黄土高原丘陵区小流域地下水补给特征
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摘要
地下水补给量反映了含水层的可更新能力,是地下水资源管理与合理开发利用的关键参数之一。为定量研究黄土高原丘陵沟壑区小流域地下水的补给特征,基于岔巴沟流域上游、中游、下游3个水文站1959—1969年降水与日径流观测资料,通过退水分析法估算了流域地下水补给量,并分析了与降水量和基流量的关系及其在年内的补给变化过程。结果表明:岔巴沟流域年平均基流量为13. 09 mm·a~(-1),更新时间为124 d,补给量为11. 46 mm·a~(-1),降水入渗补给率为0. 025,基流补给率为0. 89。从上游到下游地下水补给量与入渗补给率逐渐增大,且上游与下游之间有显著差异(P <0. 05);基流补给率逐渐减小,各集水区之间差异均显著。地下水补给量与降水量呈线性正相关(R~2> 0. 40),在下游集水区内随降水量变化的增幅较大。基流量与降水量也呈正相关关系(R~2> 0. 77),干流基流80%以上源于降水补给转化。以5月份为节点可将地下水补给过程分为"一次补给"和"二次补给"2个主要阶段,其分别占全年总补给量约30%和70%,并且"二次补给"是造成岔巴沟流域不同集水区地下水补给量差异的主要阶段,并且为无资料地区小流域地下水资源的评价提供借鉴。
It has serious water resources shortage and soil erosion in hilly and gully region of the Loess Plateau,China. The groundwater has become an important water source for vegetation breeding and human life as well as the production in the arid and semi-arid areas. Groundwater recharge refers to the process that the aquifers obtain water from the outside,reflecting the renewable capacity of aquifers. It is one of the key parameters in groundwater resource management,development and utilization. It is of significance to study quantitatively the correlation between groundwater recharge and precipitation,recharge and base flow,and explore the characteristics of temporal and spatial variation of groundwater recharge in small watershed of the loess hilly region. This paper was based on the observation data of daily precipitation and runoff from three hydrologic stations in the period from 1959 to 1969. These stations are located in the upper,mid and downstream of the Chabagou Watershed,respectively. The groundwater recharge was estimated by the method of recession curve method. The results showed that the average annual precipitation and runoff were 489. 00 mm and 75. 17 m3·s~(-1),respectively. The base flow and base flow recharging index were 13. 09 mm and 0. 89,respectively. The groundwater recharge and recharging index were 11. 45 mm and 0. 03,respectively,and the residence time was 124 d. The groundwater recharge had been gradually and significantly increased from upstream to downstream( P < 0. 05). But there weren't significant difference between the upstream and the midstream,the midstream and downstream( P > 0. 05). The base flow recharging index has been decreased gradually from upstream to downstream,which has significant difference between different catchments. There was linearly positive correlation between groundwater recharge and precipitation( R2> 0. 40),and the Pearson correlation coefficient was 0. 69. And the amplitude of increase of groundwater recharge with precipitation in downstream catchment was the largest. The base flow and precipitation were also positively correlated( R2> 0. 77),and the Pearson coefficient was above 0. 80. More than 80% of the base flow in main stream is derived from the transformation of precipitation. The groundwater recharge process can be divided into two main stages in May,namely the"first recharge"and the "second recharge". The supplementary amount of the "first recharge"and the "second recharge"of each catchment in the Chabagou Watershed were as follows: upstream( 3. 02,5. 58 mm) < midstream( 3. 76,8. 84 mm) < downstream( 4. 75,11. 54 mm). They accounted for about 30% and 70% of the annual total recharge,respectively. And the "second recharge"is the main stage of the groundwater recharge causing difference in each catchment. This study could provide reference for the groundwater resources evaluation in the small watershed without recorded data.
