铬解毒机制诱导香根草的生长和抗氧化反应（英文）
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摘要
本文研究了铬(Cr)对香根草(Chrysopogon zizanioides)生长以及抗氧化防御酶活性的影响,探讨其对Cr的解毒机制。在50 mg/L Cr处理条件下,植物地上部分和地下部分的生长量分别降低了36.8%和45.0%;Cr在植物地下部分的积累量(9807μg/g干重)大于地上部分的积累量(8730μg/g干重)。随着Cr添加量的增加,光合色素和丙二醛含量增加,在30 mg/L Cr处理条件下含量达到最高,之后,随着Cr处理浓度的增加略有下降;同时,抗氧化防御酶(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶)的活性显著提高,在较高浓度Cr处理下略有下降。同工酶结果显示在高浓度Cr处理下,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶的条带强度降低。目前研究结果表明,高浓度Cr导致活性氧过量产生,从而增加了对香根草的氧化损伤,而光合色素、丙二醛、抗氧化酶含量的增加表明香根草对Cr有潜在的耐性机制。结果表明,香根草具有对Cr的解毒机制,并可以积累高浓度的Cr。本文为更深入地研究根草对Cr的解毒机制提供了依据。
This study investigated the chromium(Cr) detoxification mechanism-induced changes in growth and antioxidant defence enzyme activities in Chrysopogon zizanioides. Plant growth decreased by 36.8% and 45.0% in the shoots and roots, respectively, in the 50 mg/L Cr treatment. Cr accumulation was higher in root(9807 μg/g DW) than in shoots(8730 μg/g DW). Photosynthetic pigments and malondialdehyde content increased up to the 30 mg/L Cr treatment, whereas they declined at higher doses. The activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT) and peroxidase(POX) were increased significantly with increasing of Cr dose but slightly declined at higher doses. Isozyme banding patterns revealed the expression of multiple bands for SOD, CAT and POX enzymes, and the band intensity decreased at high doses of Cr exposure. These results indicate that higher Cr doses increased the oxidative stress by over production of reactive oxygen species(ROS) in vetiver that had potential tolerance mechanism to Cr as evidenced by enhanced level of antioxidative enzymes, photosynthetic pigments, MDA contents. Therefore, vetiver has evolved a mechanism for detoxification and accumulates higher concentration of toxic Cr. This study provides a better understanding of how vetiver detoxifies Cr.
This study investigated the chromium(Cr) detoxification mechanism-induced changes in growth and antioxidant defence enzyme activities in Chrysopogon zizanioides. Plant growth decreased by 36.8% and 45.0% in the shoots and roots, respectively, in the 50 mg/L Cr treatment. Cr accumulation was higher in root(9807 μg/g DW) than in shoots(8730 μg/g DW). Photosynthetic pigments and malondialdehyde content increased up to the 30 mg/L Cr treatment, whereas they declined at higher doses. The activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT) and peroxidase(POX) were increased significantly with increasing of Cr dose but slightly declined at higher doses. Isozyme banding patterns revealed the expression of multiple bands for SOD, CAT and POX enzymes, and the band intensity decreased at high doses of Cr exposure. These results indicate that higher Cr doses increased the oxidative stress by over production of reactive oxygen species(ROS) in vetiver that had potential tolerance mechanism to Cr as evidenced by enhanced level of antioxidative enzymes, photosynthetic pigments, MDA contents. Therefore, vetiver has evolved a mechanism for detoxification and accumulates higher concentration of toxic Cr. This study provides a better understanding of how vetiver detoxifies Cr.
引文
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[31]RASHAD M B,MUHAMMAD A S,CHRISTOPHER V,LICOLN Z,GUODONG L,NEIL S M,BALA R,JUAN J MN,FRANCISCO G S.Kinnow mandarin plants grafted on tetraploid roots tocks are more tolerant to Cr-toxicity than those grafted on its diploids one[J].Environmental and Experimental Botany,2017,140:8-18.DOI:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2017.05.011.
[32]SEN A K,MONDAL N G,MONDAL S.Studies of uptake and toxic effects of Cr(VI)on Pisita stratioites[J].Water Science and Technology,1987,19:119-127.DOI:10.1007/978-90-481-2666-8_53.
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[35]SAMARDAKIEWICZ S,WOZNY A.The distribution of lead in duckweed(Lemna minor L.)root tip[J].Plant Soil,2000,226:107-111.DOI:10.1023/a:1026440730839.
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[3]DUBE B K,TEWARI K,CHATTERJEE J,CHATTERJEE C.Excess chromium alters uptake and translocation of certain nutrients in Citrullus[J].Chemosphere,2003,53:1147-1153.DOI:10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00570-8.
