湍流风与地震联合作用下风力机塔架振动非线性特征研究
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摘要
为研究湍流风与地震联合作用下大型风力机塔架动力学响应非线性特性,以NREL 5 MW风力机为研究对象,基于模态截断法建立塔架模型,在考虑土体-结构耦合的基础上,通过开源软件FAST预留接口开发地震载荷计算模块。基于标准地震反应谱获得150组不同强度的地震,与额定风速的湍流风联合作用于风力机,研究发现:地震作用对塔架加速度影响较大,塔顶来流方向振动受湍流风影响较大,地震激励引起的振动能量可通过气动阻尼耗散,而塔顶侧向振动能量只能通过结构阻尼耗散,侧向塔顶振动频率主要为风力机结构一阶固有频率。此外,基于混沌理论,采用相图法和最大Lyapunov指数法从定性和定量两个角度分析了塔顶位移的非特性特征。结果表明:不同工况下塔顶位移时间序列的三维相图呈现出奇异性且最大Lyapunov指数均大于0,说明塔顶位移响应信号具有混沌特征。
To study nonlinear characteristics of a large-scale wind turbine tower's dynamic responses under turbulent wind and earthquake, a NREL 5 MW wind turbine was taken as the studying object. Based on the mode truncation method and the soil-structure interaction theory, the model of the wind turbine was established, and a seismic loading calculation module was developed to access the interface of the source-opened code FAST. 150 sets of different seismic accelerations achieved based on the standard seismic response spectra and turbulent wind acted on the wind turbine, its tower dynamic responses were calculated. The results show that earthquake action affects tower vibration accelerations greatly, turbulent wind has a great effect on the vibration at the tower's top in incoming flow direction; vibration energy due to earthquake is dissipated by aerodynamic damping, while the tower top lateral vibration energy is dissipated by structure damping; the tower top lateral vibration frequency mainly is the first order natural frequency of the wind turbine structure. Furthermore, based on the chaos theory, the phase-graph method and the max Lyapunov exponent method were used to analyze nonlinear characteristics of the tower top vibration displacement qualitatively and quantitatively. The results showed that 3 D phase graphs of the tower top displacement time series under different working conditions have singularity and all their max Lyapunov exponents are larger than 0, so the tower top displacement response signals have chaotic characteristics.
To study nonlinear characteristics of a large-scale wind turbine tower's dynamic responses under turbulent wind and earthquake, a NREL 5 MW wind turbine was taken as the studying object. Based on the mode truncation method and the soil-structure interaction theory, the model of the wind turbine was established, and a seismic loading calculation module was developed to access the interface of the source-opened code FAST. 150 sets of different seismic accelerations achieved based on the standard seismic response spectra and turbulent wind acted on the wind turbine, its tower dynamic responses were calculated. The results show that earthquake action affects tower vibration accelerations greatly, turbulent wind has a great effect on the vibration at the tower's top in incoming flow direction; vibration energy due to earthquake is dissipated by aerodynamic damping, while the tower top lateral vibration energy is dissipated by structure damping; the tower top lateral vibration frequency mainly is the first order natural frequency of the wind turbine structure. Furthermore, based on the chaos theory, the phase-graph method and the max Lyapunov exponent method were used to analyze nonlinear characteristics of the tower top vibration displacement qualitatively and quantitatively. The results showed that 3 D phase graphs of the tower top displacement time series under different working conditions have singularity and all their max Lyapunov exponents are larger than 0, so the tower top displacement response signals have chaotic characteristics.
引文
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[25] 曹小群,宋君强,任开军,等.有限时间Lyapunov指数的高精度计算新方法[J].物理学报,2014,63(18):109-119.CAO Xiaoqun,SONG Junqiang,REN Kaijun,et al.Highly accurate computation of finite-time Lyapunov exponent[J].Acta Physica Sinica,2014,63(18):109-119.
[26] 胡瑜,陈涛.基于C-C算法的混沌吸引子的相空间重构技术[J].电子测量与仪器学报,2012,26(5):425-430.HU Yu,CHEN Tao.Phase-space reconstruction technology of chaotic attractor based on C-C method[J].Journal of Electronic Measurement and Instrument,2012,26(5):425-430.
[2] GWEC.Global wind report annual market update 2016[R].Global Wind Energy Council,Brussels,2017.
[3] 国家能源局.风电发展“十三五”规划[R].北京:国家能源局,2016.
[4] 杨阳,李春,叶柯华,等.多工况下大型风力机动态响应研究[J].工程热物理学报,2016,37(10):2123-2129.YANG Yang,LI Chun,YE Kehua,et al.Research on dynamic response of large-scale wind turbine under multiple loading conditions[J].Journal of Engineering Thermophysics.2016,37(10):2123-2129.
[5] 吴攀,李春,李志敏,等.风力机不同风况的动力学响应研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(26):4540-4545.WU Pan,LI Chun,LI Zhimin,et al.Research on dynamic characteristics simulation for wind turbine with different wind[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(26):4540-4545.
