based on six land use data from 1990 to 2015, bidirectional land use change information is extracted under the ArcGIS platform, and the Land Use Degree Comprehensive Change Index(LUDC) is constructed to analyze the phased response of land use in Hubei section of the Three Gorges reservoir area. The results show that the land use(cultivated land, forest land, grassland, water area and construction land) structure in the Hubei section of the Three Gorges Reservoir area is 10∶82∶6∶1∶1, and that in the formal operation stage is 9∶81∶6∶2∶2. The land cover in the study area is dominated by vegetation type. The land use change area, speed/rate and direction of the reservoir area at different stages of the Three Gorges Project are significantly different. Before the impoundment, the main performance is the mutual conversion of forest land and cultivated land. After the water storage increases, the construction land in Yichang City continues to increase in large areas. We also created a spatial grid at a resolution of 1 km×1 km covering study area and calculated the LUDC index. The comprehensive change of land use degree mainly occurs in the valley area below 500 m, and the change is very compatible with the national policy and regional development plan at the stage. It reflects the response of regional ecological environment changes to social and economic development. In all stages of the study area, the priority of influencing factors is different. Engineering construction and economic development are the main driving forces for land development. Construction land and water areas increase rapidly through the occupation of forest land and cultivated land. The ecological environment is getting better and better due to resettlement and agricultural structure adjustment and ecological protection policies. The research results provide basic data support for the coordinated development of the social economy and ecological environment in the reservoir area, and references for understanding the impact of major water conservancy projects on the ecosystem.
The Three Gorges Project has gone through six stages: planning demonstration, dam construction, river closure, sluice storage, formal completion and full operation. Based on six land use data from 1990 to 2015, bidirectional land use change information is extracted under the ArcGIS platform, and the Land Use Degree Comprehensive Change Index(LUDC) is constructed to analyze the phased response of land use in Hubei section of the Three Gorges reservoir area. The results show that the land use(cultivated land, forest land, grassland, water area and construction land) structure in the Hubei section of the Three Gorges Reservoir area is 10∶82∶6∶1∶1, and that in the formal operation stage is 9∶81∶6∶2∶2. The land cover in the study area is dominated by vegetation type. The land use change area, speed/rate and direction of the reservoir area at different stages of the Three Gorges Project are significantly different. Before the impoundment, the main performance is the mutual conversion of forest land and cultivated land. After the water storage increases, the construction land in Yichang City continues to increase in large areas. We also created a spatial grid at a resolution of 1 km×1 km covering study area and calculated the LUDC index. The comprehensive change of land use degree mainly occurs in the valley area below 500 m, and the change is very compatible with the national policy and regional development plan at the stage. It reflects the response of regional ecological environment changes to social and economic development. In all stages of the study area, the priority of influencing factors is different. Engineering construction and economic development are the main driving forces for land development. Construction land and water areas increase rapidly through the occupation of forest land and cultivated land. The ecological environment is getting better and better due to resettlement and agricultural structure adjustment and ecological protection policies. The research results provide basic data support for the coordinated development of the social economy and ecological environment in the reservoir area, and references for understanding the impact of major water conservancy projects on the ecosystem.
引文
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[14] 张彦春,王孟钧,戴若林.三峡库区水环境安全分析与战略对策[J].长江流域资源与环境,2007,16(6):801-804.ZHANG Y C,WANG M J,DAI R L.Analysis and startegy countermeasures of Three-Gorge-Reservior-Area water environment safety[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2007,16(6):801-804.(Ch).
[15] 范建容,刘飞,郭芬芬,等.基于遥感技术的三峡库区土壤侵蚀量评估及影响因子分析[J].山地学报,2011,29(3):306-311.FAN J R,LIU F,GUO F F,et al.Soil erosion assessment and cause analysis in Three Gorges reservior area based on remote sensing[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2011,29(3):306-311.(Ch).
[16] 李月臣,刘春霞,闵婕,等.三峡库区生态系统服务功能重要性评价[J].生态学报,2013,33(1):168-178.LI Y C,LIU C X,MIN J,et al.RS/GIS-based integrated evaluation of the ecosystem services of the Three Gorges reservoir area(Chongqing section)[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(1):168-178.(Ch).
[17] 严恩萍,林辉,王广兴,等.1990～2011 年三峡库区生态系统服务价值演变及驱动力[J].生态学报,2014,34(20):5962-5973.YAN E P,LIN H,WANG G X,et al.Analysis of evolution and driving force of ecosystem service values in the Three Gorges reservoir region during 1990～2011[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(20):5962-5973.(Ch).
[18] 国洪磊,周启刚.三峡库区蓄水前后土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响[J].水土保持研究,2016,33(5):222-228.GUO H L,ZHOU Q G.Effect of land use change on ecosystem service value pre and post the water storage in the Three Gorges reservior area[J].Research of Soil Water Conservation,2016,33(5):222-228.(Ch).
