论瞬时性:汉语时间表征的经验基础
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摘要
时间本身较为抽象,其语言表征往往需要借助于空间概念和空间表达。但是,时间一定有其自身无关乎空间的特征,即瞬时性,才能使空间概念有隐喻映射的对象。本文首先对Evans(2013)提出的时间参照框架进行述介,并据此尝试构建起时间表征层现框架,然后论证时间参照框架和时间表征层现框架在汉语中的可行性,为瞬时性是时间表征的经验基础这一观点提供跨语言的论据。
Time is usually represented linguistically by the concept or expressions of space,which makes time itself more abstract or intangible. However,there must be a feature of the time unrelated to the space. That is transience. It is the transience that allows spatial concepts to be mapped onto the time domain metaphorically. The present paper tries to construct the emergence framework of the linguistic representation of time based on the t-FoR of Evans(2013). It then demonstrates the feasibility of both frameworks in Chinese to provide cross-linguistic evidence for the view that transience is the experiential basis of the linguistic representation of time.
Time is usually represented linguistically by the concept or expressions of space,which makes time itself more abstract or intangible. However,there must be a feature of the time unrelated to the space. That is transience. It is the transience that allows spatial concepts to be mapped onto the time domain metaphorically. The present paper tries to construct the emergence framework of the linguistic representation of time based on the t-FoR of Evans(2013). It then demonstrates the feasibility of both frameworks in Chinese to provide cross-linguistic evidence for the view that transience is the experiential basis of the linguistic representation of time.
引文
[1]Bender,A.,Bennardo,G.&S. Beller. Spatial frames of reference for temporal relations:A conceptual analysis in English,German,and Tongan[A]. In Beller,S.,Bender,A.&G. Bannardo(eds.). Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society[C]. California:California Digital Library,2005:220-225.
[2]Bender,A.,Beller,S.&G. Bannardo. Temporal frames of reference:Conceptual analysis and empirical evidence from German,English,Mandarin Chinese and Tongan[J]. Journal of Cognition and Culture,2010(4):283-307.
[3]Bender,A. Rothe-Wulf,A. Huther,L.&S. Beller. Moving forward in space and time:How strong is the conceptual link between spatial and temporal frames of reference FoRs?[J]. Frontiers in Psychology,2012(3):1-11.
[4]Casasanto,D.&L. Boroditsky. Time in the mind:Using space to think about time[J]. Cognition,2008(106):579-93.
[5]Clark,H. H. Space,time,semantics and the child[A]. In Moore,T.(ed.). Cognitive Development and the Acquisition of Language[C]. New York:Academic Press,1973:27-63.
[6]Critchley,M. The Parietal Lobes[M]. London:Edward Arnold&Co.,1953.
[7]Evans,V. Temporal frames of reference[J]. Cognitive Linguistics,2013(3):393-435.
[8]Flaherty,M. A Watched Pot:How We Experience Time[M]. New York:New York University Press,1999.
[9]Gentner,D. Spatial Metaphors in Temporal Reasoning[M]. Camtridge:The MIT Press,2001.
[10]Gentner,D.,Lmai,M.&L. Boroditsky. As time goes by:Evidence for two systems in processing space time metaphors[J]. Language and Cognitive Processes,2002(5):537-65.
[11]Kemmerer,D. The spatial and temporal meanings of English prepositions can be independently impaired[J]. Neuropsychologia,2005(5):797-806.
[12]Kranjec,A. Extending spatial frames of reference to temporal concepts[J]. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society,2006(28):447-452.
[13]Lakoff,G.&M. Johnson. Metaphors We Live by[M]. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1980.
[14]Levinson,S. Space in Language and Cognition:Explorations in Linguistic Diversity[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2003.
[15]Locke,J. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding[M]. Oxford:Clarendon Press,1975.
[16]Margolies,S. O.&Elizabeth,C. Event valence and spatial metaphors of time[J]. Cognition&Emotion,2008(7):1401-1414.
[17]Moore,K. E. Space-to-Time Mappings and Temporal Concepts[M]. Cognitive Linguistics,2006(2):199-244.
[18]Nú1ez,R. E.&E. Sweetser. With the future behind them:Convergent evidence from Aymara language and gesture in the crosslinguistic comparison of spatial construals of time[J]. Cognitive Science,2006(3):401-450.
[19]Piaget,J. The Child’s Conception of Time[M]. London:Routledge&Kegan Paul,1946/1969.
