3D虚拟软件系统在肝脏外科的应用现状
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摘要
首先简述3D虚拟软件系统和3D虚拟软件系统如何构建3D图像模型,以及3D虚拟软件系统在熟悉、辨认肝内解剖及其病灶、虚拟肝切除术、残肝体积评估等手术规划中的应用。随后描述3D虚拟软件系统在肝癌、肝胆管结石、肝门部胆管癌等肝脏外科的临床应用现状。最后简述3D打印及3D打印在肝脏外科的临床应用进展。
In this review,the authors briefly introduced the basic principles of three-dimensional(3D) simulation software system and the construction of 3D image models with 3D simulation software system,and summarized the application of3 D simulation software system in preoperative planning which included the analysis of hepatic vessels and lesions,virtual liver resection and the evaluation of residual liver volume.The application status of 3D simulation software system in liver surgery,including hepatic carcinoma,hepatolithiasis,and hilar cholangiocarcinoma were also elaborated,and finally,3D printing and its application in hepatic surgery were introduced.
In this review,the authors briefly introduced the basic principles of three-dimensional(3D) simulation software system and the construction of 3D image models with 3D simulation software system,and summarized the application of3 D simulation software system in preoperative planning which included the analysis of hepatic vessels and lesions,virtual liver resection and the evaluation of residual liver volume.The application status of 3D simulation software system in liver surgery,including hepatic carcinoma,hepatolithiasis,and hilar cholangiocarcinoma were also elaborated,and finally,3D printing and its application in hepatic surgery were introduced.
引文
[1]YAMANAKA J,FUJIMOTO J.Sectionectomy of the liver[J].J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci,2012,19(1):54-66.
[2]MAKUUCHI M.Surgical treatment for HCC-special reference to anatomical resection[J].Int J Surg,2013,11(1):S47-S49.
[3]MAKUUCHI M,HASEGAWA H,YAMAZAKI S.Ultrasonically guided subsegmentectomy[J].Surg Gynecol Obstet,1985,161(4):346-350.
[4]BLIZNAKOVA K,KOLEV N,BULIEV I,et al.Computer aided preoperative evaluation of the residual liver volume using computed tomography images[J].J Digit Imaging,2015,28(2):231-239.
[5]OKUDAY,TAURA K,SEO S,et al.Usefulness of operative planning based on 3-dimensional CT cholangiography for biliary malignancies[J].Surgery,2015,158(5):1261-1271.
[6]HALLET J,GAYET B,TSUNG A,et al.Systematic review of the use of pre-operative simulation and navigation for hepatectomy:current status and future perspectives[J].J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci,2015,22(5):353-362.
[7]毛丽娟,王文平,丁红,等.肝细胞肝癌的动态三维超声造影成像质量的影响因素分析[J].中国临床医学,2016,23(3):273-277.MAO L J,WANG W P,DING H,et al.Imaging quality of dynamic three-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in hepatocellular carcinoma:an analysis of influencing factor[J].Chinese Journal of Clinical Medicine,2016,23(3):273-277.
[8]TAKAMOTO T,HASHIMOTO T,OGATA S,et al.Planning of anatomical liver segmentectomy and subsegmentectomy with 3-dimensional simulation software[J].Am J Surg,2013,206(4):530-538.
[9]MISE Y,TANI K,AOKI T,et al.Virtual liver resection:computerassisted operation planning using a three-dimensional liver representation[J].J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci,2013,20(2):157-164.
[10]FANG C H,TAO H S,YANG J,et al.Impact of three-dimensional reconstruction technique in the operation planning of centrally located hepatocellular carcinoma[J].J Am Coll Surg,2015,220(1):28-37.
[11]ARIIZUMI S,TAKAHASHI Y,KOTERA Y,et al.Novel virtual hepatectomy is useful for evaluation of the portal territory for anatomical sectionectomy,segmentectomy,and hemihepatectomy[J].J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci,2013,20(3):396-402.
[12]DONG J H,YANG S Z,ZENG J,et al.Precision in liver surgery[J].Semin Liver Dis,2013,33(3):189-203.
[13]BéGIN A,MARTEL G,LAPOINTE R,et al.Accuracy of preoperative automatic measurement of the liver volume by CT-scan combined to a 3D virtual surgical planning software(3DVSP)[J].Surg Endosc,2014,28(12):3408-3412.