It has serious water resources shortage and soil erosion in hilly and gully region of the Loess Plateau,China. The groundwater has become an important water source for vegetation breeding and human life as well as the production in the arid and semi-arid areas. Groundwater recharge refers to the process that the aquifers obtain water from the outside,reflecting the renewable capacity of aquifers. It is one of the key parameters in groundwater resource management,development and utilization. It is of significance to study quantitatively the correlation between groundwater recharge and precipitation,recharge and base flow,and explore the characteristics of temporal and spatial variation of groundwater recharge in small watershed of the loess hilly region. This paper was based on the observation data of daily precipitation and runoff from three hydrologic stations in the period from 1959 to 1969. These stations are located in the upper,mid and downstream of the Chabagou Watershed,respectively. The groundwater recharge was estimated by the method of recession curve method. The results showed that the average annual precipitation and runoff were 489. 00 mm and 75. 17 m3·s~(-1),respectively. The base flow and base flow recharging index were 13. 09 mm and 0. 89,respectively. The groundwater recharge and recharging index were 11. 45 mm and 0. 03,respectively,and the residence time was 124 d. The groundwater recharge had been gradually and significantly increased from upstream to downstream( P < 0. 05). But there weren't significant difference between the upstream and the midstream,the midstream and downstream( P > 0. 05). The base flow recharging index has been decreased gradually from upstream to downstream,which has significant difference between different catchments. There was linearly positive correlation between groundwater recharge and precipitation( R2> 0. 40),and the Pearson correlation coefficient was 0. 69. And the amplitude of increase of groundwater recharge with precipitation in downstream catchment was the largest. The base flow and precipitation were also positively correlated( R2> 0. 77),and the Pearson coefficient was above 0. 80. More than 80% of the base flow in main stream is derived from the transformation of precipitation. The groundwater recharge process can be divided into two main stages in May,namely the"first recharge"and the "second recharge". The supplementary amount of the "first recharge"and the "second recharge"of each catchment in the Chabagou Watershed were as follows: upstream( 3. 02,5. 58 mm) < midstream( 3. 76,8. 84 mm) < downstream( 4. 75,11. 54 mm). They accounted for about 30% and 70% of the annual total recharge,respectively. And the "second recharge"is the main stage of the groundwater recharge causing difference in each catchment. This study could provide reference for the groundwater resources evaluation in the small watershed without recorded data.
引文
[1]张盼.长武塬区地下水位变化特征研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2010.[ZHANG Pan. The research for the groundwater table dynamic variety of on Changwu tableland[D]. Yangling:Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University,2010.]
[2] NIMMO J R,STONESTROM R W,HEALY D A. Aquifer recharge[C]∥ANDERSON M G,BEAR J,eds. Encyclopedia of hydrological science,vol 4. Chichester:Willey,2005.
[3] DE VRIES J,SIMMERS I. Groundwater recharge:An overview of pro-cess and challenges[J]. Hydrology,2002,10:5-17.
[4]尹立河.基于多种方法的地下水补给研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2011.[YIN Lihe. Estimation of groundwater recharge using multiple approaches:A case dtudy in the Ordos Plateau[D]. Beijing:China University of Geosciences,2011.]
[5]马致远,牛光亮,刘方,等.陕西渭北东部岩溶地下水强径流带的环境同位素证据及其可更新性评价[J].地质通报,2006,25(6):756-761.[MA Zhiyuan,NIU Guangliang,LIU Fang,et al.Isotope evidence of strong runoff zones of karst groundwater in eastern Weibei,Shaanxi,China[J]. Geological Bulletin of China,2006,25(6):756-761.]
[6] SIBANDA T,NONNER J C,UHLENBROOK S. Comparison of groundwater recharge estimation methods for the semi-arid Nyamandhlovu area,Zimbabwe[J]. Hydrogeology Journal,2009,17:1427-1441.
[7]尹玉龙.基于SWAT模型的关中盆地地下水对气候变化的响应研究[D].西安:长安大学,2015.[YIN Yulong. Groundwater response to climate change in Guanzhong Basin based on SWAT[D]. Xi’an:Chang’an University,2015.]
[8] RUTLEDGE A T. Computer programs for describing the recession of ground-water discharge and for estimating mean ground-water recharge and discharge from stream flow records-update[R]. U. S.Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report,2007:98-4148.
