微波叶尖间隙传感器信号校准研究
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摘要
利用微波雷达传感器测量叶尖间隙时,传感器存在信号泄露、背景回波叠加、电路元器件不平衡以及空间滤波效应等问题,根据这些问题的来源及影响机理,提出了一种具有环境适应性的传感器误差模型,通过将模型从空间域变换到频率域并优化误差提取算法,建立了一套提高传感器线性度、减小测距误差的校准方法。同时,选用小型24 GHz雷达传感器构建了模拟叶尖位移测量平台,使用该校准方法后,传感器线性度由±13.79%提高到±1.57%。拟合标准距离与测量值后,量程内最大测距误差下降到0.021 3 mm,最大标准差下降到0.019 7 mm。该方法有利于提高微波叶尖间隙测量精度。
When using microwave radar sensor to measure the blade tip clearance, there are some problems, such as signal leakage, background echo superposition, unbalance of circuit components, spatial filtering effect and etc. According to the source and effect mechanism of these problems, a sensor error model with environmental adaptability is proposed in this paper. Through transforming the model from spatial domain to frequency domain and optimizing the error extraction algorithm, a calibration method for improving the sensor linearity and reducing distance measurement error is established. A miniaturized 24 GHz radar sensor was used to construct the experiment platform for simulating the blade tip displacement measurement. Using this calibration method, the linearity error of the sensor is decreased from ±13.79% to ±1.57%. After fitting the standard distance and measurement value, the maximum measurement error within the range is decreased to 0.021 3 mm, the maximum standard deviation is decreased to 0.019 7 mm. This method is benefit of improving the accuracy of microwave blade tip clearance measurement.
When using microwave radar sensor to measure the blade tip clearance, there are some problems, such as signal leakage, background echo superposition, unbalance of circuit components, spatial filtering effect and etc. According to the source and effect mechanism of these problems, a sensor error model with environmental adaptability is proposed in this paper. Through transforming the model from spatial domain to frequency domain and optimizing the error extraction algorithm, a calibration method for improving the sensor linearity and reducing distance measurement error is established. A miniaturized 24 GHz radar sensor was used to construct the experiment platform for simulating the blade tip displacement measurement. Using this calibration method, the linearity error of the sensor is decreased from ±13.79% to ±1.57%. After fitting the standard distance and measurement value, the maximum measurement error within the range is decreased to 0.021 3 mm, the maximum standard deviation is decreased to 0.019 7 mm. This method is benefit of improving the accuracy of microwave blade tip clearance measurement.
引文
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[8] 赵梓妤,刘振侠,吕亚国,等.高分辨率转子叶尖间隙测量传感器的设计及验证[J].仪器仪表学报, 2018, 39(6): 132-139.ZHAO Z Y, LIU ZH X, LV Y G, et al. Design and verification of high resolution eddy current sensor for blade tip clearance measurement[J]. Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, 2018, 39(6): 132-139.
[9] ADDABBO T, FORT A, MUGNAINI M, et al. A system for the dynamic response characterization of turbomachinery tip clearance measurement instruments based on capacitive probes[C]. Sensors Applications Symposium, 2015:1-5.
[10] XIE S, ZHANG X. Design and modeling of three-dimensional tip-clearance optical probe based on two-circle reflective coaxial fiber bundle[C]. Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, 2016:1-3.
[11] 李飞行, 王涛, 张群岩. 飞行试验中的发动机叶尖间隙测量方法[J]. 现代机械, 2010(5):5-6.LI F X, WANG T, ZHANG Q Y. The measurement of aeroengine blade tip clearance in flight test [J]. Modern Machinery, 2010(5):5-6.
[12] VIOLETTI M, SKRIVERVIK A K, XU Q, et al. New microwave sensing system for blade tip clearance measurement in gas turbines[C]. Sensors,IEEE, 2012:1-4.
[13] VIOLETTI M, ZüRCHER J F, GEISHEIMER J, et al. Design of antenna based sensors for blade tip clearance measurement in gas turbines[C]. European Conference on Antennas & Propagation, 2010:1-4.