[14]LUC S,DELINGETTE H,MALANDAIN G,et al.Fully automatic anatomical,pathological,and functional segmentation from CT scans for hepatic surgery[J].Comput Aided Surg,2001,6(3):131-142.
[15]OLDHAFER K J,DONATI M,MAGHSOUDI T,et al.Integration of3D volumetry,portal vein transection and in situ split procedure:a new surgical strategy for inoperable liver metastasis[J].J Gastrointest Surg,2012,16(2):415-416.
[16]刘允怡,刘晓欣.三维可视化技术在肝脏外科临床应用的优势[J].中华外科杂志,2016,54(9):661-663.LIU Y Y,LIU X X.The clinical advantage of using three dimensional visualization technology in hepatic surgery[J].Chinese Journal of Surgery,2016,54(9):661-663.
[17]TIAN F,WU J X,RONG W Q,et al.Three-dimensional morphometric analysis for hepatectomy of centrally located hepatocellular carcinoma:a pilot study[J].World J Gastroenterol,2015,21(15):4607-4619.
[18]方兆山,雷其理,刘星星,等.三维可视化技术辅助复杂性肝切除术的应用价值[J].中国医学物理学杂志,2016,33(8):793-798.FANG Z S,LEI Q L,LIU X X,et al.Application value of threedimension visualization technique in complex liver resection[J].Chinese Journal of Medical Physics,2016,33(8):793-798.
[19]NAKAMURA T,KOBAYASHI N,UEMOTO S,et al.Anatomical variations and surgical strategies in right lobe living donor liver transplantation:lessons from 120 cases[J].Transplantation,2002,73(12):1896-1903.
[20]GULER N,DAYANGAC M,YAPRAK O,et al.Anatomical variations of donor portal vein in right lobe living donor liver transplantation:the safe use of variant portal veins[J].Transpl Int,2013,26(12):1191-1197.
[21]ORGUC S,TERCAN M,BOZOKLAR A,et al.Variations of hepatic veins:helical computerized tomography experience in 100 consecutive living liver donors with emphasis on right lobe[J].Transplant Proc,2004,36(9):2727-2732.
[22]ISHIGAMI K,ZHANG Y,RAYHILL S,et al.Does variant hepatic artery anatomy in a liver transplant recipient increase the risk of hepatic artery complications after transplantation[J].AJR Am J Roentgenol,2004,183(6):1577-1584.
[23]CHENG Y F,HUANG T L,LEE T Y,et al.Variation of the intrahepatic portal vein;angiographic demonstration and application in livingrelated hepatic transplantation[J].Transplant Proc,1996,28(3):1667-1668.
[24]GERMAIN T,FAVELIER S,CERCUEIL J P,et al.Liver segmentation:practical tips[J].Diagn Interv Imaging,2014,95(11):1003-1016.
[25]时佳子,王杰,王志向,等.3D打印在泌尿外科个体化治疗中的应用[J].实用医学杂志,2015,31(23):3957-3959.SHI J Z,WANG J,WANG Z X,et al.Application of 3D printing in individualized treatment of department of urology[J].The Journal of Practical Medicine,2015,31(23):3957-3959.
[26]RADTKE A,SGOURAKIS G,MOLMENTI E P,et al.Computerassisted surgical planning in adult-to-adult live donor liver transplantation:how much does it help?A single center experience[J].Transplantation,2012,94(11):1138-1144.
[27]WEI L,ZHU Z J,LU Y,et al.Application of computer-assisted threedimensional quantitative assessment and a surgical planning tool for living donor liver transplantation[J].Chin Med J(Engl),2013,126(7):1288-1291.
[28]SYSTEMFUJIMOTO J Y.Liver resection and transplantation using a novel 3D hepatectomy simulation system[J].J Gastrointestinal Surg,2006,17(8):1422-1428.
[29]STOCKMANN M,LOCK J F,RIECKE B,et al.Prediction of postoperative outcome after hepatectomy with a new bedside test for maximal liver function capacity[J].Ann Surg,2009,250(1):119-125.
[30]CLAVIEN P,PETROWSKY H,DEOLIVEIRA M L,et al.Strategies for safer liver surgery and partial liver transplantation[J].N Engl J Med,2007,356(15):1545-1559.
