隐喻认知加工的ERP研究综述
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摘要
本文以隐喻的认知加工研究为切入点,总结分析了包括标准语用模型、直接通达模型、概念整合模型、语义显著性假说以及隐喻生涯假说在内的隐喻理解的认知加工模型;根据现阶段大量实验研究,总结了隐喻ERP研究的相关指征;概括了现阶段相关ERP研究的主要成果;针对现实情况,综合各家之言,提出了一些值得思考的问题。
The present paper makes a survey of ERP studies on metaphor processing. First, three theoretical accounts concerning metaphor comprehension are summarized, including the Standard Pragmatic Model, the Direct-access Model, as well as the Conceptual Blending theory. Second, most widely adopted experimental paradigms and ERP components are introduced. Then, major findings from existing studies are discussed, following which future directions are proposed.
The present paper makes a survey of ERP studies on metaphor processing. First, three theoretical accounts concerning metaphor comprehension are summarized, including the Standard Pragmatic Model, the Direct-access Model, as well as the Conceptual Blending theory. Second, most widely adopted experimental paradigms and ERP components are introduced. Then, major findings from existing studies are discussed, following which future directions are proposed.
引文
Anaki,D.,M.Faust&S.Kravetz.1998.Cerebral hemispheric asymmetries in processing lexical metaphors[J].Neuropsychologia 36:353-362.
Arzouan,Y.,A.Goldstein&M.Faust.2007.Dynamics of hemispheric activity during metaphor comprehension:Electrophysiological measures[J].NeuroImage 36(1):222-231.
Balconi,M.&S.Amenta.2010.“A fighter is a lion”.Neuropsychological indexes in comprehending frozen metaphors[J].Journal of pragmatics 42(12):3246-3257.
Blasko,D.G.&C.M.Connine.1993.Effects of familiarity and aptness on metaphor processing[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition 19(2):295-308.
Bottini,G.,R.Corcoran,R.Sterzi,E.Paulesu,P.Schenone,P.Scarpa,R.S.J.Frackowiak&C.D.Frith.1994.The role of the right hemisphere in the interpretation of figurative aspects of language:A positron emission tomography activation study[J].Brain 117(6):1241-1253.
Bowdle,B.F.&D.Gentner.2005.The career of metaphor[J].Psychological Review 112(1):193-216.
Brownell,H.H.,T.L.Simpson,A.M.Bihrle&H.Potter.1990.Appreciation of metaphoric alternative word meanings by left and right brain damaged patients[J].Neuropsychologia 28(4):375-383.
Coulson,S.&C.van.Petten.2002.Conceptual integration and metaphor:An event-related potential study[J].Memory&Cognition 30(6):958-968.
Coulson,S.&C.van Petten.2007.A special role for the right hemisphere in metaphor comprehension?ERP evidence from hemifield presentation[J].Brain Research 1146:128-145.
De Grauwe,S.,A.Swain,P.J.Holcomb,T.Ditman&G.R.Kuperberg.2010.Electrophysiological insights into the processing of nominal metaphors[J].Neuropsychologia 48(7):1965-1984.
Fauconnier,G.&M.Turner.1998.Conceptual integration networks[J].Cognitive Science 22(2):133-187.
Fauconnier,G.&M.Turner.2002.The Way We Think[M].New York:Basic Books.
Friederici,A.D.1995.The time course of syntactic activation during language processing:A model based on neuropsychological and neurophysiological data[J].Brain&Language 50(3):259-281.
Friederici,A.D.1997.Neurophysiological aspects of language processing[J].Clinical Neuroscience 4:64-72.
Gagnon,L.,P.Goulet,F.Giroux&Y.Joanette.2003.Processing of metaphoric and non-metaphoric alternative meanings of words after right-and left-hemisphere lesion[J].Brain&Language 87(2):217-226.
Gentner,D.1983.Structure-mapping:A theoretical framework for analogy[J].Cognitive Science 7:155-170.
Gentner,D.&B.F.Bowdle.2001.Convention,form,and figurative language processing[J].Metaphor&Symbol 16(3):223-247.
Gibbs,R.W.1980.Spilling the beans on understanding and memory for idioms[J].Memory&Cognition 8(2):149-156.
Gibbs,R.W.1984.Literal meaning and psychological theory[J].Cognitive Science 8(3):275-304.
