三峡水库支流河口淤积及拦门沙形成风险研究
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摘要
三峡水库库区分布有大小66条支流,水库蓄水后部分支流河口泥沙大幅度沉积,其形成拦门沙坎的可能性亟待揭示.本文以多期次水下地形为基础,辅以原型固定断面观测成果,基于DEM数字高程模型,计算和分析了三峡水库蓄水后库区支流河口段泥沙淤积量及其沿程、平面的分布特征,研究了三峡库区主要支流河口泥沙堆积形态及成因.结果表明,三峡水库蓄水后2003年3月～2011年11月间库区支流累计淤积泥沙1.8亿m3.水库蓄水使得支流河口段水动力条件减弱是泥沙淤积的根本原因,支流来沙、倒灌泥沙及交汇段干支流河势影响泥沙淤积幅度和范围.三峡水库支流河口段淤积的泥沙以干流倒灌为主,支流来沙堆积的现象也存在,随着干支流来沙量趋于减少,支流河口淤积形成拦门沙坎的风险较小.
There are about 66 tributaries distributed in the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR) area. As obvious deposition has been observed at estuary of most tributaries estuary since the water-impoundment of TGR, the possibility of sedimentation leading to form entrance bar at estuary of tributaries should be highly concerned. Based on data of topography and cross-sections, the DEM digital elevation model is established to calculate the aggradation volume at the estuary of tributaries in TGR, also the scouring and silting thickness at estuary will be demonstrated. Changes of cross-sections and thalweg caused by aggradation are also studied. The results show that:(1) The aggradation volume at estuary of 66 tributaries in TGR was 180 million m3 from March 2003 to November 2011;(2)hydrodynamic conditions at estuary of tributaries weakened after the operation of TGR, which is the root cause of sediment deposition. The extent of sediment silting was affected by sediment from the tributaries and backward water from the mainstream,meanwhile the dynamic state of river course at estuary had an important influence on the range of aggradation;(3) sediment deposited at the estuary mainly derived from backward water of mainstream, and less from the tributaries. As sediment concentrations both in mainstream and tributaries decreased obviously and will be continually maintain a low level, there is little risk for the formation of entrance bar of tributaries in TGR.
There are about 66 tributaries distributed in the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR) area. As obvious deposition has been observed at estuary of most tributaries estuary since the water-impoundment of TGR, the possibility of sedimentation leading to form entrance bar at estuary of tributaries should be highly concerned. Based on data of topography and cross-sections, the DEM digital elevation model is established to calculate the aggradation volume at the estuary of tributaries in TGR, also the scouring and silting thickness at estuary will be demonstrated. Changes of cross-sections and thalweg caused by aggradation are also studied. The results show that:(1) The aggradation volume at estuary of 66 tributaries in TGR was 180 million m3 from March 2003 to November 2011;(2)hydrodynamic conditions at estuary of tributaries weakened after the operation of TGR, which is the root cause of sediment deposition. The extent of sediment silting was affected by sediment from the tributaries and backward water from the mainstream,meanwhile the dynamic state of river course at estuary had an important influence on the range of aggradation;(3) sediment deposited at the estuary mainly derived from backward water of mainstream, and less from the tributaries. As sediment concentrations both in mainstream and tributaries decreased obviously and will be continually maintain a low level, there is little risk for the formation of entrance bar of tributaries in TGR.
引文
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16 张娜,代文良,朱辉,等.三峡水库淤积物初期干容重试验初步分析.人民长江, 2006, 37:59–61
17 许全喜,石国钰,陈泽方.长江上游近期水沙变化特点及其趋势分析.水科学进展, 2004, 15:420–426
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2 陈书奎,马怀宝,李昆鹏,等.小浪底水库支流库容利用研究.人民黄河, 2010, 32:49–50
3 祁志峰,屈章彬,焦玉峰,等.小浪底水库库区支流东洋河及西阳河泥沙淤积规律分析.水电能源科学, 2011, 29:85–87
4 王延贵,胡春宏.官厅水库淤积特点及拦门沙整治措施.泥沙研究, 2003, 6:25–30
5 柳发忠,王洪正,杨凯,等.丹江口水库支流库区的淤积特点与问题.人民长江, 2006, 37:26–28
6 王婷,陈书奎,马怀宝,等.小浪底水库1999?2009年泥沙淤积分布特点.泥沙研究, 2011, 5:60–66
7 王伟,陈泽方,原松.河床冲淤变化的CAD可视化分析与应用.人民长江, 2014, 45:99–101
8 程龙渊,郭相秦,张松林,等.黄河潼关站洪水组合对渭河北洛河的影响.泥沙研究, 2004, 6:31–35
9 王远见,谢蔚,王婷,等.小浪底水库库区支流拦门沙形成的主因分析.泥沙研究, 2016, 6:51–58
10 张宇,刘德富,纪道斌,等.干流倒灌异重流对香溪河库湾营养盐的补给作用.环境科学, 2012, 33:2621–2627
11 袁晶,许全喜,童辉.三峡水库蓄水运用以来库区泥沙淤积特性研究.水力发电学报, 2013, 32:139–145
12 李文杰,杨胜发,付旭辉,等.三峡水库运行初期的泥沙淤积特点.水科学进展, 2015, 26:676–685
13 朱玲玲,陈翠华,张继顺.金沙江下游水沙变异及其宏观效应研究.泥沙研究, 2016, 5:20–27
14 朱玲玲,杨霞,许全喜.上荆江枯水位对河床冲刷及水库调度的综合响应.地理学报, 2017, 72:1184–1194
15 董炳江,陈显维,许全喜.三峡水库沙峰调度试验研究与思考.人民长江, 2014, 45:1–5
16 张娜,代文良,朱辉,等.三峡水库淤积物初期干容重试验初步分析.人民长江, 2006, 37:59–61
17 许全喜,石国钰,陈泽方.长江上游近期水沙变化特点及其趋势分析.水科学进展, 2004, 15:420–426
18 李苗苗,吴炳方,颜长珍,等.密云水库上游植被覆盖度的遥感估算.资源科学, 2004, 26:153–159
19 甘春英,王兮之,李保生,等.连江流域近18年来植被覆盖度变化分析.地理科学, 2011, 31:1019–1024
20 刘惠英,鲁向晖,张平仓,等.三峡库区香溪河流域水沙关系变化及其驱动因素.水土保持通报, 2015, 35:17–21
21 纪道斌,刘德富,杨正健,等.三峡水库香溪河库湾水动力特性分析.中国科学:物理学力学天文学, 2010, 40:101–112
22 胡念三,刘德富,纪道斌,等.三峡水库干流倒灌对支流库湾营养盐分布的影响.环境科学与技术, 2012, 35:6–11
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