基于红外相机监测的汪清自然保护区东北豹种群动态
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摘要
【目的】东北豹是分布最北、种群数量最小的豹亚种,濒危等级为"极危"。分析采用相机监测技术得到的汪清保护区内东北豹种群数量和分布情况的长期动态,为这一濒危物种的保护提供科学依据。【方法】2013年秋—2017年秋,在汪清保护区内东北豹主要分布区以每3 km×3 km网格1对的密度布设相机。采用相对丰富度指数(relative abundance indices,RAI)计算东北豹相对丰富度,以99%核密度等值线定义东北豹分布区,在Extract Compare软件中进行个体识别。在CAPTURE软件中对有效监测期的数据进行闭合种群检验、适宜模型评估和种群数量估计。以8 km为半径,在相机布设处向周边外延绘制缓冲区作为有效监测面积,评估东北豹种群密度。【结果】在9个监测季,东北豹RAI指数波动在0.34～2.12之间。2013年秋季东北豹分布区为201 km~2, 2017年秋季分布区为992 km~2。共识别东北豹个体9只,其中成年雌性和雄性各3只、幼崽2只、性别不明个体1只。在种群数量低的情况下,CAPTURE闭合种群检验效力并不强,检验结果总体偏低。M_h模型(假设拍摄率有个体差异)选择标准得分在2015春、2015秋、2016秋、2017春4个监测季最高,在其他5个监测季得分仅次于M_0(假设拍摄率一致)。卡方拟合优度检验显示,M_b(假设捕获前后拍摄率有差异)、M_t(假设不同时段拍摄率有差异)模型评估捕获率与M_0模型无显著差异。研究期间东北豹种群密度波动在0.12～0.88只·(100 km~2)~(-1),种群总捕获率整体较高,但2017年春季拍摄个体仅占种群评估数量的0.43。【结论】受地理因素和猎物丰富度变化影响,东北豹时空分布具有异质性。CAPTURE闭合种群检验对小样本检验效力不强。M_h假设是进行东北豹种群数量评估的适宜模型,"拍摄羞怯反应"会导致种群密度评估结果偏高。
【Objective】 Far Eastern Leopard(Panthera pardus orientalis) disperses in the northernmost region and maintains the minimum population of Panthera pardus subspecies. It is evaluated as Critical Endangered in IUCN Red List. In this study, we analyzed long-term dynamic of population size and distribution of Far Eastern Leopard in Wangqing Nature Reserve and expected to provide scientific data for the protection of this endangered species. 【Method】 From Autumn 2013 to Autumn 2017, cameras were set up with a density of 1 pair per 3 km×3 km grid in the main leopard habitat in Wangqing Nature Reserve. The relative abundance indices(RAI) was used to calculate leopard abundance, the distribution area was defined by 99% kernel density contour, and individual was identified in Extract Compare software. The closure test, model selection and population estimation were performed for the data of effective monitoring period with CAPTURE software. The effective trapping area was estimated by projecting an 8 km radius buffer around each camera trap location. Then we calculated population density using effective trapping area. 【Result】The RAI of leopard varied from 0.34 to 2.12 during 9 monitoring seasons. The distribution area of leopard was 201 km~2 in Autumn 2013 and 992 km~2 in Autumn 2017. A total of 9 individuals were identified, including 3 females, 3 males, 2 cubs and 1 unrecognizable. Both the value and the power of CAPTURE closure test were low when population size was small. The model selection criterions of M_h(heterogeneity effects model) were highest in 4 monitoring seasons, and second only after M_0(null model) in the other 5 seasons. The goodness of fit tests of M_0 vs M_b(behaviour effects model) and M_0 vs M_t(time effects model)showed that there were no significant differences between groups. The population density of leopard ranged from 0.12 to 0.88 individual per 100 km~2 during research period. The value of captured individual/estimated population size was relatively high in general, albeit there was a low value of 0.43 in Spring 2017. 【Conclusion】 The distribution pattern of leopard obviously showed spatiotemporal heterogeneity due to geographic variance and prey abundance fluctuation. CAPTURE closed population test was ineffective for small sample test. M_h model was proper to evaluate leopard population. The capture rates showed no variance after trap or in different trap occasions. Leopard population density would be overestimated due to trap-shy response.
