生物炭中持久性自由基对秀丽隐杆线虫的毒性
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摘要
为了评价生物炭的使用对生态系统,尤其是对土壤无脊椎动物的毒性影响,使用模式生物秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans, C. elegans)来评估生物炭的环境风险.观察了生物炭原样、生物炭颗粒物和生物炭浸提液对线虫神经行为学评价指标(身体摆动频率、相对运动长度、排泄间隔时间、碰触反应率和化学感知行为指数)的影响;并结合生物炭的理化性质、非金属元素组成和重金属元素含量以及环境持久性自由基(EPFRs)的强度,评估生物炭对线虫的生物毒性.结果显示,EPFRs信号强的生物炭和颗粒物对秀丽隐杆线虫有一定的毒物兴奋效应,EPFRs信号微弱的浸提液无显著性影响.因此,生物炭中的EPFRs对秀丽隐杆线虫有潜在的神经毒性作用.
As an effective soil amendment, biochars have attracted increasing research attention, while their environmental risks have not been fully explored. Studies on the effects of biochars on ecosystem, especially on soil invertebrates, are still scarce. The model organism, Caenorhabditis elegans(C. elegans, nematode), was used to assess the potential neurotoxicity of biochar. The neurobehaviors of C. elegans, including their body bends, relative move length, defecation, touch response and chemical index, were investigated after 24 h-exposed in biochars, the washed biochars and biochar supernatants. The contents of metallic and non-metallic elements, biochar physicochemical properties and the environmentally persistent free radicals(EPFRs) were characterized. The results showed a hormesis behavior of C. elegans when exposed in biochar particles with high EPFRs intensity. No significant effect to C. elegans was observed when exposed in supernatants. Compared to the other endogenous pollutants in biochars, EPFRs have a potential neurotoxic effects to nematodes. This study provides a new angle to assess the potential environmental risks of biochar application.
As an effective soil amendment, biochars have attracted increasing research attention, while their environmental risks have not been fully explored. Studies on the effects of biochars on ecosystem, especially on soil invertebrates, are still scarce. The model organism, Caenorhabditis elegans(C. elegans, nematode), was used to assess the potential neurotoxicity of biochar. The neurobehaviors of C. elegans, including their body bends, relative move length, defecation, touch response and chemical index, were investigated after 24 h-exposed in biochars, the washed biochars and biochar supernatants. The contents of metallic and non-metallic elements, biochar physicochemical properties and the environmentally persistent free radicals(EPFRs) were characterized. The results showed a hormesis behavior of C. elegans when exposed in biochar particles with high EPFRs intensity. No significant effect to C. elegans was observed when exposed in supernatants. Compared to the other endogenous pollutants in biochars, EPFRs have a potential neurotoxic effects to nematodes. This study provides a new angle to assess the potential environmental risks of biochar application.
引文
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[3]Lian F,Xing B.Black carbon(biochar)in water/soil environments:molecular structure,sorption,stability,and potential risk[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2017,51(23):13517-13532.
[4]Liao S,Pan B,Li H,et al.Detecting free radicals in biochars and determining their ability to inhibit the germination and growth of corn,wheat and rice seedlings[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(15):8581-8587.
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[6]张尚毅,刘国涛,谢梦佩.有机垃圾热解炭对紫色土细菌群落结构的影响[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(2):669-676.Zhang S,Liu G,Xie M.Influence of organic fraction of municipal solid waste-based biochar on microbial community structure in a purple soil[J].China Environmenatl Science,2017,37(2):669-676.
[7]Hale S E,Lehmann J,Rutherford D,et al.Quantifying the total and bioavailable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dioxins in biochars[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(5):2830-2838.
[8]Cang L,Zhu X,Wang Y,et al.Pollutant contents in biochar and their potential environmental risks for field application[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(15):163-167.
[9]Trap J,Bonkowski M,Plassard C,et al.Ecological importance of soil bacterivores for ecosystem functions[J].Plant&Soil,2016,398(1/2):1-24.
