昨天的积极体验影响今天的工作投入吗?——一项经验取样的日记研究
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摘要
基于积极情绪的扩展-建构理论,本文从工作投入短期波动的个体内部和动态视角探讨了积极情绪对工作投入的影响以及乐观的中介作用。采用经验取样法和日记法相结合的研究设计,对65个研究对象进行了连续14个工作日的测量,共获得65份个体数据和455份个体内数据。然后,采用滞后一天的数据对相关研究假设进行了检验。多层次分析结果表明:(1)前一天的积极情绪、乐观均对第二天的工作投入有显著正向的滞后影响;(2)前一天的积极情绪对当天的乐观有显著正向影响;(3)前一天乐观部分中介当天积极情绪与第二天工作投入之间的正向关系。最后,本文对理论和管理实践启示进行了讨论。
This study is to investigate potential positive within-person relationships between positive emotions,optimism,and work engagement on a daily level. Experience sample methods and diary study are used in this study. The sample consists of 65 secondary school teachers from two middle schools. We got 65 questionnaires and 455 pieces of within-person data. Our multi-level analysis reaches the following conclusions:( 1) at the level of within-person,positive emotions,optimism and work engagement do fluctuate on the daily basis;( 2) positive emotions of a day has a significant positive lag effect on the work engagement of the next day;( 3) positive emotions of a day has a significant positive effect on optimism of the same day;( 4) optimism of the day has a significant positive lag effect on work engagement of the next day;( 5) optimism of a day partially mediates the positive relationship between positive emotions of the same day and work engagement of the next day. Our findings contribute to the work engagement and Broaden-and-Build Theory literatures in three primary ways. And several limitations are pointed out in this study.
This study is to investigate potential positive within-person relationships between positive emotions,optimism,and work engagement on a daily level. Experience sample methods and diary study are used in this study. The sample consists of 65 secondary school teachers from two middle schools. We got 65 questionnaires and 455 pieces of within-person data. Our multi-level analysis reaches the following conclusions:( 1) at the level of within-person,positive emotions,optimism and work engagement do fluctuate on the daily basis;( 2) positive emotions of a day has a significant positive lag effect on the work engagement of the next day;( 3) positive emotions of a day has a significant positive effect on optimism of the same day;( 4) optimism of the day has a significant positive lag effect on work engagement of the next day;( 5) optimism of a day partially mediates the positive relationship between positive emotions of the same day and work engagement of the next day. Our findings contribute to the work engagement and Broaden-and-Build Theory literatures in three primary ways. And several limitations are pointed out in this study.
引文
[1]Bakker A.B.,Demerouti E.,Sanz-Vergel A.I.Burnout and Work Engagement:The JD-R Approach[J].Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior,2014,1(1):389-411
[2]Macey W.H.,Schneider B.Engaged and Engagement:We Are Delighted De Did It[J].Industrial and Organizational Psychology:Perspectives on Science and Practice,2008,1(1):76-83
[3]Schaufeli W.B.,Salanova M.,González-RomáV.,et al.The Measurement of Engagement and Burnout:A Two Sample Confirmatory Factor Analytic Approach[J].Journal of Happiness Studies,2002,3(1):71-92
[4]Bakker A.B.,Bal P.M.Weekly Work Engagement and Performance:A Study among Starting Teachers[J].Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,2010,83(1):189-206
[5]Xanthopoulou D.,Bakker A.B.,Demerouti E.,et al.Work Engagement and Financial Returns:A Diary Study on the Role of Job and Personal Resources[J].Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,2009a,82(1):183-200
[6]林琳,时堪,萧爱铃.工作投入研究现状与展望[J].管理评论,2008,20(3):8-15
[7]Salanova M.,Agut S.,PieróJ.M.Linking Organizational Resources and Work Engagement to Employee Performance and Customer Loyalty:The Mediation of Service Climate[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2005,90(6):1217-1227
[8]Xanthopoulou D.,Bakker A.B.,Demerouti E.,et al.Reciprocal Relationships between Job Resources,Personal Resources and Work Engagement[J].Journal of Vocational Behavior,2009b,74(3):235-244
[9]王桢,陈乐妮,李旭培.变革型领导与工作投入:基于情感视角的调节中介模型[J].管理评论,2015,27(9):120-129
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[11]Breevaart K.,Bakker A.B.,Demerouti E.Daily Self-management and Employee Work Engagement[J].Journal of Vocational Behavior,2014,84(1):31-38