【Objective】 Far Eastern Leopard(Panthera pardus orientalis) disperses in the northernmost region and maintains the minimum population of Panthera pardus subspecies. It is evaluated as Critical Endangered in IUCN Red List. In this study, we analyzed long-term dynamic of population size and distribution of Far Eastern Leopard in Wangqing Nature Reserve and expected to provide scientific data for the protection of this endangered species. 【Method】 From Autumn 2013 to Autumn 2017, cameras were set up with a density of 1 pair per 3 km×3 km grid in the main leopard habitat in Wangqing Nature Reserve. The relative abundance indices(RAI) was used to calculate leopard abundance, the distribution area was defined by 99% kernel density contour, and individual was identified in Extract Compare software. The closure test, model selection and population estimation were performed for the data of effective monitoring period with CAPTURE software. The effective trapping area was estimated by projecting an 8 km radius buffer around each camera trap location. Then we calculated population density using effective trapping area. 【Result】The RAI of leopard varied from 0.34 to 2.12 during 9 monitoring seasons. The distribution area of leopard was 201 km~2 in Autumn 2013 and 992 km~2 in Autumn 2017. A total of 9 individuals were identified, including 3 females, 3 males, 2 cubs and 1 unrecognizable. Both the value and the power of CAPTURE closure test were low when population size was small. The model selection criterions of M_h(heterogeneity effects model) were highest in 4 monitoring seasons, and second only after M_0(null model) in the other 5 seasons. The goodness of fit tests of M_0 vs M_b(behaviour effects model) and M_0 vs M_t(time effects model)showed that there were no significant differences between groups. The population density of leopard ranged from 0.12 to 0.88 individual per 100 km~2 during research period. The value of captured individual/estimated population size was relatively high in general, albeit there was a low value of 0.43 in Spring 2017. 【Conclusion】 The distribution pattern of leopard obviously showed spatiotemporal heterogeneity due to geographic variance and prey abundance fluctuation. CAPTURE closed population test was ineffective for small sample test. M_h model was proper to evaluate leopard population. The capture rates showed no variance after trap or in different trap occasions. Leopard population density would be overestimated due to trap-shy response.
引文
蒋劲松,孔维尧.2015.长白山区东北虎、东北豹相机监测.长春:吉林科学技术出版社,80-111.(Jiang J S,Kong W Y.2015.Surveillance of northeast tiger and northeast leopard in Changbai Mountain area.Changchun:Jilin Science and Technology Press,80-111 [in Chinese])
孔维尧.2017.东北虎关键分布区有蹄类种群调查.WWF项目报告(No.10000766).(Kong W Y.2017.Survey of hoofed population in the key area of northeast tiger.WWF project report (unpublished) [in Chinese])
孔维尧,郎建民,孙权,等.2017.吉林省老爷岭南部东北豹雪地调查.四川动物,36(2):239-240.(Kong W Y,Lang J M,Sun Q,et al.2017.Investigation on the snow land of northeast leopard in the south of Laoyeling,Jilin Province.Sichuan Animal,36 (2):239-240.[in Chinese])
李佳,刘芳,李迪强,等.2017.基于红外相机监测分析的红腹角雉日活动节律.林业科学,53(7):170-176.(Li J,Liu F,Li D Q,et al.2017.Daily activity rhythm of red-bellied pheasant based on infrared camera monitoring analysis.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,53 (7):170-176.[in Chinese])
马鸣,徐峰,吴逸群,等.2006.利用自动照相术获得天山雪豹拍摄率与个体数量.动物学报,52(4):788-793.(Ma M,Xu F,Wu Y Q,et al.2006.The photographic rate and individual number of snow leopard in Tianshan Mountains were obtained by automatic photography.Journal of Zoology,52 (4):788-793.[in Chinese])
张桂铭,朱阿兴,杨胜天,等.2013.基于核密度估计的动物生境适宜度制图方法.生态学报,33(23):7590-7600.(Zhang G M,Zhu A X,Yang S T,et al.2013.Animal habitat suitability mapping based on nuclear density estimation.Journal of Ecology,33 (23):7590-7600.[in Chinese])
Abramov V K,Pikunov D G.1974.Leopards in the far east of the USSR and their protection.Bulletin of the Moscow Society of Natural Scientists,Biology Branch,79 (2):5-15 (in Russian).