[9] HUANG Y P,KUNG W J,LEE C H. Estimating aquifer transmissivity in a basin based on stream hydrograph records using an analytical approach[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences,2011,63(3):461-468.
[10] KUNG Wenjui,YEH Hsinfu,LIN Hung’i,et al. An approach to evaluate groundwater recharge from streamflow and groundwater records[J]. Geosciences Journal,2013,17(3):353-362.
[11]朱芮芮,刘昌明,郑红星.黄土高原典型流域地下水补给—排泄关系及其变化[J].地理科学,2010,30(1):108-112.[ZHU Ruirui,LIU Changming,ZHENG Hongxin. Changes of groundwater recharge and discharge in watershed of the Loess Plateau[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2010,30(1):108-112.]
[12]朱芮芮,刘昌明,郑红星.无定河流域地下水更新时间估算[J].地理学报,2009,64(3):315-322.[ZHU Ruirui,LIU Changming,ZHENG Hongxing. Estimating residence time of groundwater in the Wudinghe River Basin[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(3):315-322.]
[13]宋献方,张学成.岔巴沟流域水循环与地下水形成研究[C]∥第三届黄河国际论坛,2009.[SONG Xianfang,ZHANG Xuecheng. The research of water cycle and groundwater formation in Chabagou watershed[C]∥The Third International Forum of Yellow River,2009.]
[14]宋献方,刘鑫,夏军,等.基于氢氧同位素的岔巴沟流域地表水-地下水转化关系研究[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2009,17(1):8-20.[SONG Xianfang,LIU Xin,XIA Jun,et al. Interactions between surface water and groundwater in Chabagou catchment using hydrogen and oxygen isotopes[J]. Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,2009,17(1):8-20.]
[15]张乐涛,李占斌,王贺,等.流域系统径流侵蚀链内泥沙输移的空间尺度效应[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(13):87-94.[ZHANG Letao,LI Zhanbin,WANG He,et al. Spatial scale effects on sediment delivery within runoff erosion chains in basin system[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(13):87-94.]
[16] RORABAUGH M I. Estimating changes in bank storage and groundwater contribution to stream flow[J]. International Association of Scientific Hydrology Publication,1964,63(1):432-441.
[17] CHEN Weiping,LEE Henghaw. Estimating ground-water recharge from streamflow records[J]. Environmental Geology,2003,44(3):257-265.
[18] TALLAKSEN T M. A review of base-flow recession analysis[J].Journal of Hydrology,1995,165:349-370.
[19]杨士娟.无定河流域基流分割与特性分析[D].金华:浙江师范大学,2007.[YANG Shijuan. Base-flow separation and characteristic analysis in Wudinghe River Basin[D]. Jinhua:Zhejiang Normal University,2007.]
[20]许昆.降水量与地下水补给量的关系分析[J].地下水,2004,26(4):272-274.[XU Kun. Analysis on relationship between the precipitation&groundwater replenishment[J]. Ground Water,2004,26(4):272-274.]
[21]陈利群,刘昌明,李发东.基流研究综述[J].地理科学进展,2006,25(1):1-15.[CHENG Liqun,LIU Changming,LI Fadong. Reviews on base flow researches[J]. Progress in Geography,2006,25(1):1-15.]
[22]卫喜国,严昌荣,魏永霞,等.坡度和降雨强度对坡耕地入渗的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2009,28(4):114-116.[WEI Xiguo,YAN Changrong,WEI Yongxia,et al. Influence of slope gradient and rainfall intensity on infiltration in sloping farm land[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2009,28(4):114-116.]
[23]王琦.基于氢氧同位素的黄土区小流域水资源转化与水传输研究[D],西安:西安理工大学,2015.[WANG Qi. Study on transformation of water resources and transmission on hydrogen and oxygen isotope on small watershed in Loess Area[D]. Xi’an:Xi’an University of Technology,2015.]
[24] SANFORD. Recharge and groundwater models:An overview[J].Hydrogeology Journal,2002,10(1):110-120.
[25] PACELIC P,GIORDANO M,KERAITA B,et al. Groundwater availability and use in Sub-Saharan Africa:A review of 15 countries[J]. Iwmi Books Reports,2012.