[31]MISE Y,SAKAMOTO Y,ISHIZAWA T,et al.A worldwide survey of the current daily practice in liver surgery[J].Liver Cancer,2013,2(1):55.
[32]SCHNITZBAUER A A,LANG S A,GOESSMANN H,et al.Right portal vein ligation combined with in situ splitting induces rapid left lateral liver lobe hypertrophy enabling 2-staged extended right hepatic resection in small-for-size settings[J].Ann Surg,2012,255(3):405-414.
[33]ITOH S,SHIRABE K,TAKETOMI A,et al.Zero mortality in more than 300 hepatic resections:validity of preoperative volumetric analysis[J].Surg Today,2012,42(5):435-440.
[34]ULLA M,ARDILES V,LEVY-YEYATI E,et al.New surgical strategy to induce liver hypertrophy:role of MDCT-volumetry to monitor and predict liver growth[J].Hepatogastroenterology,2012,60(122):337-342.
[35]SCHLACHTERMAN A,CRAFT W J,HILGENFELDT E,et al.Current and future treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma[J].World J Gastroenterol,2015,21(28):8478-8491.
[36]WAKABAYASHI G,CHERQUI D,GELLER D A,et al.Recommendations for laparoscopic liver resection:a report from the second international consensus conference held in Morioka[J].Ann Surg,2015,261(4):619-629.
[37]WANG Y,ZHANG Y,PEITGEN H,et al.Precise local resection for hepatocellular carcinoma based on tumor-surrounding vascular anatomy revealed by 3D analysis[J].Dig Surg,2012,29(2):99-106.
[38]MARKERT M,KOSCHANY A,LUETH T.Tracking of the liver for navigation in open surgery[J].Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg,2010,5(3):229-235.
[39]FANG C,LIU J,FAN Y,et al.Outcomes of hepatectomy for hepatolithiasis based on 3-dimensional reconstruction technique[J].J Am Coll Surg,2013,217(2):280-288.
[40]XIE A,FANG C,HUANG Y,et al.Application of three-dimensional reconstruction and visible simulation technique in reoperation of hepatolithiasis[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2013,28(2):248-254.
[41]FANG C,LI G,WANG P,et al.Computer-aided rigid choledochoscopy lithotripsy for hepatolithiasis[J].J Surg Res,2015,195(1):105-112.
[42]WANG P,CHEN X,SUN B,et al.Application of combined rigid choledochoscope and accurate positioning method in the adjuvant treatment of bile duct stones[J].Int J Clin Exp Med,2015,8(9):16550-16556.
[43]NING Z,TAO H,FANG C,et al.Individualized preoperative planning using three-dimensional modeling for Bismuth and Corlette type III hilar cholangiocarcinoma[J].World J Surg Oncol,2016,14(1):1-8.
[44]YU S A,ZHANG C,ZHANG J M,et al.Preoperative assessment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma:combination of cholangiography and CT angiography[J].Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int,2010,9(2):186-191.
[45]MICHALSKI M H,ROSS J S.The shape of things to come:3D printing in medicine[J].JAMA,2014,312(21):2213-2214.
[46]NIZAR N.ZEIN I A.Three-dimensional print of a liver for preoperative planning in living donor liver transplantation[J].Liver Transpl,2013,19(12):1304-1310.
[47]BAIMAKHANOV Z,SOYAMA A,TAKATSUKI M,et al.Preoperative simulation with a 3-dimensional printed solid model for one-step reconstruction of multiple hepatic veins during living donor liver transplantation[J].Liver Transpl,2015,21(2):266-268.
[48]方兆山,刘星星.3D打印在肝脏外科应用的研究进展[J].中国医学物理学杂志,2015,32(3):374-378.FANG Z S,LIU X X,Application of 3D printing in liver surgery[J].Chinese Journal of Medical Physics,2015,32(3):374-378.
[49]方驰华,方兆山,范应方,等.三维可视化、3D打印及3D腹腔镜在肝肿瘤外科诊治中的应用[J].南方医科大学学报,2015,35(5):639-645.FANG C H,FANG Z S,FAN Y F,et al.Application of 3D visualization,3D printing and 3D laparoscopy in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of hepatic tumors[J].Journal of Southern Medical University,2015,35(5):639-645.