[10]Gebremikael M T,Steel H,Buchan D,et al.Nematodes enhance plant growth and nutrient uptake under C and N-rich conditions[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6:32862.
[11]Tejeda-Benitez L,Olivero-Verbel J.Caenorhabditis elegans,a biological model for research in toxicology[M].Switzerland:Springer International Publishing,2016:1-35.
[12]Leung M C K,Williams P L,Benedetto A,et al.Caenorhabditis elegans:An emerging model in biomedical and environmental toxicology[J].Toxicological Sciences,2008,106(1):5-28.
[13]Shaye D D,Greenwald I.Ortholist:A compendium of c.Elegans genes with human orthologs[J].PloS One,2013,6(5):1573-1574.
[14]Peredney C,Williams P.Utility of caenorhabditis elegans for assessing heavy metal contamination in artificial soil[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2000,39(1):113-118.
[15]E2172-01Standard guide for conducting laboratory soil toxicity tests with the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans[S].
[16]Saul N,Stürzenbaum S R,Chakrabarti S,et al.Adsorbable organic bromine compounds(AOBr)in aquatic samples:A nematode-based toxicogenomic assessment of the exposure hazard[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(19):14862-14873.
[17]Ju J,Lieke T,Saul N,et al.Neurotoxic evaluation of two organobromine model compounds and natural aobr-containing surface water samples by a Caenorhabditis elegans test[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2014,104:194-201.
[18]Zhao Y,Wang X,Wu Q,et al.Quantum dots exposure alters both development and function of d-type gabaergic motor neurons in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans[J].Toxicology Research,2015,4(2):399-408.
[19]Zhi L,Qu M,Ren M,et al.Graphene oxide induces canonical wnt/β-catenin signaling-dependent toxicity in caenorhabditis elegans[J].Carbon,2017,113:122-131.
[20]Chen H,Li H,Wang D.Graphene oxide dysregulates neuroligin/nlg-1-mediated molecular signaling in interneurons in Caenorhabditis elegans[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7:41655.
[21]Wu Q,Han X,Wang D,et al.Coal combustion related fine particulate matter(PM2.5)induces toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans by dysregulating microrna expression[J].Toxicology Research,2017,6(4):432-441.
[22]Lieke T,Zhang X,Steinberg C E W,et al.Overlooked risks of biochars:Persistent free radicals trigger neurotoxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2018,52(14):7981-7987.
[23]Khanna N,Cressman C P,Tatara C P,et al.Tolerance of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to ph,salinity,and hardness in aquatic media[J].Archives of Environment Contamination and Toxicology,1997,32(1):110-114.
[24]HJ 805-2016土壤和沉积物多环芳烃的测定气相色谱-质谱法[S].HJ 805-2016 Soil and Sediment-Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method[S].
[25]Lieke T,Steinberg C E,Ju J,et al.Natural marine and synthetic xenobiotics get on nematode’s nerves:Neuro-stimulating and neurotoxic findings in Caenorhabditis elegans[J].Marine Drugs,2015,13(5):2785-2812.
[26]Wu W X,Yang M,Feng Q B,et al.Chemical characterization of rice straw-derived biochar for soil amendment[J].Biomass&Bioenergy,2012,47(4):268-276.
[27]田路萍,常兆峰,王朋,等.利用苯多酸生物标记物表征生物炭的含量及特性[J].环境化学,2017,36(4):738-744.Tian L,Chang Z,Wang P,et al.Characterization of biochars properities with benzene polycarboxylic acid biomarker[J].Environmental Chemistry,2017,36(4):738-744.
[28]GB 15618-2018土壤环境质量标准农田地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)[S].GB 15618-2018 Soil environmental quality-Risk control standard for soil contamination of agricultural land[S].
[29]居静娟.应用秀丽隐杆线虫模型研究蓝藻毒素的神经毒性及其作用机制[D].南京:东南大学,2014.Ju J.Using Caenorhabditis elegans to study the neurotoxicity and mechanism of microcystins[D].Nanjing:Southeast University,2014.