Gibbs,R.W.1986.On the psycholinguistics of sarcasm[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology General 115(1):3-15.
Gibbs,R.W.2013.The real complexities of psycholinguistic research on metaphor[J].Language Sciences 40:45-52.
Gildea,P.&S.Glucksberg.1983.On understanding metaphor:The role of context[J].Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 22(5):577-590.
Giora,R.1997.Understanding figurative and literal language:The graded salience hypothesis[J].Cognitive Linguistics 7(1):183-206.
Giora,R.1999.On the priority of salient meanings:Studies of literal and figurative language[J].Journal of Pragmatics 31(7):919-929.
Giora,R.2003.On Our Mind:Salience,Context,and Figurative Language[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Giora,R.&O.Fein.1999.On understanding familiar and less-familiar figurative language[J].Journal of Pragmatics 31(12):1601-1618.
Glucksberg,S.2003.The psycholinguistics of metaphor[J].Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7(2):92-96.
Grice,H.P.1975.Logic and conversation[C]//P.Cole&J.L.Morgan(eds.).Syntax and Semantics:Speech Acts(Vol.3).New York:Academic Press,41-58.
Inhoff,A.,S.D.Lima&P.J.Carroll.1984.Contextual effects on metaphor comprehension in reading[J].Memory and Cognition 12(6):558-567.
Kaan,E.,A.Harris,E.Gibson&P.J.Holcomb.2000.The P600 as an index of syntactic integration difficulty[J].Language Cognitive Processes 15(2):159-201.
Kutas,M.&S.A.Hillyard.1980.Reading senseless sentences:Brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity[J].Science207:203-205.
Lai,V.T.,T.Curran&L.Menn.2009.Comprehending conventional and novel metaphors:An ERP study[J].Brain Research 1284:145-155.
Lakoff,G.&M.Johnson.1980.Metaphors We Live by[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Ortony,A.,D.L.Schallert,R.E.Reynolds&S.J.Antos.1978.Interpreting metaphors and idioms:Some effects of context on comprehension[J].Jounal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 17(4):465-477.
Paller,K.A.&M.Kutas.1992.Brain potentials during memory retrieval provide neurophysiological support for the distinction between conscious recollection and priming[J].Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 4(4):375-392.
Pynte,J.,M.Besson,F.H.Robichon&J.Poli.1996.The time-course of metaphor comprehension:An event-related potential study[J].Brain&Language 55(3):293-316.
Searle,J.R.1979.Expression and Meaning:Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Sotillo,M.,L.Carretié,J.A.Hinojosa,M.Tapia,F.Mercado,S.López-Martín&J.Albert.2004.Neural activity associated with metaphor comprehension:Spatial analysis[J].Neuroscience Letters 373(1):5-9.
Tartter,V.C.,H.Gomes,B.Dubrovsky,S.Molholm&R.V.Stewart.2002.Novel metaphors appear anomalous at least momentarily:Evidence from N400[J].Brain&Language 80(3):488-509.
van Herten,M.,H.H.Kolk&D.J.Chwilla.2005.An ERP study of P600 effects elicited by semantic anomalies[J].Cognitive Brain Research 22(2):241-255.
Wolff,P.&D.Gentner.2000.Evidence for role-neutral initial processing of metaphors[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition 26(2):529-541.
Yang,F.P.G.,K.Bradley,M.Huq,D.L.Wu&D.C.Krawczyk.2013.Contextual effects on conceptual blending in metaphors:An even-related potential study[J].Journal of Neurolinguistics 26(2):312-326.
陈宏俊,彭晓霜,赵艳丽.2013.双语者隐喻加工脑机制的ERP研究[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics 36(4):505-517,519.
范琪.2013.隐喻认知加工机制的事件相关电位(ERPs)研究[J].江苏师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)39(2):65-71.
龚玉苗,周榕.2009.隐喻理解的ERPs研究述评[J].心理学探新29(2):38-42.
郭晶晶,赵婧超.2017.熟悉性对汉语隐喻义与本义加工机制的影响[J].心理科学40(6):1302-1308.
李霄翔,封叶,季月.2019.中国英语学习者英语隐喻加工与概念整合---来自ERP的证据[J].外国语(1):50-60.
刘俊,张灿,张玉洁,李莹.2017.词水平上不同性质隐喻认知加工的ERP研究[C]//中国心理学会.第二十届全国心理学学术会议---心理学与国民心理健康摘要集.北京:中国心理学会,1547.
