西藏自治区旅游气候适应性分析
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摘要
本文利用西藏38个气象站点的观测资料计算1980-2014年的风效指数和温湿指数,进行聚类分析,结合旅游区景观特征及行政区划等因素对西藏旅游景点进行区划,使用风效指数、温湿指数及空气含氧量指标对区划后的旅游区进行气候条件评价和趋势分析.研究表明:西藏旅游资源可分为6个区域,各区风效指数、温湿指数的空间分布呈现出自东南向西北递减的规律,东部地区生物气温相对舒适,适宜旅游的时段为3-10月,而西部地区生物气温较低,适宜旅游的时段为5-9月.逐月含氧量呈抛物线状的变化,最高值出现在8月,最低值在1月.藏东南区域含氧量相对较高,常年在60%以上,部分区域在70%以上.近年来,西藏各地气候正在向更为温暖、舒适的方向发展,西藏年风效指数和年温湿指数呈显著的线性增长趋势,增幅分别为21.79·(10a)-1、0.32·(10a)-1.与过去30 a相比,雅鲁藏布江流域及西藏东部部分地区近5 a的旅游适宜期延长了1~2个月.
In order to analyze the tourist climatic adaptation in Tibet Autonomous Region,the following works were done sequentially :( 1) calculating wind effect index and temperature-humidity index based on the observational data from 38 meteorological stations during 1980- 2014 in the autonomous region and classifying through cluster analysis;( 2) dividing the tourism resources in the region according to the cluster result,combined with landscape features and administrative division;( 3) evaluating and analyzing the changing trend of wind effect index,temperature-humidity index and air oxygen content index,respectively,of various divisions. Then,tourism resources of the autonomous region can be divided into the following six divisions: Amdo and parts of the southern periphery of the region( Division Ⅰ),northern Ali and most of Nagqu( Division Ⅱ),southern Ali,most parts of Qamdo and southwest of Shigatse( Division Ⅲ),most of the Brahmaputra( Division Ⅳ),the western Nyingchi and the central Qamdo( Division Ⅴ),and the southeastern Nyingchi( Division Ⅵ). It is found that the spatial distribution of wind effect index and temperature-humidity index have a decline tendency from southeast to northwest. The biological temperature in the east is more comfortable,which is suitable for tourism during March to October,while in the west the temperature is lower,with the suitable tourism time is May to September. The variation tendency of monthly oxygen concentration is a parabolic curve,with a peak in August and a nadir in January. Oxygen content in southeast is the highest,60% or more. In recent years,the climatic condition in the region is evolving towards warmer and more comfortable. The annual wind effect index and temperature-humidity index in the region represent significant linear growth tendency with the ratio of21. 79·( 10a)- 1and 0. 32 ·( 10a)- 1,respectively. The suitable time for tourism in the drainage basin of Brahmaputra and part of east has extended by 1 ~ 2 months in recent five years as compared with the past 30 years.
In order to analyze the tourist climatic adaptation in Tibet Autonomous Region,the following works were done sequentially :( 1) calculating wind effect index and temperature-humidity index based on the observational data from 38 meteorological stations during 1980- 2014 in the autonomous region and classifying through cluster analysis;( 2) dividing the tourism resources in the region according to the cluster result,combined with landscape features and administrative division;( 3) evaluating and analyzing the changing trend of wind effect index,temperature-humidity index and air oxygen content index,respectively,of various divisions. Then,tourism resources of the autonomous region can be divided into the following six divisions: Amdo and parts of the southern periphery of the region( Division Ⅰ),northern Ali and most of Nagqu( Division Ⅱ),southern Ali,most parts of Qamdo and southwest of Shigatse( Division Ⅲ),most of the Brahmaputra( Division Ⅳ),the western Nyingchi and the central Qamdo( Division Ⅴ),and the southeastern Nyingchi( Division Ⅵ). It is found that the spatial distribution of wind effect index and temperature-humidity index have a decline tendency from southeast to northwest. The biological temperature in the east is more comfortable,which is suitable for tourism during March to October,while in the west the temperature is lower,with the suitable tourism time is May to September. The variation tendency of monthly oxygen concentration is a parabolic curve,with a peak in August and a nadir in January. Oxygen content in southeast is the highest,60% or more. In recent years,the climatic condition in the region is evolving towards warmer and more comfortable. The annual wind effect index and temperature-humidity index in the region represent significant linear growth tendency with the ratio of21. 79·( 10a)- 1and 0. 32 ·( 10a)- 1,respectively. The suitable time for tourism in the drainage basin of Brahmaputra and part of east has extended by 1 ~ 2 months in recent five years as compared with the past 30 years.