Aramilev V V,Fomenko P V.2000.Simultaneous survey of Far Eastern leopards and Amur tigers in southwest Primorski Krai,Winter 2000.Final report to WCS and WWF.
Di Bitetti M S,Paviolo A,De Angelo C.2006.Density,habitat use and activity patterns of ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) in the Atlantic Forest of Misiones,Argentina.Journal of Zoology,270(1):153-163.
Dillon A,Kelly M J.2007.Ocelot Leopardus pardalis in Belize:the impact of trap spacing and distance moved on density estimates.Oryx,41(4):469-477.
Gavashelishvili A,Lukarevskiy V.2008.Modeling the habitat requirements of leopard Panthera pardus in west and central Asia.J Appl Ecol,45 (2):579-588.
Harmsen B J.2006.The use of camera traps for estimating abundance and studying the ecology of jaguars (Panthera onca).PhD.Dissertation,University of Outhampton,United Kingdom.
Hawthorne L B.[2016-07-12].Geospatial Modelling Environment,version 0.7.3.http:// www.spatialecology.com/gme.
Hebblewhite M,Miquelle D G,Murzin A A,et al.2011.Predicting potential habitat and population size for reintroduction of the Far Eastern leopards in the Russian Far East.Biological Conservation,144(10):2403-2413.
Jackson P,Nowell K.[2012-11-05].Panthera pardus ssp.orientalis.IUCN 2010.IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.http://www.iucnredlist.org.
Jiang G,Qi J,Wang G,et al.2015.New hope for the survival of the Amur leopard in China.Scientific Reports,5,15475.doi:10.1038/srep15475.
Karanth K U.1995.Estimating tiger Panthera tigris populations from camera-trap data using capture-recapture models.Biological Conservation,71(3):333-338.
Karanth K U,Nichols J D.1998.Estimation of tiger densities in India using photographic captures and recaptures.Ecology,79(8):2852-2862.
Kawanishi K,Sunquist M E.2004.Conservation status of tigers in a primary rainforest of Peninsular Malaysia.Biological Conservation,120(3):329-344.
Kelly M J,Noss A J,Di Bitetti M S,et al.2008.Estimating puma densities from camera trapping across three study sites:Bolivia,Argentina,and Belize.Journal of Mammalogy,89(2):408-418.
Kostyria A V,Skorodelov A S,Miquelle D G,et al.2003.Results of camera trap survey of far eastern leopard population in southwest Primorski Krai,Winter 2002-2003.Report of the Wildlife Conservation Society and Institute of Sustainable Use of Nature Resources.Vladivostok.[In Russian]
Maffei L,Cuéllar E,Noss A.2004.One thousand jaguars (Panthera onca) in Bolivia’s Chaco?camera trapping in the Kaa-Iya National Park.Journal of Zoology,262(3):295-304.
Maffei L,Noss A J.2008.How small is too small?Camera trap survey areas and density estimates for ocelots in the Bolivian Chaco.Biotropica,40(1):71-75.
Matiukhina D S,Vitkalova A V,Rybin A N,et al.2016.Camera-trap monitoring of Amur Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) in southwest Primorsky Krai,2013-2016:preliminary results.Nature Conservation Research,1 (3):36-43.
Miquelle D G,Rozhnov V V,Ermoshin V,et al..2015.Identifying ecological corridors for Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) and Amur leopards (Panthera pardus orientalis).Integrative Zoology,10(4):389-402.
Nowell K,Jackson P.1996.Wild cats:status survey and conservation action plan (Vol.382).Gland:IUCN.
O’Brien T G,Kinnaird M F,Wbisono H T.2003.Crouching tigers,hidden prey:Sumatran tiger and prey populations in a tropical forest landscape.Animal Conservation,6(2):131-139.
O’Connell A F,Nichols J D,Karanth K U.2011.Camera Traps in Animal Ecology:Methods and Analyses.Springer,New York.