[14] 郑大青,陈伟民,章鹏,等.基于相位测量的微波位移测量方法[J].传感器与微系统,2014,33(6):55-57,68.ZHENG D Q, CHEN W M, ZHANG P, et al. Method for displacement detection with microwave based on phase measurement [J]. Transducer and Microsystem Technologies, 2014,33(6):55-57,68.
[15] 吴娅辉,谢兴娟,孙浩琳.微波间隙测量系统研究[J].计测技术,2016,36(6):37-39.WU Y H, XIE X J, SUN H L. Research on measurement system for blade tip clearance based on microwave [J]. Metrology & Measurement Technology,2016, 36(6): 37-39.
[16] 郑大青,胡顺仁,李双,等.大型建筑的有源微波相位雷达位移测量方法[J].仪器仪表学报,2018,39(4): 44-52.ZHENG D Q, HU SH R, LI SH, et al. Displacement measurement method using microwave phase radar with active transponder for large buildings [J]. Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, 2018,39(4):44-52.
[17] 杨恒,缪晨,吴文.单天线微波干涉仪信号校准方法研究[J].微波学报,2015,31(增刊2):178-181.YANG H, MIAO CH, WU W. Research on a calibration method for microwave interferometer with single antenna [J]. Journal of Microwaves, 2015,31(Suppl.2):178-181.
[18] 任帅,钟兴旺.幅相不平衡误差对KBR系统测距精度影响分析[J].电子设计工程, 2017, 25(3): 125-127,132.REN SH, ZHONG X W. Analysis about impact of mixer′s phase and amplitude imbalance error on KBR ranging accuracy [J]. Electronic Design Engineering, 2017,25(3): 125-127,132.
[19] HOLST T A. Analysis of spatial filtering in phase-based microwave measurements of turbine blade tips [D]. Atlanta:Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005.
[20] 陈伟民,李存龙.基于微波雷达的位移/距离测量技术[J].电子测量与仪器学报,2015,29(9):1251-1265.CHEN W M, LI C L. Radar-Based displacement/distance measuring techniques [J].Journal of Electronic Measurement and Instrumentation, 2015,29(9):1251-1265.
[21] 曾玲,陈伟,陶金.低信噪比正弦信号相位差测量算法对比研究[J].电子测量技术,2017,40(1):71-75,89.ZENG L, CHEN W, TAO J. Comparative study of the phase difference measurement algorithms for low signal to noise ratio sine signal [J]. Journal of Electronic Measurement and Instrumentation, 2017,40(1):71-75,89.
[22] 任明秋,严革新,朱勇,等.复杂电磁环境下雷达抗干扰性能测试方法研究[J].仪器仪表学报, 2016,37(6):1277-1282.REN Q M, YAN G X, ZHU Y, et al. Study on radar anti- jamming performance test method in complex electromagnetic environment [J]. Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, 2016, 37 (6): 1277-1282.
[23] 高训兵.具有天线扫描特性的雷达信号算法设计与实现[J].国外电子测量技术,2017,36(7):68-70,102.GAO X B. Design and implementation of the algorithm of radar signal with the characteristic of antenna scanning [J]. Foreign Electronic Measurement Technology, 2017, 36(7): 68-70,102.
[24] 李汉波.I、Q通道幅相不平衡的数字校正[J].火控雷达技术,2004(4):30-33.LI H B. Digital correction for amplitude-phase unbalance of I and Q channels [J]. Fire Control Radar Technology, 2004(4): 30-33.
[25] 张亦弛,何昭,郭晓涛,等.可用于混频器表征的非线性矢量网络分析仪[J].仪器仪表学报,2017, 38(10):2477-2483.ZHANG Y CH, HE ZH, GUO X Q, et al. Novel nonlinear vector network analyzer architecture and test bench for mixer characterization [J]. Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, 2017, 38 (10):2477-2483.
[26] HOLST T, KURFESS T, BILLINGTON S, et al. Development of an optical-electromagnetic model of a microwave blade tip sensor[C]. AIAA/ASME/SAE/ ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit,2005,doi: 10.2514/6.2005-4377.