[26] WOOD W W,RAINWATER K A,THOMPSON D B. Quantifying macropore recharge:Examples from a semi-arid area[J]. Ground Water,1997,35(6):1097-1106.
[27] LIN Dan,JIN Menggui,LIANG Xing,et al. Estimating groundwater recharge beneath irrigated farmland using environmental tracers fluoride,chloride and sulfate[J]. Hydrogeology Journal,2013,21:1469-1480.
[28]张晓宏.浅议浅层地下水资源量的初步分析与估算[J].内蒙古水利,2010,(6):34-35.[ZHANG Xiaohong. Preliminary analysis and estimation of shallow groundwater resources[J]. Inner Mongolia Water Resources,2010,(6):34-35.]
[29]綦俊谕,蔡强国,方海燕,等.岔巴沟流域水土保持减水减沙作用[J].中国水土保持科学,2010,8(1):28-33.[QI Junyu,CAI Guoqiang,FANG Haiyan,et al. Effects of soil and water conservation on reduction of run off and sediment in Chabagou Watershed[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,8(1):28-33.]
[30] SMAKHTIN V Y. Low flow hydrology:A review[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2001,240:147-186.
[31]李致家,姜婷婷,黄鹏年,等.降雨和地形地貌对水文模型模拟结果的影响分析[J].水科学进展,2015,26(4):473-480.[LI Zhijia,JIANG Tingting,HUANG Pengnian,et al. Impact and analysis of watershed precipitation and topography characteristics on model simulation results[J]. Advances in Water Science,2015,26(4):473-480.]
[32]刘金涛,王爱花,韦玉,等.流域地貌结构因子对径流特征的影响分析[J].水科学进展,2015,26(5):631-638.[LIU Jintao,WANG Aihua,WEI Yu,et al. Analyzing the influence of geomorphologic structure factors on runoff characteristics of catchments[J]. Advances in Water Science,2015,26(5):631-638.]
[33]张玉斌.黄土高原南部水平梯田环境效应研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2003.[ZHANG Yubin. Study on environment effect of the level terrace in southern Loess Plateau[D]. Yangling:Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University,2003.]
[34]魏日华,孙桂喜.影响降水补给地下水资源的因素分析[J].吉林水利,2006,(S1):14-15.[WEI Rihua,SUN Guixi. Analysis of factors affecting groundwater recharge by precipitation[J]. Jilin Water Resources,2006,(S1):14-15.]
[35] JANOWICZ J R,GRAY D M,POMEROY J W. Characterisation of snowmelt infiltration scaling parameters with in a mountainous subarctic watershed[C]∥59th Eastern Snow Conference. Stowe,Vermont USA,2002:67-81.
[36]逄淑然.寒区春季融雪入渗规律监测试验与分析[D].哈尔滨:黑龙江大学,2015.[JIANG Shuran. Monitoring test and analysis of snowmelt infiltration in spring of cold regions[D]. Harbin:Heilongjiang University,2015.]
[37] EARMAN S,CAMPBELL A R,PHILLIPS F M,et al. Isotopic exchange between snow and atmospheric water vapor:Estimation of the snowmelt component of groundwater recharge in the southwestern United States[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2006,111(D9):1435-1453.
[2] NIMMO J R,STONESTROM R W,HEALY D A. Aquifer recharge[C]∥ANDERSON M G,BEAR J,eds. Encyclopedia of hydrological science,vol 4. Chichester:Willey,2005.
[3] DE VRIES J,SIMMERS I. Groundwater recharge:An overview of pro-cess and challenges[J]. Hydrology,2002,10:5-17.
[4]尹立河.基于多种方法的地下水补给研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2011.[YIN Lihe. Estimation of groundwater recharge using multiple approaches:A case dtudy in the Ordos Plateau[D]. Beijing:China University of Geosciences,2011.]