Otis D L,Burnham K P,White G C,et al.1978.Statistical inference from capture data on closed animal populations.Wildlife Monographs,(62):3-135.
Pikunov D G,Abramov V K,Korkishko V G,et al.2000.“Sweep” survey of far eastern leopards and Amur tigers.A Survey of Far Eastern Leopards and Amur Tigers in Southwest Primorski Krai,in 2000.Final report to WCS and WWF.
Pikunov D G,Aramilev V V,Fomenko P V,et al.1997.Leopard Numbers and its Habitat Structure in the Russian Far East.Final Report to Hornocker Wildlife Institute.
Pikunov D G,Korkishko V G.1985.Present distribution and numbers of leopards (Panthera pardus) in the Far East USSR.Zoology Journal 64:897-905 (in Russian).
Pikunov D G,Miquelle D G,Abramov V K,et al.2003.Results of population surveys of Leopards (Panthera pardus orientalis) and Tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) in Southwest Primorski Krai,Russian Far East.Final Report to WCS and WWF.
Pikunov D G,Seredkin I V,Aramilev V V,et al.2009.Numbers of Far Eastern Leopards (Panthera pardus orientalis) and Amur Tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) in Southwest Primorski Krai,Russian Far East,2007.Dalnauka,Vladivostok.
Qi J,Shi Q,Wang G,et al.2015.Spatial distribution drivers of Amur leopard density in northeast China.Biological Conservation,191(11):258-265.
Rexstad E,Burnham K P.1991.User’s guide for interactive program CAPTURE.Colorador.Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit.
Salmanova E.2012.Amur leopard home range.Student Conference on Conservation Science.UK,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,42.
Simcharoen S,Pattanavibool A,Karanth K U,et al.2007.How many tigers Panthera tigris are there in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary,Thailand?An estimate using photographic capture-recapture sampling.Oryx,41(4):447-453.
Soisalo M K,Cavalcanti S M.2006.Estimating the density of a jaguar population in the Brazilian Pantanal using camera-traps and capture-recapture sampling in combination with GPS radio-telemetry.Biological Conservation,129(4):487-496.
Soutyrina S V,Rybin A N,Miquelle D G.2012.Recommendations for camera trap surveys of large felids in the Russian Far East.WCS Russia program Vladivostok,Primorsky Krai,Russia.
Sugimoto T,Aramilev V V,Kerley L,et al.2014.Noninvasive genetic analyses for estimating population size and genetic diversity of the remaining Far Eastern leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) population.Conservation Genetics,15(3):521-532.
Sugimoto T,Aramilev V V,Nagata J,et al.2016.Winter food habits of sympatric carnivores,Amur tigers and Far Eastern leopards,in the Russian Far East.Mammalian Biology,81(2):214-218.
Sulikhan N S,Gilbert M,Blidchenko E Y,et al.2018.Canine distemper virus in a wild Far Eastern Leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis).Journal of Wildlife Diseases,54(1):170-174.
Trolle M,Kéry M.2003.Estimation of ocelot density in the Pantanal using capture-recapture analysis of camera-trapping data.Journal of Mammalogy,84(2):607-614.
Uphyrkina O,Miquelle D,Quigley Driscoll C,et al.2002.Conservation genetics of the Far Eastern Leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis).The Journal of Heredity,93(5):304-311.
Vitkalova A V,Shevtsova E I.2016.A complex approach to study the Amur leopard using camera traps in protected areas in the southwest of Primorsky Krai (Russian Far East).Nature Conservation Research,1 (3):53-58.
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Wang S W,Macdonald D W.2009.The use of camera traps for estimating tiger and leopard populations in the high altitude mountains of Bhutan.Biological Conservation,142(3):606-613.
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Yang S H,Jiang J S,Wu Z G,et al.1998.Report on the Sino-Russian Joint Survey of Far Eastern Leopards and Siberian Tigers and their habitat in the Sino-Russian boundary area,eastern Jilin Province,China,Winter 1998.A Final Report to the UNDP and the Wildlife Conservation Society.
Zhang L,Cheng Y C,Feng L M,et al.[2018-08-14].Abundance and occupancy of Leopard and their prey in Wangqing Leopard Reserve.China 99th ESA Annual Meeting (August 10 -15,2014).https://eco.confex.com/eco/2014/webprogram/Paper.
