行政下乡与自治下沉:国家政权建设的新趋势
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摘要
国家政权建设的关键是发展基础权力,处理好与地方自治单位的关系。现阶段行政下乡取得了显著成效,一方面村级组织的行政化色彩加强,成为乡镇政府的派出机构;另一方面惠农政策进村入户改善了国家与农民的关系,增强了农民对国家的认同感。但是,农村基层行政效率总体不高的现象普遍存在。自治单位从行政村向自然村下沉,激活了村庄社会积累的内生性资源,使得以自然村为边界的社区社会组织兴起,为农民提供了平等参与和民主协商公共事务的空间。这意味着后税费时代国家政权建设不是要完全打碎地方自治单位使国家权力直面农民家庭,而是应重视农村基层社区社会组织的培育和社区自治能力的提升,增强国家通过社会获得权力的能力,构建社会自治协同提升基层行政效力的体制机制,推进农村社会治理的现代化。
The key to regime construction is to divide the boundary of national administration and social autonomy,and build the organic connection mechanism of administrative power and autonomy power.Administration to the countryside has made remarkable achievements at the present stage.On the one hand,the administrative color of village level organizations is strengthened,which becomes the agency of township government.On the other hand,Benefit Farmers Policieshave improved the relationship between the state and farmers,which enhances farmers' sense of national identity.However,the efficiency of administration in rural grassroots is generally not high.Autonomous units and power sinking from the administrative villages to the natural village has activated the endogenous resources accumulated in the rural society,making the community organization which takes natural village as a boundary grow up,and providing space for farmers to be involved in the democratic consultation of public affairs equally.Developing the basic state power still needs to deal with the dialectical relationship between the regime construction and local self-government units and construct the institutional mechanism of social autonomy cooperation to improve the administrative effectiveness of the grass roots so that the modernization of rural social governance will be promoted.
The key to regime construction is to divide the boundary of national administration and social autonomy,and build the organic connection mechanism of administrative power and autonomy power.Administration to the countryside has made remarkable achievements at the present stage.On the one hand,the administrative color of village level organizations is strengthened,which becomes the agency of township government.On the other hand,Benefit Farmers Policieshave improved the relationship between the state and farmers,which enhances farmers' sense of national identity.However,the efficiency of administration in rural grassroots is generally not high.Autonomous units and power sinking from the administrative villages to the natural village has activated the endogenous resources accumulated in the rural society,making the community organization which takes natural village as a boundary grow up,and providing space for farmers to be involved in the democratic consultation of public affairs equally.Developing the basic state power still needs to deal with the dialectical relationship between the regime construction and local self-government units and construct the institutional mechanism of social autonomy cooperation to improve the administrative effectiveness of the grass roots so that the modernization of rural social governance will be promoted.
引文
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[2]CHARLES T.The formation of national states in western Europe[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,1975.
[3]MANN M.States,war and capitalism:studies in political sociology[M].Oxford:Blackwell Publisher,1988.
[4]王绍光.祛魅与超越[M].北京:中信出版社,2010.
[5]赵秀玲.“微自治”与中国基层民主治理[J].政治学研究,2014(5):51-60.
[6]徐勇.“行政下乡”:动员、任务与命令——现代国家向乡土社会渗透的行政机制[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2007(5):2-9.
[7]杜赞奇.文化、权力与国家[M].王富明,译.南京:江苏人民出版社,2006.
[8]马克斯·韦伯.支配社会学[M].康乐,简惠美,译.桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2004.
[9]饶静,叶敬忠.税费改革背景下乡镇政权的“政权依附者”角色和行为分析[J].中国农村观察,2007(4):38-60.
[10]周飞舟.从汲取型政权到“悬浮型”政权[J].社会学研究,2006(3):1-37.
[11]赵晓峰,付少平.多元主体、庇护关系与合作社制度变迁[J].中国农村观察,2015(2):2-12.
[12]周黎安.中国地方官员的晋升锦标赛模式研究[J].经济研究,2007(7):36-50.
[13]李祖佩.项目进村与乡村治理重构[J].中国农村观察,2013(4):2-13.
[14]陈晓枫,陈子远,高骁宇.中国传统行政与自治关系辨析[J].武汉大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2013(4):43-48.
[15]费孝通.乡土中国[M].上海:人民出版社,2006.
[16]邓大才.村民自治有效实现的条件研究[J].政治学研究,2014(6):71-83.
[17]布坎南,康格尔顿.原则政治,而非利益政治:通向非歧视性民主[M].张定淮,何志平,译.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2008.
[18]吴理财,李世敏.农村公共文化的陷落与重构[J].调研世界,2009(6):3-5,17.
[19]杨宜音.中国人“我们”概念形成的社会心理机制探析[J].中国社会科学,2008(4):148-159.
[20]贺雪峰.村治的逻辑[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2009.
[21]阎云翔.私人生活的变革[M].龚小夏,译.上海:上海书店出版社,2006.
[22]李友梅,肖瑛,黄晓春.当代中国社会建设的公共性困境及其超越[J].中国社会科学,2012(4):125-139.