[30]Sanger G J,Yoshida M,Yahyah M,et al.Increased defecation during stress or after 5-hydroxytryptophan:selective inhibition by the 5-HT4receptor antagonist,SB-207266[J].British Journal of Pharmacology,2000,130(3):706-712.
[31]Kaplan J M,Horvitz H R.A dual mechanosensory and chemosensory neuron in Caenorhabditis elegans[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1993,90(6):2227-2231.
[32]Bargmann CI.Chemosensation in C.elegans.[EB/OL].https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK19746/2006-10-25.
[33]Takeshi I,Yuichi I,Akiko M,et al.Hen-1,a secretory protein with an ldl receptor motif,regulates sensory integration and learning in Caenorhabditis elegans[J].Cell,2002,109(5):639-649.
[34]Calabrese E J.Hormesis:Why it is important to toxicology and toxicologists[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2008,27(7):1451-1474.
[35]Calabrese E J,Baldwin L A.The dose determines the stimulation(and poison):Development of a chemical hormesis database[J].International Journal of Toxicology,1997,16(6):545-559.
[36]Steinberg C E,Pietsch K,Saul N,et al.Transcript expression patterns illuminate the mechanistic background of hormesis in Caenorhabditis elegans maupas[J].Dose-Response,2013,11(4):573.
[37]Tian L,Koshland C P,Yano J,et al.Carbon-centered free radicals in particulate matter emissions from wood and coal combustion[J].Energy&Fuels,2009,23(5):2523.
[38]Di Valentin C,Neyman K M,Risse T,et al.Density-functional model cluster studies of EPR g tensors of centers on the surface of MgO[J].Journal of Chemical Physics,2006,124(4):044708.
[39]Wang P,Pan B,Li H,et al.The overlooked occurrence of environmentally persistent free radicals in an area with low-rank coal burning,Xuanwei,China[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2018,52(3):1054-1061.
[40]Dellinger B,Pryor W A,Cueto R,et al.Role of free radicals in the toxicity of airborne fine particulate matter[J].Chemical Research in Toxicology,2001,14(10):1371-1377.
[41]Wang D,Xing X.Assessment of locomotion behavioral defects induced by acute toxicity from heavy metal exposure in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2008,20(9):1132-1137.
[42]Fang G,Liu C,Wang Y,et al.Photogeneration of reactive oxygen species from biochar suspension for diethyl phthalate degradation[J].Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2017,214:34-45.
[43]Dalal N S,Suryan M M,Vallyathan V,et al.Detection of reactive free radicals in fresh coal mine dust and their implication for pulmonary injury[J].The Annals of occupational hygiene,1989,33(1):79-84.
[44]Thevenot P T,Saravia J,Jin N,et al.Radical-containing ultrafine particulate matter initiates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions in airway epithelial cells[J].American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology,2013,48(2):188-197.
[45]Saravia J,Lee G I,Lomnicki S,et al.Particulate matter containing environmentally persistent free radicals and adverse infant respiratory health effects:A review[J].Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology,2013,27(1):56-68.
[46]Pham-Huy L A,He H,Pham-Huy C.Free radicals,antioxidants in disease and health[J].International journal of biomedical science:IJBS,2008,4(2):89-96.
[2]Van Zwieten L,Kimber S,Morris S,et al.Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility[J].Plant and Soil,2009,327(1/2):235-246.
[3]Lian F,Xing B.Black carbon(biochar)in water/soil environments:molecular structure,sorption,stability,and potential risk[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2017,51(23):13517-13532.
[4]Liao S,Pan B,Li H,et al.Detecting free radicals in biochars and determining their ability to inhibit the germination and growth of corn,wheat and rice seedlings[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(15):8581-8587.
[5]Quilliam R S,Glanville H C,Wade S C,et al.Life in the‘charosphere’-does biochar in agricultural soil provide a significant habitat for microorganisms?[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2013,65(6):287-293.
