覆膜开孔条件下新疆地区潜水蒸发及水热关系研究
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摘要
【目的】分析不同覆膜开孔率对潜水蒸发和地温的影响,并揭示水热之间的关系。【方法】2012-07-29-09-13,在新疆库尔勒巴州灌溉试验站,采用潜水蒸发试验,研究覆膜开孔率分别为0.78%,2.40%,4.80%和100%时,潜水蒸发和0~20cm土层地温的变化,并分析了潜水蒸发与地温的关系。【结果】单位面积累积潜水蒸发量、潜水蒸发系数均随着覆膜开孔率的增加而增大,覆膜开孔率为0.78%,2.40%,4.80%时对应的蒸发抑制率分别为71.27%,70.44%和65.51%。单位面积累积潜水蒸发量与覆膜开孔率和时间之间呈复杂的幂函数关系;一天当中的潜水蒸发主要集中在20:00-0:00和04:00-10:00,而12:00-18:00的潜水蒸发速率接近于0;相同土层深度下地温变幅随覆膜开孔率的增加而增大。覆膜开孔率相同时,地温变幅随着土层深度的增加而逐渐减小,覆膜开孔率越小,土壤表层的温度变幅越小;同时,土壤剖面温度上高下低时,潜水蒸发受到抑制,反之则有利于潜水蒸发。【结论】覆膜能够有效抑制蒸发并减小土壤温度变幅,晚上潜水蒸发大于白天,这与新疆地区土壤剖面温度的变化密切相关。
【Objective】This study analyzed the relationship between groundwater evaporation and soil water-heat with different opening rations.【Method】Using groundwater evaporation test,the change of groundwater evaporation and ground temperature at depth of 0-20cm was investigated,and the relationship between groundwater evaporation and ground temperature when the opening rates were 0.78%,2.40%,4.80%and 100% were analyzed from July 29 to September 13,2012 at the irrigation station of Bazhou,Kuerle,Xinjiang.【Result】Per area cumulative groundwater evaporation and groundwater evaporation coefficient increased as the increase of opening rate.The evaporation inhibition rations were 71.27%,70.44%and 65.51% when the opening rates were 0.78%,2.40%,and 4.80%,respectively.The relationship between per area cumulative groundwater evaporation,opening rates and moments was complex power function.Groundwater evaporation mainly concentrated in 20:00-0:00 and 04:00-10:00,while in12:00-18:00 groundwater evaporation was closing to 0.Ground temperature increased as the increase of opening rate with same soil depth,while ground temperature gradually decreased as the increase of soil depth with same opening rate.The smaller the opening rate was,the smaller the soil surface temperature amplitude was.Groundwater evaporation was restrained when the soil profile temperature was low,while it was improved when the soil profile temperature was high.【Conclusion】The coating effectively inhibited evaporation and reduced soil temperature amplitude,and night groundwater evaporation capacity was greater than the daytime,which was closely related to the change pattern of the soil temperature.
【Objective】This study analyzed the relationship between groundwater evaporation and soil water-heat with different opening rations.【Method】Using groundwater evaporation test,the change of groundwater evaporation and ground temperature at depth of 0-20cm was investigated,and the relationship between groundwater evaporation and ground temperature when the opening rates were 0.78%,2.40%,4.80%and 100% were analyzed from July 29 to September 13,2012 at the irrigation station of Bazhou,Kuerle,Xinjiang.【Result】Per area cumulative groundwater evaporation and groundwater evaporation coefficient increased as the increase of opening rate.The evaporation inhibition rations were 71.27%,70.44%and 65.51% when the opening rates were 0.78%,2.40%,and 4.80%,respectively.The relationship between per area cumulative groundwater evaporation,opening rates and moments was complex power function.Groundwater evaporation mainly concentrated in 20:00-0:00 and 04:00-10:00,while in12:00-18:00 groundwater evaporation was closing to 0.Ground temperature increased as the increase of opening rate with same soil depth,while ground temperature gradually decreased as the increase of soil depth with same opening rate.The smaller the opening rate was,the smaller the soil surface temperature amplitude was.Groundwater evaporation was restrained when the soil profile temperature was low,while it was improved when the soil profile temperature was high.【Conclusion】The coating effectively inhibited evaporation and reduced soil temperature amplitude,and night groundwater evaporation capacity was greater than the daytime,which was closely related to the change pattern of the soil temperature.
引文
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[8]张富仓.温度对土壤水分运动和保持的影响[D].陕西杨凌:西北农业大学,1993.Zhang F C.Temperature effects on soil water movement and retention[D].Yangling,Shaanxi:Northwest Agricultural University,1993.(in Chinese)
[9]原翠萍,张心平,雷廷武,等.砂石覆盖粒径对土壤蒸发的影响[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(7):25-28.Yuan C P,Zhang X P,Lei T W,et al.Effects of mulching sand and gravel size on soil moisture evaporation[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2008,24(7):25-28.(in Chinese)
[10]王春霞,王全九,庄亮,等.干旱区膜下滴灌条件下膜孔蒸发特征研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(1):14-21.Wang C X,Wang Q J,Zhuang L,et al.Characteristics of evaporation from perforated plastic film in drip irrigation under film mulching in arid areas[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2011,29(1):14-21.(in Chinese)
[11]Gardner W R.Solutions of the flow equation for the drying of soils and other porous media[J].Soil Sci Soc Am Proc,1959,23:183-187.
[12]Gardner H R,Gardner W R.Relation of water application to evaporation and storage of soil water[J].Soil Sci Soc Am Proc,1969,33:192-196.