[5]马致远,牛光亮,刘方,等.陕西渭北东部岩溶地下水强径流带的环境同位素证据及其可更新性评价[J].地质通报,2006,25(6):756-761.[MA Zhiyuan,NIU Guangliang,LIU Fang,et al.Isotope evidence of strong runoff zones of karst groundwater in eastern Weibei,Shaanxi,China[J]. Geological Bulletin of China,2006,25(6):756-761.]
[6] SIBANDA T,NONNER J C,UHLENBROOK S. Comparison of groundwater recharge estimation methods for the semi-arid Nyamandhlovu area,Zimbabwe[J]. Hydrogeology Journal,2009,17:1427-1441.
[7]尹玉龙.基于SWAT模型的关中盆地地下水对气候变化的响应研究[D].西安:长安大学,2015.[YIN Yulong. Groundwater response to climate change in Guanzhong Basin based on SWAT[D]. Xi’an:Chang’an University,2015.]
[8] RUTLEDGE A T. Computer programs for describing the recession of ground-water discharge and for estimating mean ground-water recharge and discharge from stream flow records-update[R]. U. S.Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report,2007:98-4148.
[9] HUANG Y P,KUNG W J,LEE C H. Estimating aquifer transmissivity in a basin based on stream hydrograph records using an analytical approach[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences,2011,63(3):461-468.
[10] KUNG Wenjui,YEH Hsinfu,LIN Hung’i,et al. An approach to evaluate groundwater recharge from streamflow and groundwater records[J]. Geosciences Journal,2013,17(3):353-362.
[11]朱芮芮,刘昌明,郑红星.黄土高原典型流域地下水补给—排泄关系及其变化[J].地理科学,2010,30(1):108-112.[ZHU Ruirui,LIU Changming,ZHENG Hongxin. Changes of groundwater recharge and discharge in watershed of the Loess Plateau[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2010,30(1):108-112.]
[12]朱芮芮,刘昌明,郑红星.无定河流域地下水更新时间估算[J].地理学报,2009,64(3):315-322.[ZHU Ruirui,LIU Changming,ZHENG Hongxing. Estimating residence time of groundwater in the Wudinghe River Basin[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(3):315-322.]
[13]宋献方,张学成.岔巴沟流域水循环与地下水形成研究[C]∥第三届黄河国际论坛,2009.[SONG Xianfang,ZHANG Xuecheng. The research of water cycle and groundwater formation in Chabagou watershed[C]∥The Third International Forum of Yellow River,2009.]
[14]宋献方,刘鑫,夏军,等.基于氢氧同位素的岔巴沟流域地表水-地下水转化关系研究[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2009,17(1):8-20.[SONG Xianfang,LIU Xin,XIA Jun,et al. Interactions between surface water and groundwater in Chabagou catchment using hydrogen and oxygen isotopes[J]. Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,2009,17(1):8-20.]
[15]张乐涛,李占斌,王贺,等.流域系统径流侵蚀链内泥沙输移的空间尺度效应[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(13):87-94.[ZHANG Letao,LI Zhanbin,WANG He,et al. Spatial scale effects on sediment delivery within runoff erosion chains in basin system[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(13):87-94.]
[16] RORABAUGH M I. Estimating changes in bank storage and groundwater contribution to stream flow[J]. International Association of Scientific Hydrology Publication,1964,63(1):432-441.
[17] CHEN Weiping,LEE Henghaw. Estimating ground-water recharge from streamflow records[J]. Environmental Geology,2003,44(3):257-265.
[18] TALLAKSEN T M. A review of base-flow recession analysis[J].Journal of Hydrology,1995,165:349-370.
[19]杨士娟.无定河流域基流分割与特性分析[D].金华:浙江师范大学,2007.[YANG Shijuan. Base-flow separation and characteristic analysis in Wudinghe River Basin[D]. Jinhua:Zhejiang Normal University,2007.]
[20]许昆.降水量与地下水补给量的关系分析[J].地下水,2004,26(4):272-274.[XU Kun. Analysis on relationship between the precipitation&groundwater replenishment[J]. Ground Water,2004,26(4):272-274.]