引文
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[2]An Yuqin,Xu Aiyan,Liu Jingjing.Analysis upon current state of cultural tourism resource development of Tibet[J].Journal of Tibet University(Natural Science Edition),2009,24(4);26-31.[安玉琴,徐爱燕,刘静静.西藏文化旅游资源开发现状探析[J].西藏大学学报(社会科学版),2009,24(4):26-31.]
[3]Wang Yaxin,Cao Liping.Discussion on the further development of Tibet tourism product[J].Geography and Geo-Information Science,2009,25(2);109-112.[王亚欣,曹利平.论西藏旅游产品的深度开发[J].地理与地理信息科学,2009,25(2):109-112.]
[4]Terjung W H.Physiologic climates of the conterminous United States:a bioclimatic classification based on man[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,1966,56(1):141-179.
[5]Richardson R B,Loomis J B.Adaptive recreation planning and climate change:A contingent visitation approach[J].Ecological Economics,2004,50(1):83-99.
[6]Epstein Y,Moran D S.Thermal comfort and the heat stress indices[J].Industrial Health,2006,44(3):388-398.
[7]Hamilton J M,Maddison D J,Richard S J.Climate change and international tourism:a simulation study[J]Global Environmental Change,2005,15(3):253-266.
[8]Ma Lijun,Sun Gennian,Ma Yanru,et al.Variation of tourism climate comfort degree in Beijing in the last 50 years[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2011,25(10):161-166.[马丽君,孙根年,马彦如,等.50年来北京旅游气候舒适度变化分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(10):161-166.]
[9]Bai Huzhi,Ma Zhenfeng,Dong Wenjie,et al.Climatic properties and sandstorm causes in Tibet Plateau[J].Journal of Desert Research,2006,26(2):249-253.[白虎志,马振锋,董文杰,等.西藏高原沙尘暴气候特征及成因研究[J].中国沙漠,2006,26(2):249-253.]
[10]Liang Xiaowen,Yang Meixue,Wan Guoning,et al.Research on the homogeneity of air temperature series over Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2015,37(2):275-285.[梁小文,杨梅学,万国宁,等.青藏高原气温序列的均一性研究[J].冰川冻土,2015,37(2):275-285.]
[11]Jiao Yang,You Qinglong,Lin Houbo,et al.The arctic oscillation effect on winter warming over the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(6):1385-1393.[焦洋,游庆龙,林厚博,等.北极涛动对青藏高原冬季变暖的影响[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(6):1385-1393.]
[12]Lu Hongya,Du Jun,Yuan Lei,et al.Variation characteristics of extreme precipitation events over Mt.Qomolangma region in China from 1971 to 2012[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(3):563-572.[路红亚,杜军,袁雷,等.1971-2012年珠穆朗玛峰地区极端降水事件变化研究[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(3):563-572.]
[13]Yang Zhigang,Zhuoma,Lu Hongya,et al.Characteristics of precipitation variation and its effects on runoff in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin during 1961-2010[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(1):166-172.[杨志刚,卓玛,路红亚,等.1961-2010年西藏雅鲁藏布江流域降水量变化特征及其对径流的影响分析[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(1):166-172.]