[13]Nassar I N,Horton,Globus A M.Thermally induced water transfers in salinized,unsaturated soil[J].Soil Sci Soc Am J,1997,61:1293-1299.
[14]夏自强,郭必芳,蒋洪庚,等.温度变化对土壤水运动及土壤水与潜水水分交换的影响[J].水科学进展,1995,6(增刊):15-22.Xia Z Q,Guo B F,Jiang H G,et al.Effect of temperature variation on soil water movement and water exchange between soil water and phreatic water[J].Advances in Water Science,1995,6(Suppl.):15-22.(in Chinese)
[15]栗现文,周金龙,靳孟贵,等.干旱区高盐度潜水蒸发试验研究[J].水资源与水工程学报,2012,23(5):6-10.Li X W,Zhou J L,Jin M G,et al.Experiment on evaporation of high-TDS phreatic water in arid area[J].Journal of Water Resources&Water Engineering,2012,23(5):6-10.(in Chinese)
[16]侯莉莉.蒸发条件下包气带水热运移模拟研究[D].西安:长安大学,2009.Hou L L.Research on aeration zone hydrothermal transport simulating under evaporation conditions[D].Xi’an:Chang’an University,2009.(in Chinese)
[2]徐飞鹏,李云开,任树梅.新疆棉花膜下滴灌技术的应用与发展的思考[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(1):25-27.Xu F P,Li Y K,Ren S M.Investigation and discussion of drip irrigation under mulch in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2003,19(1):25-27.(in Chinese)
[3]李毅,王全九,王文焰.覆膜条件下土壤水、盐、热耦合迁移研究[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,2006:1-20.Li Y,Wang Q J,Wang W Y.Research on soil water,salt,thermally coupling migration under coating conditions[M].Xi’an:Shaanxi Science and Technology Press,2006:1-20.(in Chinese)
[4]李法虎.土壤中水、热、溶质运移的研究现状及展望[J].灌溉排水,1994,13(1):7-10.Li F H.A review of simultaneous transfer of water,heat and aolute in porous media[J].Irrigation and Drainage,1994,13(1):7-10.(in Chinese)
[5]邓力群,陈铭,刘兆普,等.地面覆盖对盐渍土水热盐运动及作物生长的影响[J].土壤通报,2003,34(2):93-97.Deng L Q,Chen M,Liu Z P,et al.Effects of different ground covers on soil physical properties and crop growth on saline-alkaline soil[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2003,34(2):93-97.(in Chinese)
[6]胡晓棠,李明思.膜下滴灌对棉花根际土壤环境的影响研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2003,11(3):121-123.Hu X T,Li M S.Effects of trickle irrigation under subfilm on the soil conditions of rhizosphere in cotton[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2003,11(3):121-123.(in Chinese)
[7]张朝勇,蔡焕杰.膜下滴灌棉花土壤温度的动态变化规律[J].干旱地区农业研究,2005,23(2):11-15.Zhang C Y,Cai H J.Dynamic patterns of soil temperature in the drip irrigation underneath mulching film[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2005,23(2):11-15.(in Chinese)
[8]张富仓.温度对土壤水分运动和保持的影响[D].陕西杨凌:西北农业大学,1993.Zhang F C.Temperature effects on soil water movement and retention[D].Yangling,Shaanxi:Northwest Agricultural University,1993.(in Chinese)
[9]原翠萍,张心平,雷廷武,等.砂石覆盖粒径对土壤蒸发的影响[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(7):25-28.Yuan C P,Zhang X P,Lei T W,et al.Effects of mulching sand and gravel size on soil moisture evaporation[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2008,24(7):25-28.(in Chinese)
[10]王春霞,王全九,庄亮,等.干旱区膜下滴灌条件下膜孔蒸发特征研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(1):14-21.Wang C X,Wang Q J,Zhuang L,et al.Characteristics of evaporation from perforated plastic film in drip irrigation under film mulching in arid areas[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2011,29(1):14-21.(in Chinese)
[11]Gardner W R.Solutions of the flow equation for the drying of soils and other porous media[J].Soil Sci Soc Am Proc,1959,23:183-187.
[12]Gardner H R,Gardner W R.Relation of water application to evaporation and storage of soil water[J].Soil Sci Soc Am Proc,1969,33:192-196.
[13]Nassar I N,Horton,Globus A M.Thermally induced water transfers in salinized,unsaturated soil[J].Soil Sci Soc Am J,1997,61:1293-1299.
[14]夏自强,郭必芳,蒋洪庚,等.温度变化对土壤水运动及土壤水与潜水水分交换的影响[J].水科学进展,1995,6(增刊):15-22.Xia Z Q,Guo B F,Jiang H G,et al.Effect of temperature variation on soil water movement and water exchange between soil water and phreatic water[J].Advances in Water Science,1995,6(Suppl.):15-22.(in Chinese)
[15]栗现文,周金龙,靳孟贵,等.干旱区高盐度潜水蒸发试验研究[J].水资源与水工程学报,2012,23(5):6-10.Li X W,Zhou J L,Jin M G,et al.Experiment on evaporation of high-TDS phreatic water in arid area[J].Journal of Water Resources&Water Engineering,2012,23(5):6-10.(in Chinese)
[16]侯莉莉.蒸发条件下包气带水热运移模拟研究[D].西安:长安大学,2009.Hou L L.Research on aeration zone hydrothermal transport simulating under evaporation conditions[D].Xi’an:Chang’an University,2009.(in Chinese)