[6] 曹必锋,衣传宝.风力机塔架在风-地震作用下的动力响应[J].噪声与振动控制,2014,34(4):205-208.CAO Bifeng,YI Chuanbao.Dynamic response analysis of wind turbine towers under wind and earthquake combined loadings[J].Noise and Vibration Control,2014,34(4):205-208.
[7] ADAM J S,ALFREDO C,CHRISTIAN M C,et al.Seismic analysis of a tall metal wind turbine support tower with realistic geometric imperfections[J].Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics,2017,46(2):201-219.
[8] 季亮,祝磊,叶桢翔.风力发电机组塔架底部地震剪力、弯矩计算方法研究[J].土木工程学报,2013,46(增刊1):298-303.JI Liang,ZHU Lei,YE Zhenxiang.Seismic calculation methods of base shear and moment for wind turbines[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2013,46(Sup1):298-303.
[9] DONG H K,SANG G L,II K L.Seismic fragility analysis of 5 MW offshore wind turbine[J].Renewable Energy,2014,65(7):250-256.
[10] IKWULONO D U,ANDREW D S.Multi-hazard analysis of a wind turbine concrete foundation under fatigue and seismic loadings[J].Structural Safety,2015,57(9):26-34.
[11] 杨阳,李春,缪维跑,等.湍流风场与地震激励联合作用下的风力机结构动力学响应[J].振动与冲击,2015,34(21):136-143.YANG Yang,LI Chun,MIAO WEIPAO,et al.Structural dynamic responses of a wind turbine under turbulent wind combined with seismic motion[J].Journal of Vibration and Shock,2015,34(21):136-143.
[12] JOHN P W.Spring-dashpot-mass models for foundation vibrations[J].Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics,1997,26(5):931-949.
[13] JONKMAN M J,BUHL M L.FAST user’s guide[R].National Renewable Energy Laboratory,Technical Report No.NREL/EL-500-38230,2005.
[14] JONKMAN J,BUTTERFIELD S,MUSIAL W,et al.Definition of a 5 MW reference wind turbine for offshore system development[R].Golden,Colorado.National Energy Laboratory,2003.
[15] 贺广零.考虑土-结构相互作用的风力发电高塔系统地震动力响应分析[J].机械工程学报,2009,45(7):87-94.HE Guangling.Seismic response analysis of wind turbine tower systems considering soil-structure interaction[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2009,45(7):87-94.
[16] JONKMAN J M,BUHL M.FAST user’s guide[R].National Renewable Energy Laboratory,Technical Report No.NREL/EL-500-38230,2005.
[17] JONKMAN B J,BUHL M L.TurbSim user’s guide for version 140[R].National Renewable Energy Laboratory,Technical Report Golden,Colorado,2008.
[18] 李倩倩,李春,杨阳,等.风场风谱模型的分形维数研究[J].能源工程,2016,29(2):28-47.LI Qianqian,LI Chun,YANG Yang,et al.Fractal dimensions research on wind field spectrums[J].Energy Engineering,2016,29(2):28-47.
[19] ATIK L A,ABRAHAMSON N.An improved method for nonstationary spectral matching[J].Earthquake Spectra,2010,26(3):601-617.
[20] JASON M J,BUTTERFIELD S,MUSIAL W,et al.Definition of a 5 MW reference wind turbine for offshore system development[R].Golden,Colorado.National Energy Laboratory,2003.
[21] MOHAMMAD A A,WILLIAM S,JEFFERY V.Effects of seismic and aerodynamic load on structural dynamic response of multi- megawatt utility scale horizontal axis wind turbines[J].Renewable Energy,2016,86(5):49-58.
[22] 徐红梅.典型混沌系统的混沌动力学研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2014.
[23] BERROU C,WILLIAM S,GLAVIEUX A,et al.Near Shannon limit error-correcting coding and decoding:turbo-codes(1)[C].Geneva:IEEE,2002.
[24] 付彧.股票市场混沌特征量的提取及其分析[J].中外企业家,2015,46(4):99-101.FU Yu.Extraction and analysis of the chaotic characteristics of the stock market[J].Chinese & Foreign Entrepreneurs.2015,46(4):99-101.
[25] 曹小群,宋君强,任开军,等.有限时间Lyapunov指数的高精度计算新方法[J].物理学报,2014,63(18):109-119.CAO Xiaoqun,SONG Junqiang,REN Kaijun,et al.Highly accurate computation of finite-time Lyapunov exponent[J].Acta Physica Sinica,2014,63(18):109-119.
[26] 胡瑜,陈涛.基于C-C算法的混沌吸引子的相空间重构技术[J].电子测量与仪器学报,2012,26(5):425-430.HU Yu,CHEN Tao.Phase-space reconstruction technology of chaotic attractor based on C-C method[J].Journal of Electronic Measurement and Instrument,2012,26(5):425-430.
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