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[5]XUE Sheng-guo,YE Yu-zhen,ZHU Feng,WANG Qiong-li,JIANG Jun,HARTLEY W.Changes in distribution and microstructure of bauxite residue aggregates following amendments addition[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2019,78:276-286.DOI:10.1016/j.jes.2018.10.010.
[6]ZHANG A,FENG H,YANG G.Unventilated indoor coal-fired stoves in Guizhou province,China:Cellular and genetic damage in villagers exposed to arsenic in food and air[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2007,115:653-658.DOI:10.1289/ehp.9272.
[7]WU Chuan,SHI Li-zheng,XUE Sheng-guo,LI Wai-chin,JIANG Xing-xing,RAJENDRAN M,QIAN Zi-yan.Effect of sulfur-iron modified biochar on the available cadmium and bacterial community structure in contaminated soils[J].Science of the Total Environment,2019,647:1158-1168.DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.087.
[8]GASPAR T,PENEL C,HAGEGE D,GREPPIN H.Peroxidases in plant growth:Differentiation and development processes[C]//LOBARZEWSKI J,GREPPINH,PENEL C,GASPAR T.Biochemical,Molecular and Physiological Aspects of Plant Peroxidases.Lublin,1991:249-280 Lublin.
[9]XUE Sheng-guo,WU Yu-jun,LI Yi-wei,KONG Xiang-feng,ZHU Feng,HARTLEY W,LI Xiao-fei,YE Yu-zhen.Industrial wastes applications for alkalinity regulation in bauxite residue:A comprehensive review[J].Journal of Central South University,2019,26(2):268-288.
[10]ZOU Qi,AN Wen-hui,WU Chuan,LI Wai-chin,FU An-qin,XIAO Rui-yang,CHEN Hui-kang,XUE Sheng-guo.Red mud modified biochar reduces soil arsenic availability and changes bacterial composition[J].Environmental Chemistry Letters,2018,16(3):615-622.DOI:10.1007/s10311-017-0688-1.
[11]XUE Sheng-guo,LI Meng,JIANG Jun,MILLAR G J,LIChu-xuan,KONG Xiang-feng.Phosphogypsum stabilization of bauxite residue:Conversion of its alkaline characteristics[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2019,77:1-10.DOI:10.1016/j.jes.2018.05.016.
[12]SINGH V,THAKUR L,MONDAL P.Removal of lead and chromium from synthetic wastewater using Vetiveria zizanioides[J].Clean Soil Air Water,2015,43-44:538-543.DOI:10.1002/clen.201300578.
[13]MANIKANDAN R,EZHILI N,VENKATACHALAM P.Phosphorus supplementation alleviates the cadmium induced toxicity by modulating oxidative stress mechanisms in vetiver grass(Chrysopogon zizanioides)[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering,2016.DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001112.
[14]LIU W,YANG Y S,LI P J,ZHOU Q X,XIL L J,HAN X P.Risk assessment of cadmium contaminated soil on plant DNA damage using RAPD and physiological indices[J].Journal of Hazards Materials,2009,161:878-823.DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.038.
[15]AL-SAADI S A A M,AL-SAADI W M,AL-WAHEEB A NH,The effect of some heavy metals accumulation on physiological and anatomical characteristic of some Potamogeton L.plant[J].Journal of Ecology and Environmental Science,2013,4:100-108.DOI:10.1134/S1995082917020031.
[16]ARNON D I.Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts:polyphenol oxidase in Beta valgaris[J].Plant Physiology,1949,24:1-15.DOI:10.1104/pp.24.1.1.
[17]DAS M,MAITI S K.Metal accumulation in five native plants growing on abandoned cu-tailings ponds[J].Applies Ecology Environmental Research,2007,5:27-35.DOI:10.15666/aeer/0501_027035.
[18]DAUD K,MEI L,VARIATH M T,ALI S,LI C,RAFIQ M T,ZHU S J.Chromium(VI)uptake and tolerance potential in cotton cultivars:Effect on their root physiology,ultramorphology,and oxidative metabolism[J].Biomedical Research International,2014:Article ID 975946.DOI:10.1155/2014/975946.
[19]DHINDSA R A,PLUMB D P,THORPE T A.Leaf senescence:Correlated with increased permeability and lipid peroxidation and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,1981,126:93-101.DOI:10.1093/jxb/32.1.93.
[20]AEBI H.Catalase in vitro[J].Methods in Enzymology,1984,105:121-126.DOI:10.1016/S0076-6879(84)05016-3.