[27] SCHICHT A, SCHWARZER S, SCHMIDT L P. Tip clearance measurement technique for stationary gas turbines using an autofocusing millimeter-wave synthetic aperture radar[J]. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation& Measurement, 2012, 61(6):1778-1785.
[28] 胡天林,谢海鹤,颜黄苹,等.电涡流位移传感器测量模型及其在叶尖间隙测量中的空间滤波效应[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版),2014,53(1):66-70.HU T L, XIE H H, YAN H P, et al. Eddy current displacement sensor measurement model and its spatial filtering effect in tip clearance measurement [J]. Journal of Xiamen University (Natural Science), 2014,53(1):66-70.
[2] FEI C W, CHOY Y S, HU D Y, et al. Transient probabilistic analysis for turbine blade-tip radial clearance with multi-component and multi-physics fields based on DCERSM [J]. Aerospace Science & Technology, 2016, 50(3):62-70.
[3] 句彦松.涡轮叶尖间隙检测与数值分析研究[D].南京:南京航空航天大学,2016.JU Y S. Research on turbine blade tip clearance test and numerical analysis [D]. Nanjing:Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2016
[4] 胡延青,申秀丽.航空发动机叶尖径向间隙研究进展综述[J].航空发动机,2014,40(1):60-67.HU Y Q, SHEN X L. Overview on aeroengine radial tip clearance [J]. Aeroengine, 2014,40(1):60-67.
[5] WOIKE M R, ABDULA A, BENCIC T J. A microwave blade tip clearance sensor for propulsion health monitoring [R]. Washington DC: NASA, 2010.
[6] JONATHAN L G, SCOTT A B, DAVID W B. A microwave blade tip clearance sensor for active clearance control applications[C]. 40th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, 2004,doi:org/10.2514/6.2004-3720.
[7] JONATHAN L G, SCOTT A B, THOMAS H, et al. Performance testing of a microwave tip clearance sensor[C]. 41st AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, 2005,doi:10.2514/6.2005-3987.
[8] 赵梓妤,刘振侠,吕亚国,等.高分辨率转子叶尖间隙测量传感器的设计及验证[J].仪器仪表学报, 2018, 39(6): 132-139.ZHAO Z Y, LIU ZH X, LV Y G, et al. Design and verification of high resolution eddy current sensor for blade tip clearance measurement[J]. Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, 2018, 39(6): 132-139.
[9] ADDABBO T, FORT A, MUGNAINI M, et al. A system for the dynamic response characterization of turbomachinery tip clearance measurement instruments based on capacitive probes[C]. Sensors Applications Symposium, 2015:1-5.
[10] XIE S, ZHANG X. Design and modeling of three-dimensional tip-clearance optical probe based on two-circle reflective coaxial fiber bundle[C]. Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, 2016:1-3.
[11] 李飞行, 王涛, 张群岩. 飞行试验中的发动机叶尖间隙测量方法[J]. 现代机械, 2010(5):5-6.LI F X, WANG T, ZHANG Q Y. The measurement of aeroengine blade tip clearance in flight test [J]. Modern Machinery, 2010(5):5-6.
[12] VIOLETTI M, SKRIVERVIK A K, XU Q, et al. New microwave sensing system for blade tip clearance measurement in gas turbines[C]. Sensors,IEEE, 2012:1-4.
[13] VIOLETTI M, ZüRCHER J F, GEISHEIMER J, et al. Design of antenna based sensors for blade tip clearance measurement in gas turbines[C]. European Conference on Antennas & Propagation, 2010:1-4.
[14] 郑大青,陈伟民,章鹏,等.基于相位测量的微波位移测量方法[J].传感器与微系统,2014,33(6):55-57,68.ZHENG D Q, CHEN W M, ZHANG P, et al. Method for displacement detection with microwave based on phase measurement [J]. Transducer and Microsystem Technologies, 2014,33(6):55-57,68.
[15] 吴娅辉,谢兴娟,孙浩琳.微波间隙测量系统研究[J].计测技术,2016,36(6):37-39.WU Y H, XIE X J, SUN H L. Research on measurement system for blade tip clearance based on microwave [J]. Metrology & Measurement Technology,2016, 36(6): 37-39.