[20]Tenbrink,T. Space,Time and the Use of Language:An Investigation of Relationships[M]. Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter,2007.
[21]Tenbrink,T. Reference frames of space and time in language[J]. Journal of Pragmatics,2011(3):704-722.
[22]骆蓉.英汉特殊空间移动构式“路径”表达的认知对比研究[J].西安外国语大学学报,2018(2):1-5.
[23]吴平.汉语的时间表达与中国文化[J].北京第二外国语学院学报,1996(3):133-137.
[24]郑庆君.汉语话语中的时间表达[J].湖南师范大学社会科学学报,2003(6):106-110.
[25]郑玮琦,刘烨,傅小兰.影响时空隐喻理解中时间运动视角选择的因素[J].心理科学进展,2015(10):1711-1722.
[26]朱海燕.中国人对时空隐喻认知的心理现实性研究[J].外语教学,2016(1):48-52.
[2]Bender,A.,Beller,S.&G. Bannardo. Temporal frames of reference:Conceptual analysis and empirical evidence from German,English,Mandarin Chinese and Tongan[J]. Journal of Cognition and Culture,2010(4):283-307.
[3]Bender,A. Rothe-Wulf,A. Huther,L.&S. Beller. Moving forward in space and time:How strong is the conceptual link between spatial and temporal frames of reference FoRs?[J]. Frontiers in Psychology,2012(3):1-11.
[4]Casasanto,D.&L. Boroditsky. Time in the mind:Using space to think about time[J]. Cognition,2008(106):579-93.
[5]Clark,H. H. Space,time,semantics and the child[A]. In Moore,T.(ed.). Cognitive Development and the Acquisition of Language[C]. New York:Academic Press,1973:27-63.
[6]Critchley,M. The Parietal Lobes[M]. London:Edward Arnold&Co.,1953.
[7]Evans,V. Temporal frames of reference[J]. Cognitive Linguistics,2013(3):393-435.
[8]Flaherty,M. A Watched Pot:How We Experience Time[M]. New York:New York University Press,1999.
[9]Gentner,D. Spatial Metaphors in Temporal Reasoning[M]. Camtridge:The MIT Press,2001.
[10]Gentner,D.,Lmai,M.&L. Boroditsky. As time goes by:Evidence for two systems in processing space time metaphors[J]. Language and Cognitive Processes,2002(5):537-65.
[11]Kemmerer,D. The spatial and temporal meanings of English prepositions can be independently impaired[J]. Neuropsychologia,2005(5):797-806.
[12]Kranjec,A. Extending spatial frames of reference to temporal concepts[J]. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society,2006(28):447-452.
[13]Lakoff,G.&M. Johnson. Metaphors We Live by[M]. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1980.
[14]Levinson,S. Space in Language and Cognition:Explorations in Linguistic Diversity[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2003.
[15]Locke,J. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding[M]. Oxford:Clarendon Press,1975.
[16]Margolies,S. O.&Elizabeth,C. Event valence and spatial metaphors of time[J]. Cognition&Emotion,2008(7):1401-1414.
[17]Moore,K. E. Space-to-Time Mappings and Temporal Concepts[M]. Cognitive Linguistics,2006(2):199-244.
[18]Nú1ez,R. E.&E. Sweetser. With the future behind them:Convergent evidence from Aymara language and gesture in the crosslinguistic comparison of spatial construals of time[J]. Cognitive Science,2006(3):401-450.
[19]Piaget,J. The Child’s Conception of Time[M]. London:Routledge&Kegan Paul,1946/1969.
[20]Tenbrink,T. Space,Time and the Use of Language:An Investigation of Relationships[M]. Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter,2007.
[21]Tenbrink,T. Reference frames of space and time in language[J]. Journal of Pragmatics,2011(3):704-722.
[22]骆蓉.英汉特殊空间移动构式“路径”表达的认知对比研究[J].西安外国语大学学报,2018(2):1-5.
[23]吴平.汉语的时间表达与中国文化[J].北京第二外国语学院学报,1996(3):133-137.
[24]郑庆君.汉语话语中的时间表达[J].湖南师范大学社会科学学报,2003(6):106-110.
[25]郑玮琦,刘烨,傅小兰.影响时空隐喻理解中时间运动视角选择的因素[J].心理科学进展,2015(10):1711-1722.
[26]朱海燕.中国人对时空隐喻认知的心理现实性研究[J].外语教学,2016(1):48-52.