[12]Bledow R.,Schmitt A.,Frese M.,et al.The Affective Shift Model of Work Engagement[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2011,96(6):1246-1257
[13]Ouweneel E.,Le Blanc P.M.,Schaufeli W.B.,et al.Good Morning,Good Day:A Diary Study on Positive Emotions,Hope,and Work Engagement[J].Human Relations,2012,65(9):1129-1154
[14]Fredrickson B.L.What Good are Positive Emotions?[J].Review of General Psychology,1998,2(3):300-319
[15]Fredrickson B.L.The Role of Positive Emotions in Positive Psychology:The Broaden-and-build Theory of Positive Emotions[J].American Psychologist,2001,56(3):218-226
[16]Fredrickson B.L.Updated Thinking on Positivity Ratios[J].American Psychologist,2013,68(9):814-822
[17]Hobfoll S.E.The Influence of Culture,Community,and the Nested-self in the Stress Process:Advancing Conservation of Resources Theory[J].Applied Psychology,2001,50(3):337-421
[18]Luthans F.,Avolio B.J.,Avey J.B.,et al.Positive Psychological Capital:Measurement and Relationship with Performance and Satisfaction[J].Personnel Psychology,2007,60(3):541-572
[19]Fredrickson B.L.,Branigan C.Positive Emotions Broaden Thought-action Repertoires:Evidence for the Broaden-and-build Model[J].Cognition and Emotion,2005,19(3):313-332
[20]Kahn B.E.,Isen A.M.The Influence of Positive Affect on Variety Seeking among Safe,Enjoyable Products[J].Journal of Consumer Research,1993,20(2):257-270
[21]Fredrickson B.L.,Tugade M.M.,Waugh C.E.,et al.What Good are Positive Emotions in Crises?A Prospective Study of Resilience and Emotions Following the Terrorist Attacks on the United States on September 11th,2001[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2003,84(2):365-376
[22]Cohn M.A.,Fredrickson B.L.,Brown S.L.,et al.Happiness Unpacked:Positive Emotions Increase Life Satisfaction by Building Resilience[J].Emotion,2009,9(3):361-368
[23]Fredrickson B.L.,Cohn M.A.,Coffey K.A.,et al.Open Hearts Build Lives:Positive Emotions,Induced through Loving-kindness Meditation,Build Consequential Personal Resources[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2008,95(5):1045-1062
[24]Ouweneel A.P.E.,Le Blanc P.M.,Schaufeli W.B.Flourishing Students:A Longitudinal Study on Positive Emotions,Personal Resources,and Study Engagement[J].Journal of Positive Psychology,2011,6(2):142-153
[25]Gray E.,Watson D.Emotion,Mood,Temperament:Similarities,Differences and a Synthesis[M].Chichester:Wiley,2001
[26]Frijda N.H.,Kuipers P.,Schure E.Relations among Emotion,Appraisal,and Emotional Action Readiness[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1989,57(2):212-228
[27]Xanthopoulou D.,Bakker A.B.Daily Work Engagement:The Significance of Within-person Fluctuations[M].Hove Sussex:Psychology Press,2012
[28]Bakker A.B.,Albrecht S.L.,Leiter M.P.Key Questions Regarding Work Engagement[J].European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,2011,20(1):4-28
[29]Culbertson S.S.,Mills M.J.,Fullagar C.J.Work Engagement and Work-family Facilitation:Making Homes Happier through Positive Affective Spillover[J].Human Relations,2012,65(9):1155-1177
[30]Ilies R.,Judge T.A.Goal Regulation across Time:The Effect of Feedback and Affect[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2005,90(3):453-467
[31]Kahn W.A.Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work[J].Academy of Management Journal,1990,33(4):692-724
[32]Kazén M.,Kaschel R.,Kuhl J.Individual Differences in Intention Initiation under Demanding Conditions:Interactive Effects of State vs.Action Orientation and Enactment Difficulty[J].Journal of Research in Personality,2008,42(3):693-715
[33]Elliot A.J.The Hierarchical Model of Approach-avoidance Motivation[J].Motivation and Emotion,2006,30(2):111-116
[34]Scheier M.F.,Carver C.S.,Bridges M.W.Distinguishing Optimism from Neuroticism(and Trait Anxiety,Self-mastery,and Self-esteem):A Re-evaluation of the Life Orientation Test[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1994,67(6):1063-1078
[35]Lancastle D.,Boivin J.Dispositional Optimism,Trait Anxiety,and Coping:Unique or Shared Effects on Biological Response to Fertility Treatment?[J].Health Psychology,2005,24(2):171-178