[50]TAKAGI K,NANASHIMA A,ABO T,et al.Three-dimensional printing model of liver for operative simulation in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma[J].Hepatogastroenterology,2014,61(136):2315-2316.
[51]IGAMI T,NAKAMURA Y,HIROSE T,et al.Application of a threedimensional print of a liver in hepatectomy for small tumors invisible by intraoperative ultrasonography:preliminary experience[J].World J Surg,2014,38(12):3163-3166.
[52]XIANG N,FANG C,FAN Y,et al.Application of liver threedimensional printing in hepatectomy for complex massive hepatocarcinoma with rare variations of portal vein:preliminary experience[J].Int J Clin Exp Med,2015,8(10):18873-18878.
[53]MALIK H H,DARWOOD A R,SHAUNAK S,et al.Threedimensional printing in surgery:a review of current surgical applications[J].J Surg Res,2015,199(2):512-522.
[2]MAKUUCHI M.Surgical treatment for HCC-special reference to anatomical resection[J].Int J Surg,2013,11(1):S47-S49.
[3]MAKUUCHI M,HASEGAWA H,YAMAZAKI S.Ultrasonically guided subsegmentectomy[J].Surg Gynecol Obstet,1985,161(4):346-350.
[4]BLIZNAKOVA K,KOLEV N,BULIEV I,et al.Computer aided preoperative evaluation of the residual liver volume using computed tomography images[J].J Digit Imaging,2015,28(2):231-239.
[5]OKUDAY,TAURA K,SEO S,et al.Usefulness of operative planning based on 3-dimensional CT cholangiography for biliary malignancies[J].Surgery,2015,158(5):1261-1271.
[6]HALLET J,GAYET B,TSUNG A,et al.Systematic review of the use of pre-operative simulation and navigation for hepatectomy:current status and future perspectives[J].J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci,2015,22(5):353-362.
[7]毛丽娟,王文平,丁红,等.肝细胞肝癌的动态三维超声造影成像质量的影响因素分析[J].中国临床医学,2016,23(3):273-277.MAO L J,WANG W P,DING H,et al.Imaging quality of dynamic three-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in hepatocellular carcinoma:an analysis of influencing factor[J].Chinese Journal of Clinical Medicine,2016,23(3):273-277.
[8]TAKAMOTO T,HASHIMOTO T,OGATA S,et al.Planning of anatomical liver segmentectomy and subsegmentectomy with 3-dimensional simulation software[J].Am J Surg,2013,206(4):530-538.
[9]MISE Y,TANI K,AOKI T,et al.Virtual liver resection:computerassisted operation planning using a three-dimensional liver representation[J].J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci,2013,20(2):157-164.
[10]FANG C H,TAO H S,YANG J,et al.Impact of three-dimensional reconstruction technique in the operation planning of centrally located hepatocellular carcinoma[J].J Am Coll Surg,2015,220(1):28-37.
[11]ARIIZUMI S,TAKAHASHI Y,KOTERA Y,et al.Novel virtual hepatectomy is useful for evaluation of the portal territory for anatomical sectionectomy,segmentectomy,and hemihepatectomy[J].J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci,2013,20(3):396-402.
[12]DONG J H,YANG S Z,ZENG J,et al.Precision in liver surgery[J].Semin Liver Dis,2013,33(3):189-203.
[13]BéGIN A,MARTEL G,LAPOINTE R,et al.Accuracy of preoperative automatic measurement of the liver volume by CT-scan combined to a 3D virtual surgical planning software(3DVSP)[J].Surg Endosc,2014,28(12):3408-3412.
[14]LUC S,DELINGETTE H,MALANDAIN G,et al.Fully automatic anatomical,pathological,and functional segmentation from CT scans for hepatic surgery[J].Comput Aided Surg,2001,6(3):131-142.
[15]OLDHAFER K J,DONATI M,MAGHSOUDI T,et al.Integration of3D volumetry,portal vein transection and in situ split procedure:a new surgical strategy for inoperable liver metastasis[J].J Gastrointest Surg,2012,16(2):415-416.
[16]刘允怡,刘晓欣.三维可视化技术在肝脏外科临床应用的优势[J].中华外科杂志,2016,54(9):661-663.LIU Y Y,LIU X X.The clinical advantage of using three dimensional visualization technology in hepatic surgery[J].Chinese Journal of Surgery,2016,54(9):661-663.