刘燕妮,舒华.2003.ERP与语言研究[J].心理科学进展11(3):296-302.
王倩.2018.不同二语水平双语者对英汉隐喻认知加工的神经机制及表征---来自ERP的证据[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics 41(1):67-83,121.
王小潞,冯骏.2014.隐喻加工脑区的关联因素[J].浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)(1):134-146.
赵仑.2010.ERPs实验教程[M].南京:东南大学出版社.
钟毅平,周海波,周路平,陈芸,范伟.2011.显性度对隐喻加工的影响:事件相关电位研究[J].心理科学(3):527-531.
Arzouan,Y.,A.Goldstein&M.Faust.2007.Dynamics of hemispheric activity during metaphor comprehension:Electrophysiological measures[J].NeuroImage 36(1):222-231.
Balconi,M.&S.Amenta.2010.“A fighter is a lion”.Neuropsychological indexes in comprehending frozen metaphors[J].Journal of pragmatics 42(12):3246-3257.
Blasko,D.G.&C.M.Connine.1993.Effects of familiarity and aptness on metaphor processing[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition 19(2):295-308.
Bottini,G.,R.Corcoran,R.Sterzi,E.Paulesu,P.Schenone,P.Scarpa,R.S.J.Frackowiak&C.D.Frith.1994.The role of the right hemisphere in the interpretation of figurative aspects of language:A positron emission tomography activation study[J].Brain 117(6):1241-1253.
Bowdle,B.F.&D.Gentner.2005.The career of metaphor[J].Psychological Review 112(1):193-216.
Brownell,H.H.,T.L.Simpson,A.M.Bihrle&H.Potter.1990.Appreciation of metaphoric alternative word meanings by left and right brain damaged patients[J].Neuropsychologia 28(4):375-383.
Coulson,S.&C.van.Petten.2002.Conceptual integration and metaphor:An event-related potential study[J].Memory&Cognition 30(6):958-968.
Coulson,S.&C.van Petten.2007.A special role for the right hemisphere in metaphor comprehension?ERP evidence from hemifield presentation[J].Brain Research 1146:128-145.
De Grauwe,S.,A.Swain,P.J.Holcomb,T.Ditman&G.R.Kuperberg.2010.Electrophysiological insights into the processing of nominal metaphors[J].Neuropsychologia 48(7):1965-1984.
Fauconnier,G.&M.Turner.1998.Conceptual integration networks[J].Cognitive Science 22(2):133-187.
Fauconnier,G.&M.Turner.2002.The Way We Think[M].New York:Basic Books.
Friederici,A.D.1995.The time course of syntactic activation during language processing:A model based on neuropsychological and neurophysiological data[J].Brain&Language 50(3):259-281.
Friederici,A.D.1997.Neurophysiological aspects of language processing[J].Clinical Neuroscience 4:64-72.
Gagnon,L.,P.Goulet,F.Giroux&Y.Joanette.2003.Processing of metaphoric and non-metaphoric alternative meanings of words after right-and left-hemisphere lesion[J].Brain&Language 87(2):217-226.
Gentner,D.1983.Structure-mapping:A theoretical framework for analogy[J].Cognitive Science 7:155-170.
Gentner,D.&B.F.Bowdle.2001.Convention,form,and figurative language processing[J].Metaphor&Symbol 16(3):223-247.
Gibbs,R.W.1980.Spilling the beans on understanding and memory for idioms[J].Memory&Cognition 8(2):149-156.
Gibbs,R.W.1984.Literal meaning and psychological theory[J].Cognitive Science 8(3):275-304.
Gibbs,R.W.1986.On the psycholinguistics of sarcasm[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology General 115(1):3-15.
Gibbs,R.W.2013.The real complexities of psycholinguistic research on metaphor[J].Language Sciences 40:45-52.
Gildea,P.&S.Glucksberg.1983.On understanding metaphor:The role of context[J].Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 22(5):577-590.
Giora,R.1997.Understanding figurative and literal language:The graded salience hypothesis[J].Cognitive Linguistics 7(1):183-206.
Giora,R.1999.On the priority of salient meanings:Studies of literal and figurative language[J].Journal of Pragmatics 31(7):919-929.