孔维尧.2017.东北虎关键分布区有蹄类种群调查.WWF项目报告(No.10000766).(Kong W Y.2017.Survey of hoofed population in the key area of northeast tiger.WWF project report (unpublished) [in Chinese])
孔维尧,郎建民,孙权,等.2017.吉林省老爷岭南部东北豹雪地调查.四川动物,36(2):239-240.(Kong W Y,Lang J M,Sun Q,et al.2017.Investigation on the snow land of northeast leopard in the south of Laoyeling,Jilin Province.Sichuan Animal,36 (2):239-240.[in Chinese])
李佳,刘芳,李迪强,等.2017.基于红外相机监测分析的红腹角雉日活动节律.林业科学,53(7):170-176.(Li J,Liu F,Li D Q,et al.2017.Daily activity rhythm of red-bellied pheasant based on infrared camera monitoring analysis.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,53 (7):170-176.[in Chinese])
马鸣,徐峰,吴逸群,等.2006.利用自动照相术获得天山雪豹拍摄率与个体数量.动物学报,52(4):788-793.(Ma M,Xu F,Wu Y Q,et al.2006.The photographic rate and individual number of snow leopard in Tianshan Mountains were obtained by automatic photography.Journal of Zoology,52 (4):788-793.[in Chinese])
张桂铭,朱阿兴,杨胜天,等.2013.基于核密度估计的动物生境适宜度制图方法.生态学报,33(23):7590-7600.(Zhang G M,Zhu A X,Yang S T,et al.2013.Animal habitat suitability mapping based on nuclear density estimation.Journal of Ecology,33 (23):7590-7600.[in Chinese])
Abramov V K,Pikunov D G.1974.Leopards in the far east of the USSR and their protection.Bulletin of the Moscow Society of Natural Scientists,Biology Branch,79 (2):5-15 (in Russian).
Aramilev V V,Fomenko P V.2000.Simultaneous survey of Far Eastern leopards and Amur tigers in southwest Primorski Krai,Winter 2000.Final report to WCS and WWF.
Di Bitetti M S,Paviolo A,De Angelo C.2006.Density,habitat use and activity patterns of ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) in the Atlantic Forest of Misiones,Argentina.Journal of Zoology,270(1):153-163.
Dillon A,Kelly M J.2007.Ocelot Leopardus pardalis in Belize:the impact of trap spacing and distance moved on density estimates.Oryx,41(4):469-477.
Gavashelishvili A,Lukarevskiy V.2008.Modeling the habitat requirements of leopard Panthera pardus in west and central Asia.J Appl Ecol,45 (2):579-588.
Harmsen B J.2006.The use of camera traps for estimating abundance and studying the ecology of jaguars (Panthera onca).PhD.Dissertation,University of Outhampton,United Kingdom.
Hawthorne L B.[2016-07-12].Geospatial Modelling Environment,version 0.7.3.http:// www.spatialecology.com/gme.
Hebblewhite M,Miquelle D G,Murzin A A,et al.2011.Predicting potential habitat and population size for reintroduction of the Far Eastern leopards in the Russian Far East.Biological Conservation,144(10):2403-2413.
Jackson P,Nowell K.[2012-11-05].Panthera pardus ssp.orientalis.IUCN 2010.IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.http://www.iucnredlist.org.
Jiang G,Qi J,Wang G,et al.2015.New hope for the survival of the Amur leopard in China.Scientific Reports,5,15475.doi:10.1038/srep15475.
Karanth K U.1995.Estimating tiger Panthera tigris populations from camera-trap data using capture-recapture models.Biological Conservation,71(3):333-338.
Karanth K U,Nichols J D.1998.Estimation of tiger densities in India using photographic captures and recaptures.Ecology,79(8):2852-2862.
Kawanishi K,Sunquist M E.2004.Conservation status of tigers in a primary rainforest of Peninsular Malaysia.Biological Conservation,120(3):329-344.
Kelly M J,Noss A J,Di Bitetti M S,et al.2008.Estimating puma densities from camera trapping across three study sites:Bolivia,Argentina,and Belize.Journal of Mammalogy,89(2):408-418.