[21]CASTILLO F I,PENEL I,GREPPIN H.Peroxidase release induced by ozone in Redum album leaves[J].Plant Physiology,1984,74:846-851.
[22]BEAUCHAMP C,FRIDOVICH I.Superoxide dismutase:Improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels[J].Analysis Biochemistry,1971,44:276-287.DOI:10.1016/0003-2697(71)90370-8.
[23]VERMA S,DUBEY R S.Lead toxicity induces lipid peroxidation and alters the activities of antioxidant enzymes in growing rice plants[J].Plant Science,2003,164:645-655.DOI:10.1016/s0168-9452(03)00022-0.
[24]ANDERSON D,PRASAD K,STEWART R.Changes in isozyme Profiles of catalase,peroxidase and Glutathione reductase during acclimation to chilling in mesocotyls of maize seedlings[J].Plant Physiology,1995,109:1247-1257.DOI:10.2307/4276926.
[25]BRADFORD M.A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein dye binding[J].Analysis of Biochemistry,1976,44:276-287.DOI:10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3.
[26]DAVENPORT S B,GALLEGO S M,BENAVIDES M P,TOMAROW M L.Behaviour of antioxidant defense system in the adaptive response to salt stress in Helianthus annus L[J].Plant Cell Growth Regulator,2003,40:81-88.DOI:10.1023/A:1023060211546.
[27]MICHAEL P I,KRISHNASWAMY M.The effect of zinc stress combined with high irradiance stress on membrane damage and antioxidative response in bean seedlings[J].Environmental and Experimental Botany,2011,74:171-177.DOI:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2011.05.016.
[28]SERGIEV I,ALXIEVA V,KARANOV E.Effect of sperm one,atrazine and combination between them on some endogenous protective systems and stress markers in plants[J].Comptes Rendus de Academie Bulgare des Sciences,1997,51:121-124.DOI:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2011.05.016.
[29]MALLICK S,SINAM G,MISHRA RK,SINHA S.Interactive effects of Cr and Fe treatments on plants growth,nutrition and oxidative status in Zea mays L[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2010,73:987-995.DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.03.004.
[30]SHAHIDA M,SHAMSHAD S,RAFIQ M,KHALID S,BIBI I,NIAZI NK,DUMAT C,RASHID M I.Chromium speciation,bioavailability,uptake,toxicity and detoxification in soil-plant system:A review[J].Chemosphere,2017,178:513-533.DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.074.
[31]RASHAD M B,MUHAMMAD A S,CHRISTOPHER V,LICOLN Z,GUODONG L,NEIL S M,BALA R,JUAN J MN,FRANCISCO G S.Kinnow mandarin plants grafted on tetraploid roots tocks are more tolerant to Cr-toxicity than those grafted on its diploids one[J].Environmental and Experimental Botany,2017,140:8-18.DOI:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2017.05.011.
[32]SEN A K,MONDAL N G,MONDAL S.Studies of uptake and toxic effects of Cr(VI)on Pisita stratioites[J].Water Science and Technology,1987,19:119-127.DOI:10.1007/978-90-481-2666-8_53.
[33]SIEGEL H.Metal ion in biological systems[M].New York:Marcel Dekker,1973:2.
[34]SINHA V,PAKSHIRAJAN K,CHATURVEDI R.Chromium(VI)accumulation and tolerance by Tradescantia pallid:Biochemical and antioxidant study[J].Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology,2014,173:2297-2306.DOI:10.1007/s12010-014-1035-7.
[35]SAMARDAKIEWICZ S,WOZNY A.The distribution of lead in duckweed(Lemna minor L.)root tip[J].Plant Soil,2000,226:107-111.DOI:10.1023/a:1026440730839.
[36]SINHA S,SAXENA R,SINGH S.Chromium induced lipid peroxidation in the plants of Pistia stratiotes L.:Role of antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes[J].Chemosphere,2005,58:595-604.DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.071.
[37]PANDEY V,DIXIT V,SHYAM R.Chromium effect on ROSgeneration and detoxification in pea(Pisum sativum)leaf chloroplasts[J].Protoplasma,2009,236:85-95.DOI:10.1007/s00709-009-0061-8.
[38]DHIR B,SHARMILA P,PARDHA SARADHI P,NASIM SA.Physiological and antioxidant responses of Salvinia natans exposed to chromium-rich waste water[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2009,72:1790-1797.DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.03.015.
[39]ELSTNER E F.Oxygen activation and oxygen toxicity[J].Annual Review of Plant Physiology,1983,33:73-96.DOI:10.1146/annurev.pp.33.060182.000445.
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