[16] 郑大青,胡顺仁,李双,等.大型建筑的有源微波相位雷达位移测量方法[J].仪器仪表学报,2018,39(4): 44-52.ZHENG D Q, HU SH R, LI SH, et al. Displacement measurement method using microwave phase radar with active transponder for large buildings [J]. Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, 2018,39(4):44-52.
[17] 杨恒,缪晨,吴文.单天线微波干涉仪信号校准方法研究[J].微波学报,2015,31(增刊2):178-181.YANG H, MIAO CH, WU W. Research on a calibration method for microwave interferometer with single antenna [J]. Journal of Microwaves, 2015,31(Suppl.2):178-181.
[18] 任帅,钟兴旺.幅相不平衡误差对KBR系统测距精度影响分析[J].电子设计工程, 2017, 25(3): 125-127,132.REN SH, ZHONG X W. Analysis about impact of mixer′s phase and amplitude imbalance error on KBR ranging accuracy [J]. Electronic Design Engineering, 2017,25(3): 125-127,132.
[19] HOLST T A. Analysis of spatial filtering in phase-based microwave measurements of turbine blade tips [D]. Atlanta:Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005.
[20] 陈伟民,李存龙.基于微波雷达的位移/距离测量技术[J].电子测量与仪器学报,2015,29(9):1251-1265.CHEN W M, LI C L. Radar-Based displacement/distance measuring techniques [J].Journal of Electronic Measurement and Instrumentation, 2015,29(9):1251-1265.
[21] 曾玲,陈伟,陶金.低信噪比正弦信号相位差测量算法对比研究[J].电子测量技术,2017,40(1):71-75,89.ZENG L, CHEN W, TAO J. Comparative study of the phase difference measurement algorithms for low signal to noise ratio sine signal [J]. Journal of Electronic Measurement and Instrumentation, 2017,40(1):71-75,89.
[22] 任明秋,严革新,朱勇,等.复杂电磁环境下雷达抗干扰性能测试方法研究[J].仪器仪表学报, 2016,37(6):1277-1282.REN Q M, YAN G X, ZHU Y, et al. Study on radar anti- jamming performance test method in complex electromagnetic environment [J]. Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, 2016, 37 (6): 1277-1282.
[23] 高训兵.具有天线扫描特性的雷达信号算法设计与实现[J].国外电子测量技术,2017,36(7):68-70,102.GAO X B. Design and implementation of the algorithm of radar signal with the characteristic of antenna scanning [J]. Foreign Electronic Measurement Technology, 2017, 36(7): 68-70,102.
[24] 李汉波.I、Q通道幅相不平衡的数字校正[J].火控雷达技术,2004(4):30-33.LI H B. Digital correction for amplitude-phase unbalance of I and Q channels [J]. Fire Control Radar Technology, 2004(4): 30-33.
[25] 张亦弛,何昭,郭晓涛,等.可用于混频器表征的非线性矢量网络分析仪[J].仪器仪表学报,2017, 38(10):2477-2483.ZHANG Y CH, HE ZH, GUO X Q, et al. Novel nonlinear vector network analyzer architecture and test bench for mixer characterization [J]. Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, 2017, 38 (10):2477-2483.
[26] HOLST T, KURFESS T, BILLINGTON S, et al. Development of an optical-electromagnetic model of a microwave blade tip sensor[C]. AIAA/ASME/SAE/ ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit,2005,doi: 10.2514/6.2005-4377.
[27] SCHICHT A, SCHWARZER S, SCHMIDT L P. Tip clearance measurement technique for stationary gas turbines using an autofocusing millimeter-wave synthetic aperture radar[J]. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation& Measurement, 2012, 61(6):1778-1785.
[28] 胡天林,谢海鹤,颜黄苹,等.电涡流位移传感器测量模型及其在叶尖间隙测量中的空间滤波效应[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版),2014,53(1):66-70.HU T L, XIE H H, YAN H P, et al. Eddy current displacement sensor measurement model and its spatial filtering effect in tip clearance measurement [J]. Journal of Xiamen University (Natural Science), 2014,53(1):66-70.