裂缝性地层方位侧向测井响应数值模拟
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摘要
为研究井周裂缝发育特征,本文提出一种新型方位侧向测井方法,利用三维有限元法,模拟裂缝的方位侧向测井响应.结果显示,深浅侧向电阻率幅度差异受裂缝倾角的控制,低角度缝为负差异,高角度缝为正差异;倾斜裂缝张开度的增大使测井响应值减小,方位电阻率差异增大;井周方位电阻率可反映裂缝方位产状,单一缝或裂缝密度较小时,沿裂缝走向的方位电阻率小,沿裂缝倾向的方位电阻率大;裂缝发育地层的测井响应显示宏观各向异性特征,但方位电阻率的差异显示发生反转现象,即沿裂缝走向/层理方向的方位电阻率大,沿裂缝倾向/垂直层理方向的方位电阻率小;对方位电阻率测井响应进行井周成像,直观显示了裂缝的产状和发育特征.
A new azimuthal laterolog logging method is proposed to reveal the characteristics of fractures around boreholes.The azimuthal laterolog response in fractured formation is numerically simulated using a three-dimensional finite element method.Simulation results show that amplitude difference between deep and shallow laterolog resistivity is mainly controlled by fracture dipping angle.A negative separation between the deep and shallow resistivity appears in low-angle fractures while the positive appears in high-angle conditions.For dipping fractures,log response values decrease and the variation of the azimuthal resistivity becomes larger when fracture aperture increases.With the same fracture aperture,the deep and shallow laterolog resistivity exhibit small values with negative separations in low-angle fractures,while azimuthal resistivity has large variations with positive separations in high-angle fractures.Azimuthal resistivity around the borehole can reflect the azimuthal attitude of fractures.In conditions of single fractures or low fracture density,the azimuthal resistivity is low in fracture strike direction and is high in fracture dipping direction.Log response presents macroscopic anisotropy when fracture density is large enough.But there happens a reversal in the variation of the azimuthal resistivity:theazimuthal resistivity is high in fracture strike/bedding plane direction and is low in fracture dipping/vertical to the bedding plane direction.It is exactly opposite to the reality.So it is essential to do some ‘convert it to the true'work if we want to use azimuthal resistivity to evaluate anisotropic formations.The azimuthal resistivity image around the borehole visually displays the attitude and developmental characteristics of fractures.Research presented in this paper will contribute to the evaluation of fractured formation.
A new azimuthal laterolog logging method is proposed to reveal the characteristics of fractures around boreholes.The azimuthal laterolog response in fractured formation is numerically simulated using a three-dimensional finite element method.Simulation results show that amplitude difference between deep and shallow laterolog resistivity is mainly controlled by fracture dipping angle.A negative separation between the deep and shallow resistivity appears in low-angle fractures while the positive appears in high-angle conditions.For dipping fractures,log response values decrease and the variation of the azimuthal resistivity becomes larger when fracture aperture increases.With the same fracture aperture,the deep and shallow laterolog resistivity exhibit small values with negative separations in low-angle fractures,while azimuthal resistivity has large variations with positive separations in high-angle fractures.Azimuthal resistivity around the borehole can reflect the azimuthal attitude of fractures.In conditions of single fractures or low fracture density,the azimuthal resistivity is low in fracture strike direction and is high in fracture dipping direction.Log response presents macroscopic anisotropy when fracture density is large enough.But there happens a reversal in the variation of the azimuthal resistivity:theazimuthal resistivity is high in fracture strike/bedding plane direction and is low in fracture dipping/vertical to the bedding plane direction.It is exactly opposite to the reality.So it is essential to do some ‘convert it to the true'work if we want to use azimuthal resistivity to evaluate anisotropic formations.The azimuthal resistivity image around the borehole visually displays the attitude and developmental characteristics of fractures.Research presented in this paper will contribute to the evaluation of fractured formation.
引文
Cook A E,Anderson B I,Malinverno A,et al.2010.Electrical anisotropy due to gas hydrate-filled fractures.Geophysics,75(6):F173-F185.
Davies D H,Faivre O,Gounot M T,et al.1994.Azimuthal resistivity imaging:A new generation laterolog.SPE Formation Evaluation,9(3):165-174.
Deng S G,Li Z Q.2009.Simulation of array laterolog response of fracture in fractured reservoir.Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences(in Chinese),34(5):841-847.