[21]陈利群,刘昌明,李发东.基流研究综述[J].地理科学进展,2006,25(1):1-15.[CHENG Liqun,LIU Changming,LI Fadong. Reviews on base flow researches[J]. Progress in Geography,2006,25(1):1-15.]
[22]卫喜国,严昌荣,魏永霞,等.坡度和降雨强度对坡耕地入渗的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2009,28(4):114-116.[WEI Xiguo,YAN Changrong,WEI Yongxia,et al. Influence of slope gradient and rainfall intensity on infiltration in sloping farm land[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2009,28(4):114-116.]
[23]王琦.基于氢氧同位素的黄土区小流域水资源转化与水传输研究[D],西安:西安理工大学,2015.[WANG Qi. Study on transformation of water resources and transmission on hydrogen and oxygen isotope on small watershed in Loess Area[D]. Xi’an:Xi’an University of Technology,2015.]
[24] SANFORD. Recharge and groundwater models:An overview[J].Hydrogeology Journal,2002,10(1):110-120.
[25] PACELIC P,GIORDANO M,KERAITA B,et al. Groundwater availability and use in Sub-Saharan Africa:A review of 15 countries[J]. Iwmi Books Reports,2012.
[26] WOOD W W,RAINWATER K A,THOMPSON D B. Quantifying macropore recharge:Examples from a semi-arid area[J]. Ground Water,1997,35(6):1097-1106.
[27] LIN Dan,JIN Menggui,LIANG Xing,et al. Estimating groundwater recharge beneath irrigated farmland using environmental tracers fluoride,chloride and sulfate[J]. Hydrogeology Journal,2013,21:1469-1480.
[28]张晓宏.浅议浅层地下水资源量的初步分析与估算[J].内蒙古水利,2010,(6):34-35.[ZHANG Xiaohong. Preliminary analysis and estimation of shallow groundwater resources[J]. Inner Mongolia Water Resources,2010,(6):34-35.]
[29]綦俊谕,蔡强国,方海燕,等.岔巴沟流域水土保持减水减沙作用[J].中国水土保持科学,2010,8(1):28-33.[QI Junyu,CAI Guoqiang,FANG Haiyan,et al. Effects of soil and water conservation on reduction of run off and sediment in Chabagou Watershed[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,8(1):28-33.]
[30] SMAKHTIN V Y. Low flow hydrology:A review[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2001,240:147-186.
[31]李致家,姜婷婷,黄鹏年,等.降雨和地形地貌对水文模型模拟结果的影响分析[J].水科学进展,2015,26(4):473-480.[LI Zhijia,JIANG Tingting,HUANG Pengnian,et al. Impact and analysis of watershed precipitation and topography characteristics on model simulation results[J]. Advances in Water Science,2015,26(4):473-480.]
[32]刘金涛,王爱花,韦玉,等.流域地貌结构因子对径流特征的影响分析[J].水科学进展,2015,26(5):631-638.[LIU Jintao,WANG Aihua,WEI Yu,et al. Analyzing the influence of geomorphologic structure factors on runoff characteristics of catchments[J]. Advances in Water Science,2015,26(5):631-638.]
[33]张玉斌.黄土高原南部水平梯田环境效应研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2003.[ZHANG Yubin. Study on environment effect of the level terrace in southern Loess Plateau[D]. Yangling:Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University,2003.]
[34]魏日华,孙桂喜.影响降水补给地下水资源的因素分析[J].吉林水利,2006,(S1):14-15.[WEI Rihua,SUN Guixi. Analysis of factors affecting groundwater recharge by precipitation[J]. Jilin Water Resources,2006,(S1):14-15.]
[35] JANOWICZ J R,GRAY D M,POMEROY J W. Characterisation of snowmelt infiltration scaling parameters with in a mountainous subarctic watershed[C]∥59th Eastern Snow Conference. Stowe,Vermont USA,2002:67-81.
[36]逄淑然.寒区春季融雪入渗规律监测试验与分析[D].哈尔滨:黑龙江大学,2015.[JIANG Shuran. Monitoring test and analysis of snowmelt infiltration in spring of cold regions[D]. Harbin:Heilongjiang University,2015.]
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