[36]Scheier M.F.,Matthews K.A.,Owens J.,et al.Dispositional Optimism and Recovery from Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery:The Beneficial Effects on Physical and Psychological Well-being[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1989,57(6):1024-1040
[37]Luthans F.,Luthans K.,Luthans B.Positive Psychological Capital:Beyond Human and Social Capital[J].Business Horizon,2004,47(1):45-50
[38]Mischel W.,Shoda Y.A Cognitive-affective System Theory of Personality:Reconceptualizing Situations,Dispositions,Dynamics,and Invariance in Personality Structure[J].Psychological Review,1995,102(2):246-268
[39]Grandey A.,Tam A.,Brauburger A.Affective States and Traits of Young Workers:A Diary Study[J].Motivation and Emotion,2002,26(1):31-55
[40]Cohn M.A.Positive Emotions:Short-term Mechanisms,Long-term Outcomes,and Mediating Processes[D].Unpublished PhDDissertation,Michigan University,2008
[41]Fritz C.,Sonnentag S.Antecedents of Day-level Proactive Behavior:A Look at Job Stressors and Positive Affect Experienced during the Workday[J].Journal of Management,2009,35(1):94-111
[42]Bakker A.B.,Demerouti E.The Job Demands-resources Model:State of the Art[J].Journal of Managerial Psychology,2007,22(3):309-328
[43]Xanthopoulou D.,Bakker A.B.,Fischbach A.Work Engagement among Employees Facing Emotional Demands---The Role of Personal Resource[J].Journal of Personnel Psychology,2013,12(2):74-84
[44]Hobfoll S E.Conservation of Resources:A New Attempt at Conceptualizing Stress[J].American Psychologist,1989,44(3):513-524
[45]Tims M.,Bakker A.B.,Xanthopoulou D.Do Transformational Leaders Enhance Their Followers’Daily Work Engagement?[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2011,22(1):121-131
[46]Tims M.,Bakker A.B.,Derks D.The Impact of Job Crafting on Job Demands,Job Resources,and Well-being[J].Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,2013,18(2):230-240
[47]Malinowski P.,Lim H.J.Mindfulness at Work:Positive Affect,Hope,and Optimism Mediate the Relationship between Dispositional Mindfulness,Work Engagement,and Well-being[J].Mindfulness,2015,6(6):1250-1262
[48]Rich B.L.,Lepine J.A.,Crawford E.R.Job Engagement:Antecedents and Effects on Job Performance[J].Academy of Management Journal,2010,53(3):617-635
[49]段锦云,陈文平.基于动态评估的取样法:经验取样法[J].心理科学进展,2012,20(7):1110-1120
[50]张银普,骆南峰,石伟.经验取样法---一种收集“真实”数据的新方法[J].心理科学进展,2016,24(2):305-316
[51]陆欣欣,涂乙冬.工作投入的短期波动[J].心理科学进展,2015,23(2):268-279
[52]Petrou P.,Demerouti E.,Peeters M.C.,et al.Crafting a Job on A Daily Basis:Contextual Correlates and the Link to Work Engagement[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,2012,33(8):1120-1141
[53]Watson D.,Clark L.A.,Tellegen A.Development and Validation of Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect:The PANASScales[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1988,54(6):1063-1070
[54]Schaufeli W.B.,Bakker A.B.,Salanova M.The Measurement of Work Engagement with a Short Questionnaire:A Cross-national Study[J].Educational and Psychological Measurement,2006,66(4):701-716
[55]王孟成,叶浩生.计划缺失设计---通过有意缺失让研究更高效[J].心理科学进展,2014,22(6):1025-1035
[56]Ohly S.,Sonnentag S.,Niessen C.,et al.Diary Studies in Organizational Research:An Introduction and some Practical Recommendations[J].Journal of Personnel Psychology,2010,9(2):79-93
[57]Ilies R.,Scott B.A.The Interactive Effects of Personal Traits and Experienced States on Intra-individual Patterns of Citizenship Behavior[J].Academy of Management Journal,2006,49(3):561-575
[58]Papp L.Capturing the Interplay among Within-and Between-person Processes Using Multilevel Modeling Techniques[J].Applied and Preventive Psychology,2004,11(2):115-124
[59]Diestel S.,Rivkin W.,Schmidt K.H.Sleep Quality and Self-control Capacity as Protective Resources in the Daily Emotional Labor Process:Results from two Dairy Studies[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2015,100(3):809-827
[60]Conway N.,Clinton M.,Sturges J.,et al.Using Self-determination Theory to Understand the Relationship between Calling Enactment and Daily Well-being[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,2015,36(8):1114-1131
[61]Doty D.,Glick W.Common Methods Bias:Does Common Methods Variance Really Bias Results?[J].Organizational Research Methods,1998,1(4):374-406
