近11 a南京市酸雨变化及其成因分析
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摘要
本文结合2003—2013年以来南京国家基准气候站的逐日酸雨资料以及地面气象资料和高空探测资料,分析了近11 a来南京地区的酸雨变化特征以及相应的气象和气溶胶影响因子变化。所得结果表明:近11 a来南京地区的酸雨变化总体呈明显恶化态势,表现为酸雨的发生率明显提高,相应的酸度(pH值)显著下降;从影响酸雨变化的气象条件看,酸雨的pH值随着降水量增大而降低;垂直不稳定条件是影响酸雨的另一重要方面,酸雨事件出现时通常伴随出现高空逆温,在冬季有99%的事件出现逆温;分析850 hPa的风速和风向情况发现,冬、夏季分别有47%和52%的酸雨事件出现东风或东北风,这可能说明外部的输入性污染物对酸雨的形成也起着重要的作用。
The variation of acid rain in Nanjing during the recent 11 years and associated factors such as meteorological and aerosol conditions were analyzed, using the daily observation data of acid rain, as well as the surface meteorological data and aerological sounding data in Nanjing Station during 2003—2013. Results are shown as follows. The acid rain pollutions in Nanjing show an obvious increase during the recent 11 years. In particular, there are more frequent acid events, and the pH values reduce significantly. From the meteorological conditions affecting the acid rain, the pH tends to decline while the precipitation increases. The vertical instability also plays an important role in the formation of acid rain. The acid rain usually occurs with upper inversion(up to 99% in winter). It is found through analyzing the wind speed and direction at 850 hPa that 47%(52%) acid rain events are accompanied with easterly and northwesterly in winter(summer), implying that the pollutants transported from other regions may also be a potential cause of acid rain.
The variation of acid rain in Nanjing during the recent 11 years and associated factors such as meteorological and aerosol conditions were analyzed, using the daily observation data of acid rain, as well as the surface meteorological data and aerological sounding data in Nanjing Station during 2003—2013. Results are shown as follows. The acid rain pollutions in Nanjing show an obvious increase during the recent 11 years. In particular, there are more frequent acid events, and the pH values reduce significantly. From the meteorological conditions affecting the acid rain, the pH tends to decline while the precipitation increases. The vertical instability also plays an important role in the formation of acid rain. The acid rain usually occurs with upper inversion(up to 99% in winter). It is found through analyzing the wind speed and direction at 850 hPa that 47%(52%) acid rain events are accompanied with easterly and northwesterly in winter(summer), implying that the pollutants transported from other regions may also be a potential cause of acid rain.
引文
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[19] 孙一,管兆勇,马奋华,等.夏季东亚地区AOD与地面太阳辐射变化的联系及季风环流异常:季节趋势影响.大气科学学报,2015,38(2):165-174.SUN Yi,GUAN Zhaoyong,MA Fenhua,et al.Linkage between AOD and surface solar radiation variability in association with East Asian summer monsoon circulation changes:Role of seasonal trends.Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese),2015,38(2):165-174.
[20] 石睿,王体健,李树,等.东亚夏季气溶胶—云—降水分布特征及其相互影响的资料分析.大气科学,2015,39(1):12-22.SHI Rui,WANG Tijian,LI Shu,et al.The spatial and temporal characteristics of aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions during summer in East Asia.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese),2015,39(1):12-22.
[21] 王耀庭,王桥,李炬,等.气溶胶光学厚度在大气污染研究中的应用//中国气象学会2007年年会大气成分观测、研究与预报分会场论文集.广州:中国气象学会,2007.WANG Yaoting,WANG Qiao,LI Ju,et al.Application of aerosol optical depth study of atmospheric pollution//Chinese Meteorological Society in Mid-2007 will be Atmospheric Composition Observations,Research and Forecasting at the Venue Proceedings.Guangzhou:Chinese Meteorological Society (in Chinese),2007.