[14]Hua Wei,Dong Yiping,Fan Guangzhou.The analysis of spatial and temporal characteristics of annual sunshine duration over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2010,28(1):21-30.[华维,董一平,范广洲.青藏高原年日照时数变化的时空特征[J].山地学报,2010,28(1):21-30.]
[15]Lunzhu Qunpei,Li Hui,Nima Zhuoma,et al.Temporal and spatial distribution of wind speed over NW Tibet in recent forty years[J].Journal of Tibet University(Natural Science Edition),2013,28(2):22-28.[论珠群培,李惠,尼玛卓玛,等.近40年藏西北荒漠生态功能区风速时空分布特征分析[J].西藏大学学报(自然科学版),2013,28(2):22-28.]
[16]Duan Keqin,Yao Tandong,Wang Ninglian,et al.The difference in precipitation variability between the north and south Tibetan Plateaus[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2008,30(5):726-732.[段克勤,姚檀栋,王宁练,等.青藏高原南北降水变化差异研究[J].冰川冻土,2008,30(5):726-732.]
[17]Zhang Ying,Ma Minjin,Wang Shigong,et al.Evaluation on tourism comfort in nine famous mountain scenic spots in Chinese Mainland[J].Meteorological Monthly,2013,39(9):1221-1226.[张莹,马敏劲,王式功,等.中国大陆九大名山风景区旅游气候舒适度评价[J].气象,2013,39(9):1221-1226.]
[18]Wang Sheng,Tian Hong,Xie Wusan,et al.A study on variations and comprehensive zoning of climate comfort degree in Anhui Province in the past 50 years[J].Progress in Geography,2012,31(1):40-45.[王胜,田红,谢五三,等.近50年安徽省气候舒适度变化特征及区划研究[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(1):40-45.]
[19]Yu Zhikang,Sun Gennian,Feng Qing,et al.Tourism climate comfort and risk for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Resources Science,2014,36(11):2327-2336.[余志康,孙根年,冯庆,等.青藏高原旅游气候舒适性与气候风险的时空动态分析[J].资源科学,2014,36(11):2327-2336.]
[20]Zheng Shulong,Liao Shangang,Ren Jianmei.A study on evaluation and zoning of tour climate in Shanxi Province[J].Journal of Taiyuan Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2006,4(5):116-119.[郑书龙,廖善刚,任健美.山西旅游气候区划[J].太原师范学院学报(自然科学版),2006,4(5):116-119.]
[21]Guo Jie,Jiang Yan,Hu Yi,et al.Climatic Analysis and division of tourism resources in Sichuan Province[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2008,17(3):390-395.[郭洁,姜艳,胡毅,等.四川省旅游气候资源分析及区划[J].长江流域资源与环境,2008,17(3):390-395.]
[22]Zhao Zhenbin,Xue Liang,Yang Min,et al.Studies on the tourist resources spatial differentiation and zoning in Shaanxi Province[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2006,20(4):117-121.[赵振斌,薛亮,杨敏,等.陕西省旅游资源空间分异特征及区划研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2006,20(4):117-121.]
[23]Yan Shouyong,Ding Ji,Pu Jingjuan,et al.A preliminary study of the regionalization of tourism resources in China[J].Journal of Natural Resources,1989,4(2):112-122.[阎守邕,丁纪,濮静娟,等.中国旅游资源分区的初步研究[J].自然资源学报,1989,4(2):112-122.]
[24]Fan Yezheng,Guo Laixi.The climate suitability of tourism at the coastline destinations of China[J].Journal of Natural Resources,1998,13(4):304-311.[范业正,郭来喜.中国海滨旅游地气候适宜性评价[J].自然资源学报,1998,13(4):304-311.]
[25]Chen Tao,Wang Wei,Laba.Study on oxygen content change in Lhasa[J].Plateau and Mountain Meteorology Research,2010,30(2):65-67.[陈涛,王伟,拉巴.拉萨市空气含氧量变化研究[J].高原山地气象研究,2010,30(2):65-67.]
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