[19] 范业婷,金晓斌,项晓敏,等.苏南地区耕地多功能评价与空间特征分析[J].资源学报,2018,40(5):980-992.FAN Y T,JIN X B,XIANG X M,et al.Evaluation and spatial characteristics of arable land multifunction in southern Jiangsu[J].Resources Science,2018,40(5):980-992.
[20] 王宏志,李仁东,毋河海.土地利用动态度双向模型及其在武汉郊县的应用[J].国土资源遥感,2002(2):20-22.WANG H Z,LI R D,WU H H.Bilateral change dynamic degree model for land use and its application to the land use study of in suburban areas of Wuhan[J].Remote Sensing for Land & Resources,2002(2):20-22.(Ch).
[21] 周志民,何宽,郭依,等.基于RS和GIS的县域土地利用变化及生态安全研究——以荥阳市为例[J].河南大学学报(自然科学版),2016,46(3):370-378.ZHOU Z M,HE K,GUO Y,et al.Land use change and ecological security based on RS and GIS:A case study of Xingyang city,Henan[J].Journal of Henan University(Natural Science),2016,46(3):370-378.(Ch).
[22] 吕立刚,周生路,周兵兵,等.1985年以来江苏省土地利用变化对人类活动程度的响应[J].长江流域资源与环境,2015,24(7):1086-1093.LV L G,ZHOU S L,ZHOU B B,et al.Response of land use changes to human activities in Jiangsu province since 1985[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2015,24(7):1086-1093.(Ch).
[23] 刘纪远,张增祥,庄大方,等.20世纪90年代中国土地利用变化的遥感时空信息研究[M].科学出版社,2005.LIU J Y,ZHENG Z X,ZHUANG D F,et al.Spatio temporal information of land use change in China in 1990s[M].Academic Press,2005.(Ch).
[24] 方子云,吴国平,王俊超,等.长江三峡工程生态与环境影响文集[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1988.FANG Z Y,WU G P,WANG J C,et al.Proceedings of Ecological and Environmental Impacts of Three-Gorges project[M].Beijing:Water Resources and Electric Power Press,1988.(Ch).
[25] 湖北省人民政府.湖北省主体功能区划[EB/OL][2018-12-11].http://www.hubei.gov.cn/govfile/ezf/201303/t20130307_1032588.shtml.Hubei Provincial People's Government.Hubei Province Main Functional Area Planning[EB/OL][2018-12-11].http://www.hubei.gov.cn/govfile/ezf/201303/t20130307_1032588.shtml.(Ch).
[2] 傅伯杰,张立伟.土地利用与生态系统服务:概念、方法和进展[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(4):441-446.FU B J,ZHANG L W.Land-use change and ecosystem services:concepts,methods and progress[J].Progress in Geography,2014,33(4):441-446.(Ch).
[3] TURNER B L,SKOLE D,SANDERSON S,et al.Land Cover Change Science/Research Plan,IGBP Report No.35,IHDP Report 7[R].Stockholm and Geneva:IGBP of the ICSU and IHDP of the ISSC,1995.
[4] 李秀彬.全球环境变化研究的核心领域——土地利用/土地覆被变化的国际研究动向[J].地理学报,1996,51(6):553-558.LI X B.A review of the international researchs on landuse/ landcover change[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,1996,51(6):553-558.(Ch).
[5] 刘纪远,宁佳,匡文慧,等.2010-2015 年中国土地利用变化的时空格局与新特征[J].地理学报,2018,73(5):789-802.LIU J Y,NING J,KUANG W H,et al.Spatio-temporal patterns and characteristics of land-use change in China during 2010-2015[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2018,73(5):789-802.(Ch).
[6] 刘纪远,张增祥,徐新良,等.21世纪初中国土地利用变化的空间格局与驱动力分析[J].地理学报,2009,64(12):1411-1420.LIU J Y,ZHANG Z X,XU X L,et al.Spatial patterns and driving forces of Land Use Change in China in the early 21st century[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(12):1411-1420.(Ch).
[7] 陈睿山,蔡运龙.土地变化科学中的尺度问题与解决途径[J].地理研究,2010,29(7):1244-1256.CHEN R S,CAI Y L.Progress in the study of scale issues in land change science[J].Geographical Research,2010,29(7):1244-1256.(Ch).
[8] 李平,李秀彬,刘学军.我国现阶段土地利用变化驱动力的宏观分析[J].地理研究,2001,20(2):129-138.LI P,LI X B,LIU X J.Macro-analysis on the driving forces of the land-use change in China[J].Geographical Research,2001,20(2):129-138.(Ch).
[9] 何英彬,姚艳敏,唐华俊,等.土地利用/覆盖变化驱动力机制研究新进展[J].中国农学通报,2013,29(2):190-195.HE Y B,YAO Y M,TANG H J,et al.An overview on progress of land use and land cover change dynamics[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2013,29(2):190-195.(Ch).
[10] 张增祥,汪潇,温庆可,等.土地资源遥感应用研究进展[J].遥感学报,2016,20(5):1243-1258.ZHANG Z X,WANG X,WEN Q K,et al.Research progress of remote sensing application in land resourc[J].Journal of Remote Sensine,2016,20(5):1243-1258.(Ch).