[22] 卢楚翰,管兆勇,李永华,等.太平洋年代际振荡与南北半球际大气质量振荡及东亚季风的联系.地球物理学报,2013,56(4):1084-1094.LU Chuhan,GUAN Zhaoyong,LI Yonghua,et al.Interdecadal linkages between Pacific decadal oscillation and interhemispheric air mass oscillation and their possible connections with East Asian Monsoon.Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese),2013,56(4):1084-1094.
[2] 郭永林.我国的酸雨问题和防治.山西财经大学学报,2002,24(S1):106.GUO Yonglin.The problem and prevent of acid rain in China.Journal of Shanxi Finance and Economics University (in Chinese),2002,24(S1):106.
[3] 万玉山,王皖蒙.中国酸雨污染现状·成因分析及防治措施.安徽农业科学,2010,38(34):19420-19421,19425.WAN Yushan,WANG Wanmeng.Analysis on current situation,formation causes and control countermeasures of acid rain pollution in China.Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences (in Chinese),2010,38(34):19420-19421,19425.
[4] 张新民,柴发合,王淑兰,等.中国酸雨研究现状.环境科学研究,2010,23(5):527-531.ZHANG Xinmin,CHAI Fahe,WANG Shulan,et al.Research progress of acid precipitation in China.Research of Environmental Sciences (in Chinese),2010,23(5):527-531.
[5] 吴洪颜,濮梅娟,商兆堂,等.江苏省2006年酸雨分布特征及其与气象条件的关系分析.气象科学,2008,28(5):563-567.WU Hongyan,PU Meijuan,SHANG Zhaotang,et al.The analysis of acid rain monitor and its meteorologic cause of Jiangsu Province in 2006.Scientia Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese),2008,28(5):563-567.
[6] 封红,何宗健,游海,等.南昌市酸雨污染特征分析.南昌大学学报(工学版),2003,25(1):30-32.FENG Hong,HE Zongjian,YOU Hai,et al.Analysis of characteristics of acid rain pollution in Nanchang.Journal of Nanchang University (Engineering & Technology Edition) (in Chinese),2003,25(1):30-32.
[7] 金腊华.广州地区酸雨特征及其对植物的影响研究.城市环境与城市生态,2002,15(6):11-13.JIN Lahua.Research on characteristics of acid rain and its effects on plants in Guangzhou area.Urban Environment & Urban Ecology (in Chinese),2002,15(6):11-13.
[8] 杨浩明,王体健,程炜,等.华东典型地区大气硫沉降通量的观测和模拟研究.气象科学,2005,25(6):560-568.YANG Haoming,WANG Tijian,CHENG Wei,et al.Observational and numerical studies on atmospheric sulfur deposition over typical regions of East China.Scientia Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese),2005,25(6):560-568.
[9] 桑建人,刘玉兰.银川市可吸入颗粒物(PM10)来源解析.气象科学,2005,25(1):40-47.SANG Jianren,LIU Yulan.Source apportionment for inhalable particles (PM10) in Yinchuan.Scientia Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese),2005,25(1):40-47.
[10] 林长城,林祥明,邹燕,等.福州气象条件与酸雨的关系研究.热带气象学报,2005,21(3):330-336.LIN Changcheng,LIN Xiangming,ZOU Yan,et al.Study on the relationship between meteorological conditions and acid rain in Fuzhou,Fujian Province.Journal of Tropical Meteorology (in Chinese),2005,21(3):330-336.
[11] 范元中.江苏省酸雨污染十五年趋势分析.环境科学与技术,2005,28(S1):53-54.FAN Yuanzhong.Trend analysis of acid rain pollution in fifteen years for Jiangsu Province.Environmental Science and Technology (in Chinese),2005,28(S1):53-54.
[12] 秦育婧,卢楚翰.利用高分辨率ERA-Interim再分析资料对2011年夏季江淮区域水汽汇的诊断分析.大气科学,2013,37(6):1210-1218.QIN Yujing,LU Chuhan.Diagnostic study of summer moisture sinks over the Yangtze-Huaihe River basin in 2011 based on high-resolution ERA-Interim reanalysis data.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese),2013,37(6):1210-1218.