Kostyria A V,Skorodelov A S,Miquelle D G,et al.2003.Results of camera trap survey of far eastern leopard population in southwest Primorski Krai,Winter 2002-2003.Report of the Wildlife Conservation Society and Institute of Sustainable Use of Nature Resources.Vladivostok.[In Russian]
Maffei L,Cuéllar E,Noss A.2004.One thousand jaguars (Panthera onca) in Bolivia’s Chaco?camera trapping in the Kaa-Iya National Park.Journal of Zoology,262(3):295-304.
Maffei L,Noss A J.2008.How small is too small?Camera trap survey areas and density estimates for ocelots in the Bolivian Chaco.Biotropica,40(1):71-75.
Matiukhina D S,Vitkalova A V,Rybin A N,et al.2016.Camera-trap monitoring of Amur Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) in southwest Primorsky Krai,2013-2016:preliminary results.Nature Conservation Research,1 (3):36-43.
Miquelle D G,Rozhnov V V,Ermoshin V,et al..2015.Identifying ecological corridors for Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) and Amur leopards (Panthera pardus orientalis).Integrative Zoology,10(4):389-402.
Nowell K,Jackson P.1996.Wild cats:status survey and conservation action plan (Vol.382).Gland:IUCN.
O’Brien T G,Kinnaird M F,Wbisono H T.2003.Crouching tigers,hidden prey:Sumatran tiger and prey populations in a tropical forest landscape.Animal Conservation,6(2):131-139.
O’Connell A F,Nichols J D,Karanth K U.2011.Camera Traps in Animal Ecology:Methods and Analyses.Springer,New York.
Otis D L,Burnham K P,White G C,et al.1978.Statistical inference from capture data on closed animal populations.Wildlife Monographs,(62):3-135.
Pikunov D G,Abramov V K,Korkishko V G,et al.2000.“Sweep” survey of far eastern leopards and Amur tigers.A Survey of Far Eastern Leopards and Amur Tigers in Southwest Primorski Krai,in 2000.Final report to WCS and WWF.
Pikunov D G,Aramilev V V,Fomenko P V,et al.1997.Leopard Numbers and its Habitat Structure in the Russian Far East.Final Report to Hornocker Wildlife Institute.
Pikunov D G,Korkishko V G.1985.Present distribution and numbers of leopards (Panthera pardus) in the Far East USSR.Zoology Journal 64:897-905 (in Russian).
Pikunov D G,Miquelle D G,Abramov V K,et al.2003.Results of population surveys of Leopards (Panthera pardus orientalis) and Tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) in Southwest Primorski Krai,Russian Far East.Final Report to WCS and WWF.
Pikunov D G,Seredkin I V,Aramilev V V,et al.2009.Numbers of Far Eastern Leopards (Panthera pardus orientalis) and Amur Tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) in Southwest Primorski Krai,Russian Far East,2007.Dalnauka,Vladivostok.
Qi J,Shi Q,Wang G,et al.2015.Spatial distribution drivers of Amur leopard density in northeast China.Biological Conservation,191(11):258-265.
Rexstad E,Burnham K P.1991.User’s guide for interactive program CAPTURE.Colorador.Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit.
Salmanova E.2012.Amur leopard home range.Student Conference on Conservation Science.UK,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,42.
Simcharoen S,Pattanavibool A,Karanth K U,et al.2007.How many tigers Panthera tigris are there in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary,Thailand?An estimate using photographic capture-recapture sampling.Oryx,41(4):447-453.
Soisalo M K,Cavalcanti S M.2006.Estimating the density of a jaguar population in the Brazilian Pantanal using camera-traps and capture-recapture sampling in combination with GPS radio-telemetry.Biological Conservation,129(4):487-496.
Soutyrina S V,Rybin A N,Miquelle D G.2012.Recommendations for camera trap surveys of large felids in the Russian Far East.WCS Russia program Vladivostok,Primorsky Krai,Russia.
Sugimoto T,Aramilev V V,Kerley L,et al.2014.Noninvasive genetic analyses for estimating population size and genetic diversity of the remaining Far Eastern leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) population.Conservation Genetics,15(3):521-532.
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