Deng S G,Mo X X,Lu C L,et al.2012.Numerical simulation of the dual laterolog response to fractures and caves in fracturedcavernous formation.Petroleum Exploration and Development(in Chinese),39(6):706-712.
Deng S G,Li L,Li Z Q,et al.2015.Numerical simulation of highresolution azimuthal resistivity laterolog response in fractured reservoirs.Petroleum Science,12(2):252-263.
Ding P B,Di B R,Wei J X,et al.2015.Experimental research on the effects of crack density based on synthetic sandstones contain controlled fractures.ChineseJournalof Geophysics(in Chinese),58(4):1390-1399,doi:10.6038/cjg20150425.
Faivre O.1993.Fracture evaluation from quantitative azimuthalresistivities.∥SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,3 -6October,Houston,Texas.Society of Petroleum Engineers.
Fan Y R,Wang L,Ge X M,et al.2016.Response simulation and corresponding analysis of dual laterolog in cavernous reservoirs.Petroleum Exploration&Development(in Chinese),43(2):237-243.
Feng J W,Chang L J,Sun Z X,et al.2016.Geological model and characteristics of discrete fracture network in tight sandstone gas reservoir constrained by multi-factors.Journal of China University of Petroleum(in Chinese),40(1):18-26.
Fu L K.1983.Electrical Prospecting(in Chinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House,120-143.
Li S J,Xiao C W,Wang H M,et al.1996.Mathematical model of dual laterolog response to fracture and quantitative interpretation of fracture porosity.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),39(6):845-852.
Li X N,Shen J S,Zhu Z M,et al.2016.Fracture extraction from FMI based on multiscale mathematical morphology.∥86th Ann.Internat Mtg.,Soc.Expi.Geophys..Expanded Abstracts,703-707.
Moinfar A,Varavei A,Sepehrnoori K,et al.2012.Development of a novel and computationally-efficient discrete-fracture model to study IOR processes in naturally fractured reservoirs.∥SPEImproved Oil Recovery Symposium,Tulsa,Oklahoma,USA:SPE.
Pezard P A,Anderson R N.1990.In situ measurements of electrical resistivity,formation anisotropy,and tectonic context.∥SPWLA31st Annual Logging Symposium.Lafayette,Louisiana:Society of Petrophysicists and Well-Log Analysts.
Saboorian-Jooybari H,Dejam M,Chen Z J,et al.2015.Fracture identification and comprehensive evaluation of the parameters by dual laterolog data.∥85th Ann.Internat Mtg.,Soc.Expi.Geophys..Expanded Abstracts,813-827.
Sarkar J,Mukherjee S,Das S,et al.2016.Integrated study of core and image log for characterisation and production optimisation in unconventional basement reservoir of Padra field,Cambay Basin,India.∥International Petroleum Technology Conference.Bangkok,Thailand:International Petroleum Technology Conference.
Schoen J H,Mollison R A,Georgi D T.1999.Macroscopic electrical anisotropy of laminated reservoirs:A tensor resistivity saturation model.∥69th Ann.Internat Mtg.,Soc.Expi.Geophys..Expanded Abstracts.
Shen J S,Su B Y,Guo N C.2009.Study on the anisotropic characteristics of the electric response to fractured reservoir.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),52(11):2903-2912,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2009.11.026.
Shi G,He T,Wu Y Q,et al.2004.A study on the dual laterolog response to fractures using the forward numerical modeling.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),47(2):359-363.
Sibbit A M,Faivre Q.1985.The dual laterolog response in fractured rocks.∥SPWLA 26th Annual Logging Symposium.Dallas,Texas:Society of Petrophysicists and Well-Log Analysts.
Smits J W,Benimeli D,Dubourg I,et al.1995.High resolution from a new laterolog with azimuthal imaging.∥95th Ann.Internat Mtg.,Soc.Expi.Geophys..Expanded Abstracts,563-576.
Yang W.1999.Forward and inversion of azimuthal lateral Sonde.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),42(4):564-571.
Zhang G J.1984.Electrolog(I)(in Chinese).Beijing:Oil Industry Press,1-38.
Zhao L,Li J X,Li K C,et al.2010.Development and genetic mechanism of complex carbonate reservoir fractures:A case from the Zanarol Oilfield,Kazakhstan.Petroleum Exploration&Development(in Chinese),37(3):304-309.