Giora,R.2003.On Our Mind:Salience,Context,and Figurative Language[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Giora,R.&O.Fein.1999.On understanding familiar and less-familiar figurative language[J].Journal of Pragmatics 31(12):1601-1618.
Glucksberg,S.2003.The psycholinguistics of metaphor[J].Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7(2):92-96.
Grice,H.P.1975.Logic and conversation[C]//P.Cole&J.L.Morgan(eds.).Syntax and Semantics:Speech Acts(Vol.3).New York:Academic Press,41-58.
Inhoff,A.,S.D.Lima&P.J.Carroll.1984.Contextual effects on metaphor comprehension in reading[J].Memory and Cognition 12(6):558-567.
Kaan,E.,A.Harris,E.Gibson&P.J.Holcomb.2000.The P600 as an index of syntactic integration difficulty[J].Language Cognitive Processes 15(2):159-201.
Kutas,M.&S.A.Hillyard.1980.Reading senseless sentences:Brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity[J].Science207:203-205.
Lai,V.T.,T.Curran&L.Menn.2009.Comprehending conventional and novel metaphors:An ERP study[J].Brain Research 1284:145-155.
Lakoff,G.&M.Johnson.1980.Metaphors We Live by[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Ortony,A.,D.L.Schallert,R.E.Reynolds&S.J.Antos.1978.Interpreting metaphors and idioms:Some effects of context on comprehension[J].Jounal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 17(4):465-477.
Paller,K.A.&M.Kutas.1992.Brain potentials during memory retrieval provide neurophysiological support for the distinction between conscious recollection and priming[J].Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 4(4):375-392.
Pynte,J.,M.Besson,F.H.Robichon&J.Poli.1996.The time-course of metaphor comprehension:An event-related potential study[J].Brain&Language 55(3):293-316.
Searle,J.R.1979.Expression and Meaning:Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Sotillo,M.,L.Carretié,J.A.Hinojosa,M.Tapia,F.Mercado,S.López-Martín&J.Albert.2004.Neural activity associated with metaphor comprehension:Spatial analysis[J].Neuroscience Letters 373(1):5-9.
Tartter,V.C.,H.Gomes,B.Dubrovsky,S.Molholm&R.V.Stewart.2002.Novel metaphors appear anomalous at least momentarily:Evidence from N400[J].Brain&Language 80(3):488-509.
van Herten,M.,H.H.Kolk&D.J.Chwilla.2005.An ERP study of P600 effects elicited by semantic anomalies[J].Cognitive Brain Research 22(2):241-255.
Wolff,P.&D.Gentner.2000.Evidence for role-neutral initial processing of metaphors[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition 26(2):529-541.
Yang,F.P.G.,K.Bradley,M.Huq,D.L.Wu&D.C.Krawczyk.2013.Contextual effects on conceptual blending in metaphors:An even-related potential study[J].Journal of Neurolinguistics 26(2):312-326.
陈宏俊,彭晓霜,赵艳丽.2013.双语者隐喻加工脑机制的ERP研究[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics 36(4):505-517,519.
范琪.2013.隐喻认知加工机制的事件相关电位(ERPs)研究[J].江苏师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)39(2):65-71.
龚玉苗,周榕.2009.隐喻理解的ERPs研究述评[J].心理学探新29(2):38-42.
郭晶晶,赵婧超.2017.熟悉性对汉语隐喻义与本义加工机制的影响[J].心理科学40(6):1302-1308.
李霄翔,封叶,季月.2019.中国英语学习者英语隐喻加工与概念整合---来自ERP的证据[J].外国语(1):50-60.
刘俊,张灿,张玉洁,李莹.2017.词水平上不同性质隐喻认知加工的ERP研究[C]//中国心理学会.第二十届全国心理学学术会议---心理学与国民心理健康摘要集.北京:中国心理学会,1547.
刘燕妮,舒华.2003.ERP与语言研究[J].心理科学进展11(3):296-302.
王倩.2018.不同二语水平双语者对英汉隐喻认知加工的神经机制及表征---来自ERP的证据[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics 41(1):67-83,121.
王小潞,冯骏.2014.隐喻加工脑区的关联因素[J].浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)(1):134-146.
赵仑.2010.ERPs实验教程[M].南京:东南大学出版社.
钟毅平,周海波,周路平,陈芸,范伟.2011.显性度对隐喻加工的影响:事件相关电位研究[J].心理科学(3):527-531.