[6]张尚毅,刘国涛,谢梦佩.有机垃圾热解炭对紫色土细菌群落结构的影响[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(2):669-676.Zhang S,Liu G,Xie M.Influence of organic fraction of municipal solid waste-based biochar on microbial community structure in a purple soil[J].China Environmenatl Science,2017,37(2):669-676.
[7]Hale S E,Lehmann J,Rutherford D,et al.Quantifying the total and bioavailable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dioxins in biochars[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(5):2830-2838.
[8]Cang L,Zhu X,Wang Y,et al.Pollutant contents in biochar and their potential environmental risks for field application[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(15):163-167.
[9]Trap J,Bonkowski M,Plassard C,et al.Ecological importance of soil bacterivores for ecosystem functions[J].Plant&Soil,2016,398(1/2):1-24.
[10]Gebremikael M T,Steel H,Buchan D,et al.Nematodes enhance plant growth and nutrient uptake under C and N-rich conditions[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6:32862.
[11]Tejeda-Benitez L,Olivero-Verbel J.Caenorhabditis elegans,a biological model for research in toxicology[M].Switzerland:Springer International Publishing,2016:1-35.
[12]Leung M C K,Williams P L,Benedetto A,et al.Caenorhabditis elegans:An emerging model in biomedical and environmental toxicology[J].Toxicological Sciences,2008,106(1):5-28.
[13]Shaye D D,Greenwald I.Ortholist:A compendium of c.Elegans genes with human orthologs[J].PloS One,2013,6(5):1573-1574.
[14]Peredney C,Williams P.Utility of caenorhabditis elegans for assessing heavy metal contamination in artificial soil[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2000,39(1):113-118.
[15]E2172-01Standard guide for conducting laboratory soil toxicity tests with the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans[S].
[16]Saul N,Stürzenbaum S R,Chakrabarti S,et al.Adsorbable organic bromine compounds(AOBr)in aquatic samples:A nematode-based toxicogenomic assessment of the exposure hazard[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(19):14862-14873.
[17]Ju J,Lieke T,Saul N,et al.Neurotoxic evaluation of two organobromine model compounds and natural aobr-containing surface water samples by a Caenorhabditis elegans test[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2014,104:194-201.
[18]Zhao Y,Wang X,Wu Q,et al.Quantum dots exposure alters both development and function of d-type gabaergic motor neurons in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans[J].Toxicology Research,2015,4(2):399-408.
[19]Zhi L,Qu M,Ren M,et al.Graphene oxide induces canonical wnt/β-catenin signaling-dependent toxicity in caenorhabditis elegans[J].Carbon,2017,113:122-131.
[20]Chen H,Li H,Wang D.Graphene oxide dysregulates neuroligin/nlg-1-mediated molecular signaling in interneurons in Caenorhabditis elegans[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7:41655.
[21]Wu Q,Han X,Wang D,et al.Coal combustion related fine particulate matter(PM2.5)induces toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans by dysregulating microrna expression[J].Toxicology Research,2017,6(4):432-441.
[22]Lieke T,Zhang X,Steinberg C E W,et al.Overlooked risks of biochars:Persistent free radicals trigger neurotoxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2018,52(14):7981-7987.
[23]Khanna N,Cressman C P,Tatara C P,et al.Tolerance of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to ph,salinity,and hardness in aquatic media[J].Archives of Environment Contamination and Toxicology,1997,32(1):110-114.
[24]HJ 805-2016土壤和沉积物多环芳烃的测定气相色谱-质谱法[S].HJ 805-2016 Soil and Sediment-Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method[S].
[25]Lieke T,Steinberg C E,Ju J,et al.Natural marine and synthetic xenobiotics get on nematode’s nerves:Neuro-stimulating and neurotoxic findings in Caenorhabditis elegans[J].Marine Drugs,2015,13(5):2785-2812.
[26]Wu W X,Yang M,Feng Q B,et al.Chemical characterization of rice straw-derived biochar for soil amendment[J].Biomass&Bioenergy,2012,47(4):268-276.