Zhdanov M S,Keller G V.1994.The Geoelectrical Methods in Geophysical Exploration.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
邓少贵,李智强.2009.裂缝性储层裂缝的阵列侧向测井响应数值模拟.地球科学---中国地质大学学报,34(5):841-847.
邓少贵,莫宣学,卢春利等.2012.缝-洞型地层缝洞的双侧向测井响应数值模拟.石油勘探与开发,39(6):706-712.
丁拼搏,狄帮让,魏建新等.2015.利用含可控裂缝人工岩样研究裂缝密度对各向异性的影响.地球物理学报,58(4):1390-1399,doi:10.6038/cjg20150425.
范宜仁,王磊,葛新民等.2016.洞穴型地层双侧向测井响应模拟与特征分析.石油勘探与开发,43(2):237-243.
冯建伟,昌伦杰,孙致学等.2016.多因素约束下的致密砂岩气藏离散裂缝特征及地质模型研究.中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),40(1):18-26.
傅良魁.1983.电法勘探教程.北京:地质出版社,120-143.
李善军,肖承文,汪涵明等.1996.裂缝的双侧向测井响应的数学模型及裂缝孔隙度的定量解释.地球物理学报,39(6):845-852.
沈金松,苏本玉,郭乃川.2009.裂缝性储层的电各向异性响应特征研究.地球物理学报,52(11):2903-2912,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2009.11.026.
史謌,何涛,仵岳奇等.2004.用正演数值计算方法开展双侧向测井对裂缝的响应研究.地球物理学报,47(2):359-363.
司马立强.2005.碳酸盐岩缝-洞性储层测井综合评价方法及应用研究[博士论文].成都:西南石油大学.
杨韦华.1999.方位梯度电极系的正反演.地球物理学报,42(4):564-571.
张庚骥.1984.电法测井(I).北京:石油工业出版社,1-38.
赵伦,李建新,李孔绸等.2010.复杂碳酸盐岩储集层裂缝发育特征及形成机制---以哈萨克斯坦让纳若尔油田为例.石油勘探与开发,37(3):304-309.
Davies D H,Faivre O,Gounot M T,et al.1994.Azimuthal resistivity imaging:A new generation laterolog.SPE Formation Evaluation,9(3):165-174.
Deng S G,Li Z Q.2009.Simulation of array laterolog response of fracture in fractured reservoir.Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences(in Chinese),34(5):841-847.
Deng S G,Mo X X,Lu C L,et al.2012.Numerical simulation of the dual laterolog response to fractures and caves in fracturedcavernous formation.Petroleum Exploration and Development(in Chinese),39(6):706-712.
Deng S G,Li L,Li Z Q,et al.2015.Numerical simulation of highresolution azimuthal resistivity laterolog response in fractured reservoirs.Petroleum Science,12(2):252-263.
Ding P B,Di B R,Wei J X,et al.2015.Experimental research on the effects of crack density based on synthetic sandstones contain controlled fractures.ChineseJournalof Geophysics(in Chinese),58(4):1390-1399,doi:10.6038/cjg20150425.
Faivre O.1993.Fracture evaluation from quantitative azimuthalresistivities.∥SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,3 -6October,Houston,Texas.Society of Petroleum Engineers.
Fan Y R,Wang L,Ge X M,et al.2016.Response simulation and corresponding analysis of dual laterolog in cavernous reservoirs.Petroleum Exploration&Development(in Chinese),43(2):237-243.
Feng J W,Chang L J,Sun Z X,et al.2016.Geological model and characteristics of discrete fracture network in tight sandstone gas reservoir constrained by multi-factors.Journal of China University of Petroleum(in Chinese),40(1):18-26.
Fu L K.1983.Electrical Prospecting(in Chinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House,120-143.
Li S J,Xiao C W,Wang H M,et al.1996.Mathematical model of dual laterolog response to fracture and quantitative interpretation of fracture porosity.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),39(6):845-852.
Li X N,Shen J S,Zhu Z M,et al.2016.Fracture extraction from FMI based on multiscale mathematical morphology.∥86th Ann.Internat Mtg.,Soc.Expi.Geophys..Expanded Abstracts,703-707.
Moinfar A,Varavei A,Sepehrnoori K,et al.2012.Development of a novel and computationally-efficient discrete-fracture model to study IOR processes in naturally fractured reservoirs.∥SPEImproved Oil Recovery Symposium,Tulsa,Oklahoma,USA:SPE.