[17]TIAN F,WU J X,RONG W Q,et al.Three-dimensional morphometric analysis for hepatectomy of centrally located hepatocellular carcinoma:a pilot study[J].World J Gastroenterol,2015,21(15):4607-4619.
[18]方兆山,雷其理,刘星星,等.三维可视化技术辅助复杂性肝切除术的应用价值[J].中国医学物理学杂志,2016,33(8):793-798.FANG Z S,LEI Q L,LIU X X,et al.Application value of threedimension visualization technique in complex liver resection[J].Chinese Journal of Medical Physics,2016,33(8):793-798.
[19]NAKAMURA T,KOBAYASHI N,UEMOTO S,et al.Anatomical variations and surgical strategies in right lobe living donor liver transplantation:lessons from 120 cases[J].Transplantation,2002,73(12):1896-1903.
[20]GULER N,DAYANGAC M,YAPRAK O,et al.Anatomical variations of donor portal vein in right lobe living donor liver transplantation:the safe use of variant portal veins[J].Transpl Int,2013,26(12):1191-1197.
[21]ORGUC S,TERCAN M,BOZOKLAR A,et al.Variations of hepatic veins:helical computerized tomography experience in 100 consecutive living liver donors with emphasis on right lobe[J].Transplant Proc,2004,36(9):2727-2732.
[22]ISHIGAMI K,ZHANG Y,RAYHILL S,et al.Does variant hepatic artery anatomy in a liver transplant recipient increase the risk of hepatic artery complications after transplantation[J].AJR Am J Roentgenol,2004,183(6):1577-1584.
[23]CHENG Y F,HUANG T L,LEE T Y,et al.Variation of the intrahepatic portal vein;angiographic demonstration and application in livingrelated hepatic transplantation[J].Transplant Proc,1996,28(3):1667-1668.
[24]GERMAIN T,FAVELIER S,CERCUEIL J P,et al.Liver segmentation:practical tips[J].Diagn Interv Imaging,2014,95(11):1003-1016.
[25]时佳子,王杰,王志向,等.3D打印在泌尿外科个体化治疗中的应用[J].实用医学杂志,2015,31(23):3957-3959.SHI J Z,WANG J,WANG Z X,et al.Application of 3D printing in individualized treatment of department of urology[J].The Journal of Practical Medicine,2015,31(23):3957-3959.
[26]RADTKE A,SGOURAKIS G,MOLMENTI E P,et al.Computerassisted surgical planning in adult-to-adult live donor liver transplantation:how much does it help?A single center experience[J].Transplantation,2012,94(11):1138-1144.
[27]WEI L,ZHU Z J,LU Y,et al.Application of computer-assisted threedimensional quantitative assessment and a surgical planning tool for living donor liver transplantation[J].Chin Med J(Engl),2013,126(7):1288-1291.
[28]SYSTEMFUJIMOTO J Y.Liver resection and transplantation using a novel 3D hepatectomy simulation system[J].J Gastrointestinal Surg,2006,17(8):1422-1428.
[29]STOCKMANN M,LOCK J F,RIECKE B,et al.Prediction of postoperative outcome after hepatectomy with a new bedside test for maximal liver function capacity[J].Ann Surg,2009,250(1):119-125.
[30]CLAVIEN P,PETROWSKY H,DEOLIVEIRA M L,et al.Strategies for safer liver surgery and partial liver transplantation[J].N Engl J Med,2007,356(15):1545-1559.
[31]MISE Y,SAKAMOTO Y,ISHIZAWA T,et al.A worldwide survey of the current daily practice in liver surgery[J].Liver Cancer,2013,2(1):55.
[32]SCHNITZBAUER A A,LANG S A,GOESSMANN H,et al.Right portal vein ligation combined with in situ splitting induces rapid left lateral liver lobe hypertrophy enabling 2-staged extended right hepatic resection in small-for-size settings[J].Ann Surg,2012,255(3):405-414.
[33]ITOH S,SHIRABE K,TAKETOMI A,et al.Zero mortality in more than 300 hepatic resections:validity of preoperative volumetric analysis[J].Surg Today,2012,42(5):435-440.
[34]ULLA M,ARDILES V,LEVY-YEYATI E,et al.New surgical strategy to induce liver hypertrophy:role of MDCT-volumetry to monitor and predict liver growth[J].Hepatogastroenterology,2012,60(122):337-342.