[27]田路萍,常兆峰,王朋,等.利用苯多酸生物标记物表征生物炭的含量及特性[J].环境化学,2017,36(4):738-744.Tian L,Chang Z,Wang P,et al.Characterization of biochars properities with benzene polycarboxylic acid biomarker[J].Environmental Chemistry,2017,36(4):738-744.
[28]GB 15618-2018土壤环境质量标准农田地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)[S].GB 15618-2018 Soil environmental quality-Risk control standard for soil contamination of agricultural land[S].
[29]居静娟.应用秀丽隐杆线虫模型研究蓝藻毒素的神经毒性及其作用机制[D].南京:东南大学,2014.Ju J.Using Caenorhabditis elegans to study the neurotoxicity and mechanism of microcystins[D].Nanjing:Southeast University,2014.
[30]Sanger G J,Yoshida M,Yahyah M,et al.Increased defecation during stress or after 5-hydroxytryptophan:selective inhibition by the 5-HT4receptor antagonist,SB-207266[J].British Journal of Pharmacology,2000,130(3):706-712.
[31]Kaplan J M,Horvitz H R.A dual mechanosensory and chemosensory neuron in Caenorhabditis elegans[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1993,90(6):2227-2231.
[32]Bargmann CI.Chemosensation in C.elegans.[EB/OL].https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK19746/2006-10-25.
[33]Takeshi I,Yuichi I,Akiko M,et al.Hen-1,a secretory protein with an ldl receptor motif,regulates sensory integration and learning in Caenorhabditis elegans[J].Cell,2002,109(5):639-649.
[34]Calabrese E J.Hormesis:Why it is important to toxicology and toxicologists[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2008,27(7):1451-1474.
[35]Calabrese E J,Baldwin L A.The dose determines the stimulation(and poison):Development of a chemical hormesis database[J].International Journal of Toxicology,1997,16(6):545-559.
[36]Steinberg C E,Pietsch K,Saul N,et al.Transcript expression patterns illuminate the mechanistic background of hormesis in Caenorhabditis elegans maupas[J].Dose-Response,2013,11(4):573.
[37]Tian L,Koshland C P,Yano J,et al.Carbon-centered free radicals in particulate matter emissions from wood and coal combustion[J].Energy&Fuels,2009,23(5):2523.
[38]Di Valentin C,Neyman K M,Risse T,et al.Density-functional model cluster studies of EPR g tensors of centers on the surface of MgO[J].Journal of Chemical Physics,2006,124(4):044708.
[39]Wang P,Pan B,Li H,et al.The overlooked occurrence of environmentally persistent free radicals in an area with low-rank coal burning,Xuanwei,China[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2018,52(3):1054-1061.
[40]Dellinger B,Pryor W A,Cueto R,et al.Role of free radicals in the toxicity of airborne fine particulate matter[J].Chemical Research in Toxicology,2001,14(10):1371-1377.
[41]Wang D,Xing X.Assessment of locomotion behavioral defects induced by acute toxicity from heavy metal exposure in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2008,20(9):1132-1137.
[42]Fang G,Liu C,Wang Y,et al.Photogeneration of reactive oxygen species from biochar suspension for diethyl phthalate degradation[J].Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2017,214:34-45.
[43]Dalal N S,Suryan M M,Vallyathan V,et al.Detection of reactive free radicals in fresh coal mine dust and their implication for pulmonary injury[J].The Annals of occupational hygiene,1989,33(1):79-84.
[44]Thevenot P T,Saravia J,Jin N,et al.Radical-containing ultrafine particulate matter initiates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions in airway epithelial cells[J].American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology,2013,48(2):188-197.
[45]Saravia J,Lee G I,Lomnicki S,et al.Particulate matter containing environmentally persistent free radicals and adverse infant respiratory health effects:A review[J].Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology,2013,27(1):56-68.
[46]Pham-Huy L A,He H,Pham-Huy C.Free radicals,antioxidants in disease and health[J].International journal of biomedical science:IJBS,2008,4(2):89-96.
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