Pezard P A,Anderson R N.1990.In situ measurements of electrical resistivity,formation anisotropy,and tectonic context.∥SPWLA31st Annual Logging Symposium.Lafayette,Louisiana:Society of Petrophysicists and Well-Log Analysts.
Saboorian-Jooybari H,Dejam M,Chen Z J,et al.2015.Fracture identification and comprehensive evaluation of the parameters by dual laterolog data.∥85th Ann.Internat Mtg.,Soc.Expi.Geophys..Expanded Abstracts,813-827.
Sarkar J,Mukherjee S,Das S,et al.2016.Integrated study of core and image log for characterisation and production optimisation in unconventional basement reservoir of Padra field,Cambay Basin,India.∥International Petroleum Technology Conference.Bangkok,Thailand:International Petroleum Technology Conference.
Schoen J H,Mollison R A,Georgi D T.1999.Macroscopic electrical anisotropy of laminated reservoirs:A tensor resistivity saturation model.∥69th Ann.Internat Mtg.,Soc.Expi.Geophys..Expanded Abstracts.
Shen J S,Su B Y,Guo N C.2009.Study on the anisotropic characteristics of the electric response to fractured reservoir.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),52(11):2903-2912,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2009.11.026.
Shi G,He T,Wu Y Q,et al.2004.A study on the dual laterolog response to fractures using the forward numerical modeling.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),47(2):359-363.
Sibbit A M,Faivre Q.1985.The dual laterolog response in fractured rocks.∥SPWLA 26th Annual Logging Symposium.Dallas,Texas:Society of Petrophysicists and Well-Log Analysts.
Smits J W,Benimeli D,Dubourg I,et al.1995.High resolution from a new laterolog with azimuthal imaging.∥95th Ann.Internat Mtg.,Soc.Expi.Geophys..Expanded Abstracts,563-576.
Yang W.1999.Forward and inversion of azimuthal lateral Sonde.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),42(4):564-571.
Zhang G J.1984.Electrolog(I)(in Chinese).Beijing:Oil Industry Press,1-38.
Zhao L,Li J X,Li K C,et al.2010.Development and genetic mechanism of complex carbonate reservoir fractures:A case from the Zanarol Oilfield,Kazakhstan.Petroleum Exploration&Development(in Chinese),37(3):304-309.
Zhdanov M S,Keller G V.1994.The Geoelectrical Methods in Geophysical Exploration.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
邓少贵,李智强.2009.裂缝性储层裂缝的阵列侧向测井响应数值模拟.地球科学---中国地质大学学报,34(5):841-847.
邓少贵,莫宣学,卢春利等.2012.缝-洞型地层缝洞的双侧向测井响应数值模拟.石油勘探与开发,39(6):706-712.
丁拼搏,狄帮让,魏建新等.2015.利用含可控裂缝人工岩样研究裂缝密度对各向异性的影响.地球物理学报,58(4):1390-1399,doi:10.6038/cjg20150425.
范宜仁,王磊,葛新民等.2016.洞穴型地层双侧向测井响应模拟与特征分析.石油勘探与开发,43(2):237-243.
冯建伟,昌伦杰,孙致学等.2016.多因素约束下的致密砂岩气藏离散裂缝特征及地质模型研究.中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),40(1):18-26.
傅良魁.1983.电法勘探教程.北京:地质出版社,120-143.
李善军,肖承文,汪涵明等.1996.裂缝的双侧向测井响应的数学模型及裂缝孔隙度的定量解释.地球物理学报,39(6):845-852.
沈金松,苏本玉,郭乃川.2009.裂缝性储层的电各向异性响应特征研究.地球物理学报,52(11):2903-2912,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2009.11.026.
史謌,何涛,仵岳奇等.2004.用正演数值计算方法开展双侧向测井对裂缝的响应研究.地球物理学报,47(2):359-363.
司马立强.2005.碳酸盐岩缝-洞性储层测井综合评价方法及应用研究[博士论文].成都:西南石油大学.
杨韦华.1999.方位梯度电极系的正反演.地球物理学报,42(4):564-571.
张庚骥.1984.电法测井(I).北京:石油工业出版社,1-38.
赵伦,李建新,李孔绸等.2010.复杂碳酸盐岩储集层裂缝发育特征及形成机制---以哈萨克斯坦让纳若尔油田为例.石油勘探与开发,37(3):304-309.
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