[13] Kaufman Y J,Tanré D,Remer L A,et al.Operational remote sensing of tropospheric aerosol over land from EOS moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer.J.Geophys.Res.,1997,102(D)14:17051-17067
[14] 刘梅,濮梅娟,尹东屏,等.江苏省酸雨时空分布特征及酸雨潜势预报因子.气象科技,2008,36(4):462-467.LIU Mei,PU Meijuan,YIN Dongping,et al.A study of acid rain space-time distribution and potential influencing factors in Jiangsu Province.Meteorological Science and Technology (in Chinese),2008,36(4):462-467.
[15] 何泽能,谭炳全,高阳华,等.重庆市酸雨分布特征.气象科技,2008,36(6):706-711.HE Zeneng,TAN Bingquan,GAO Yanghua,et al.Distribution features of acid rain in Chongqing.Meteorological Science and Technology (in Chinese),2008,36(6):706-711.
[16] 郑秋萍,王宏,陈彬彬,等.1992～2012年福州市和厦门市酸雨变化特征及影响因素.环境科学,2014,35(10):3640-3650.ZHENG Qiuping,WANG Hong,CHEN Binbin,et al.Characteristics and the impact factors of acid rain in Fuzhou and Xiamen 1992-2012.Environmental Science (in Chinese),2014,35(10):3640-3650.
[17] 中国气象局科教司.省地气象台短期预报岗位培训教材.北京:气象出版社,1998:225.China Meteorological Administration.Science and education division,provincial meteorological station short-term forecast training teaching materials.Beijing:China Meteorological Press (in Chinese),1998:225.
[18] 叶瑜,李秀央,陈坤,等.大气气溶胶光学厚度与大气污染物及气象因素关系的时间序列研究.气候与环境研究,2011,16(2):169-174.YE Yu,LI Xiuyang,CHEN Kun,et al.Association of aerosol optical depth with air pollutants and meteorological factors:a time series analysis.Climatic and Environmental Research (in Chinese),2011,16(2):169-174.
[19] 孙一,管兆勇,马奋华,等.夏季东亚地区AOD与地面太阳辐射变化的联系及季风环流异常:季节趋势影响.大气科学学报,2015,38(2):165-174.SUN Yi,GUAN Zhaoyong,MA Fenhua,et al.Linkage between AOD and surface solar radiation variability in association with East Asian summer monsoon circulation changes:Role of seasonal trends.Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese),2015,38(2):165-174.
[20] 石睿,王体健,李树,等.东亚夏季气溶胶—云—降水分布特征及其相互影响的资料分析.大气科学,2015,39(1):12-22.SHI Rui,WANG Tijian,LI Shu,et al.The spatial and temporal characteristics of aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions during summer in East Asia.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese),2015,39(1):12-22.
[21] 王耀庭,王桥,李炬,等.气溶胶光学厚度在大气污染研究中的应用//中国气象学会2007年年会大气成分观测、研究与预报分会场论文集.广州:中国气象学会,2007.WANG Yaoting,WANG Qiao,LI Ju,et al.Application of aerosol optical depth study of atmospheric pollution//Chinese Meteorological Society in Mid-2007 will be Atmospheric Composition Observations,Research and Forecasting at the Venue Proceedings.Guangzhou:Chinese Meteorological Society (in Chinese),2007.
[22] 卢楚翰,管兆勇,李永华,等.太平洋年代际振荡与南北半球际大气质量振荡及东亚季风的联系.地球物理学报,2013,56(4):1084-1094.LU Chuhan,GUAN Zhaoyong,LI Yonghua,et al.Interdecadal linkages between Pacific decadal oscillation and interhemispheric air mass oscillation and their possible connections with East Asian Monsoon.Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese),2013,56(4):1084-1094.