[11] FU B J,WU B F,Lü Y H,et al.Three Gorges Project:Efforts and challenges for the environment[J].Progress in Physical Geography,2010,34:741-754.
[12] 曹银贵,王静,刘正军,等.三峡库区近30年土地利用时空变化特征分析[J].测绘科学,2007,32(6):167-170.CAO G Y,WANG J,LIU Z J,et al.Analysis on temporal-spatial traits of landuse in Three Gorges during 30 years[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2007,32(6):167-170.(Ch).
[13] 黄春波.长江三峡库区土地利用/覆盖的长期变化[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(5):1585-1596.HUANG C B.Long-term changes of land use/cover in the Three Gorges reservoir area of the Yangtze River,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2018,29(5):1585-1596.(Ch).
[14] 张彦春,王孟钧,戴若林.三峡库区水环境安全分析与战略对策[J].长江流域资源与环境,2007,16(6):801-804.ZHANG Y C,WANG M J,DAI R L.Analysis and startegy countermeasures of Three-Gorge-Reservior-Area water environment safety[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2007,16(6):801-804.(Ch).
[15] 范建容,刘飞,郭芬芬,等.基于遥感技术的三峡库区土壤侵蚀量评估及影响因子分析[J].山地学报,2011,29(3):306-311.FAN J R,LIU F,GUO F F,et al.Soil erosion assessment and cause analysis in Three Gorges reservior area based on remote sensing[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2011,29(3):306-311.(Ch).
[16] 李月臣,刘春霞,闵婕,等.三峡库区生态系统服务功能重要性评价[J].生态学报,2013,33(1):168-178.LI Y C,LIU C X,MIN J,et al.RS/GIS-based integrated evaluation of the ecosystem services of the Three Gorges reservoir area(Chongqing section)[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(1):168-178.(Ch).
[17] 严恩萍,林辉,王广兴,等.1990～2011 年三峡库区生态系统服务价值演变及驱动力[J].生态学报,2014,34(20):5962-5973.YAN E P,LIN H,WANG G X,et al.Analysis of evolution and driving force of ecosystem service values in the Three Gorges reservoir region during 1990～2011[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(20):5962-5973.(Ch).
[18] 国洪磊,周启刚.三峡库区蓄水前后土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响[J].水土保持研究,2016,33(5):222-228.GUO H L,ZHOU Q G.Effect of land use change on ecosystem service value pre and post the water storage in the Three Gorges reservior area[J].Research of Soil Water Conservation,2016,33(5):222-228.(Ch).
[19] 范业婷,金晓斌,项晓敏,等.苏南地区耕地多功能评价与空间特征分析[J].资源学报,2018,40(5):980-992.FAN Y T,JIN X B,XIANG X M,et al.Evaluation and spatial characteristics of arable land multifunction in southern Jiangsu[J].Resources Science,2018,40(5):980-992.
[20] 王宏志,李仁东,毋河海.土地利用动态度双向模型及其在武汉郊县的应用[J].国土资源遥感,2002(2):20-22.WANG H Z,LI R D,WU H H.Bilateral change dynamic degree model for land use and its application to the land use study of in suburban areas of Wuhan[J].Remote Sensing for Land & Resources,2002(2):20-22.(Ch).
[21] 周志民,何宽,郭依,等.基于RS和GIS的县域土地利用变化及生态安全研究——以荥阳市为例[J].河南大学学报(自然科学版),2016,46(3):370-378.ZHOU Z M,HE K,GUO Y,et al.Land use change and ecological security based on RS and GIS:A case study of Xingyang city,Henan[J].Journal of Henan University(Natural Science),2016,46(3):370-378.(Ch).
[22] 吕立刚,周生路,周兵兵,等.1985年以来江苏省土地利用变化对人类活动程度的响应[J].长江流域资源与环境,2015,24(7):1086-1093.LV L G,ZHOU S L,ZHOU B B,et al.Response of land use changes to human activities in Jiangsu province since 1985[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2015,24(7):1086-1093.(Ch).
[23] 刘纪远,张增祥,庄大方,等.20世纪90年代中国土地利用变化的遥感时空信息研究[M].科学出版社,2005.LIU J Y,ZHENG Z X,ZHUANG D F,et al.Spatio temporal information of land use change in China in 1990s[M].Academic Press,2005.(Ch).
[24] 方子云,吴国平,王俊超,等.长江三峡工程生态与环境影响文集[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1988.FANG Z Y,WU G P,WANG J C,et al.Proceedings of Ecological and Environmental Impacts of Three-Gorges project[M].Beijing:Water Resources and Electric Power Press,1988.(Ch).
[25] 湖北省人民政府.湖北省主体功能区划[EB/OL][2018-12-11].http://www.hubei.gov.cn/govfile/ezf/201303/t20130307_1032588.shtml.Hubei Provincial People's Government.Hubei Province Main Functional Area Planning[EB/OL][2018-12-11].http://www.hubei.gov.cn/govfile/ezf/201303/t20130307_1032588.shtml.(Ch).