[35]SCHLACHTERMAN A,CRAFT W J,HILGENFELDT E,et al.Current and future treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma[J].World J Gastroenterol,2015,21(28):8478-8491.
[36]WAKABAYASHI G,CHERQUI D,GELLER D A,et al.Recommendations for laparoscopic liver resection:a report from the second international consensus conference held in Morioka[J].Ann Surg,2015,261(4):619-629.
[37]WANG Y,ZHANG Y,PEITGEN H,et al.Precise local resection for hepatocellular carcinoma based on tumor-surrounding vascular anatomy revealed by 3D analysis[J].Dig Surg,2012,29(2):99-106.
[38]MARKERT M,KOSCHANY A,LUETH T.Tracking of the liver for navigation in open surgery[J].Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg,2010,5(3):229-235.
[39]FANG C,LIU J,FAN Y,et al.Outcomes of hepatectomy for hepatolithiasis based on 3-dimensional reconstruction technique[J].J Am Coll Surg,2013,217(2):280-288.
[40]XIE A,FANG C,HUANG Y,et al.Application of three-dimensional reconstruction and visible simulation technique in reoperation of hepatolithiasis[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2013,28(2):248-254.
[41]FANG C,LI G,WANG P,et al.Computer-aided rigid choledochoscopy lithotripsy for hepatolithiasis[J].J Surg Res,2015,195(1):105-112.
[42]WANG P,CHEN X,SUN B,et al.Application of combined rigid choledochoscope and accurate positioning method in the adjuvant treatment of bile duct stones[J].Int J Clin Exp Med,2015,8(9):16550-16556.
[43]NING Z,TAO H,FANG C,et al.Individualized preoperative planning using three-dimensional modeling for Bismuth and Corlette type III hilar cholangiocarcinoma[J].World J Surg Oncol,2016,14(1):1-8.
[44]YU S A,ZHANG C,ZHANG J M,et al.Preoperative assessment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma:combination of cholangiography and CT angiography[J].Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int,2010,9(2):186-191.
[45]MICHALSKI M H,ROSS J S.The shape of things to come:3D printing in medicine[J].JAMA,2014,312(21):2213-2214.
[46]NIZAR N.ZEIN I A.Three-dimensional print of a liver for preoperative planning in living donor liver transplantation[J].Liver Transpl,2013,19(12):1304-1310.
[47]BAIMAKHANOV Z,SOYAMA A,TAKATSUKI M,et al.Preoperative simulation with a 3-dimensional printed solid model for one-step reconstruction of multiple hepatic veins during living donor liver transplantation[J].Liver Transpl,2015,21(2):266-268.
[48]方兆山,刘星星.3D打印在肝脏外科应用的研究进展[J].中国医学物理学杂志,2015,32(3):374-378.FANG Z S,LIU X X,Application of 3D printing in liver surgery[J].Chinese Journal of Medical Physics,2015,32(3):374-378.
[49]方驰华,方兆山,范应方,等.三维可视化、3D打印及3D腹腔镜在肝肿瘤外科诊治中的应用[J].南方医科大学学报,2015,35(5):639-645.FANG C H,FANG Z S,FAN Y F,et al.Application of 3D visualization,3D printing and 3D laparoscopy in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of hepatic tumors[J].Journal of Southern Medical University,2015,35(5):639-645.
[50]TAKAGI K,NANASHIMA A,ABO T,et al.Three-dimensional printing model of liver for operative simulation in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma[J].Hepatogastroenterology,2014,61(136):2315-2316.
[51]IGAMI T,NAKAMURA Y,HIROSE T,et al.Application of a threedimensional print of a liver in hepatectomy for small tumors invisible by intraoperative ultrasonography:preliminary experience[J].World J Surg,2014,38(12):3163-3166.
[52]XIANG N,FANG C,FAN Y,et al.Application of liver threedimensional printing in hepatectomy for complex massive hepatocarcinoma with rare variations of portal vein:preliminary experience[J].Int J Clin Exp Med,2015,8(10):18873-18878.
[53]MALIK H H,DARWOOD A R,SHAUNAK S,et al.Threedimensional printing in surgery:a review of current surgical applications[J].J Surg Res,2015,199(2):512-522.
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