[2]Macey W.H.,Schneider B.Engaged and Engagement:We Are Delighted De Did It[J].Industrial and Organizational Psychology:Perspectives on Science and Practice,2008,1(1):76-83
[3]Schaufeli W.B.,Salanova M.,González-RomáV.,et al.The Measurement of Engagement and Burnout:A Two Sample Confirmatory Factor Analytic Approach[J].Journal of Happiness Studies,2002,3(1):71-92
[4]Bakker A.B.,Bal P.M.Weekly Work Engagement and Performance:A Study among Starting Teachers[J].Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,2010,83(1):189-206
[5]Xanthopoulou D.,Bakker A.B.,Demerouti E.,et al.Work Engagement and Financial Returns:A Diary Study on the Role of Job and Personal Resources[J].Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,2009a,82(1):183-200
[6]林琳,时堪,萧爱铃.工作投入研究现状与展望[J].管理评论,2008,20(3):8-15
[7]Salanova M.,Agut S.,PieróJ.M.Linking Organizational Resources and Work Engagement to Employee Performance and Customer Loyalty:The Mediation of Service Climate[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2005,90(6):1217-1227
[8]Xanthopoulou D.,Bakker A.B.,Demerouti E.,et al.Reciprocal Relationships between Job Resources,Personal Resources and Work Engagement[J].Journal of Vocational Behavior,2009b,74(3):235-244
[9]王桢,陈乐妮,李旭培.变革型领导与工作投入:基于情感视角的调节中介模型[J].管理评论,2015,27(9):120-129
[10]Sonnentag S.,Dormann C.,Demerouti E.Not all Days are Created Equal:The Concept of State Work Engagement[M].New York:Psychology Press,2010
[11]Breevaart K.,Bakker A.B.,Demerouti E.Daily Self-management and Employee Work Engagement[J].Journal of Vocational Behavior,2014,84(1):31-38
[12]Bledow R.,Schmitt A.,Frese M.,et al.The Affective Shift Model of Work Engagement[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2011,96(6):1246-1257
[13]Ouweneel E.,Le Blanc P.M.,Schaufeli W.B.,et al.Good Morning,Good Day:A Diary Study on Positive Emotions,Hope,and Work Engagement[J].Human Relations,2012,65(9):1129-1154
[14]Fredrickson B.L.What Good are Positive Emotions?[J].Review of General Psychology,1998,2(3):300-319
[15]Fredrickson B.L.The Role of Positive Emotions in Positive Psychology:The Broaden-and-build Theory of Positive Emotions[J].American Psychologist,2001,56(3):218-226
[16]Fredrickson B.L.Updated Thinking on Positivity Ratios[J].American Psychologist,2013,68(9):814-822
[17]Hobfoll S.E.The Influence of Culture,Community,and the Nested-self in the Stress Process:Advancing Conservation of Resources Theory[J].Applied Psychology,2001,50(3):337-421
[18]Luthans F.,Avolio B.J.,Avey J.B.,et al.Positive Psychological Capital:Measurement and Relationship with Performance and Satisfaction[J].Personnel Psychology,2007,60(3):541-572
[19]Fredrickson B.L.,Branigan C.Positive Emotions Broaden Thought-action Repertoires:Evidence for the Broaden-and-build Model[J].Cognition and Emotion,2005,19(3):313-332
[20]Kahn B.E.,Isen A.M.The Influence of Positive Affect on Variety Seeking among Safe,Enjoyable Products[J].Journal of Consumer Research,1993,20(2):257-270
[21]Fredrickson B.L.,Tugade M.M.,Waugh C.E.,et al.What Good are Positive Emotions in Crises?A Prospective Study of Resilience and Emotions Following the Terrorist Attacks on the United States on September 11th,2001[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2003,84(2):365-376
[22]Cohn M.A.,Fredrickson B.L.,Brown S.L.,et al.Happiness Unpacked:Positive Emotions Increase Life Satisfaction by Building Resilience[J].Emotion,2009,9(3):361-368
[23]Fredrickson B.L.,Cohn M.A.,Coffey K.A.,et al.Open Hearts Build Lives:Positive Emotions,Induced through Loving-kindness Meditation,Build Consequential Personal Resources[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2008,95(5):1045-1062
[24]Ouweneel A.P.E.,Le Blanc P.M.,Schaufeli W.B.Flourishing Students:A Longitudinal Study on Positive Emotions,Personal Resources,and Study Engagement[J].Journal of Positive Psychology,2011,6(2):142-153
[25]Gray E.,Watson D.Emotion,Mood,Temperament:Similarities,Differences and a Synthesis[M].Chichester:Wiley,2001
[26]Frijda N.H.,Kuipers P.,Schure E.Relations among Emotion,Appraisal,and Emotional Action Readiness[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1989,57(2):212-228
[27]Xanthopoulou D.,Bakker A.B.Daily Work Engagement:The Significance of Within-person Fluctuations[M].Hove Sussex:Psychology Press,2012
[28]Bakker A.B.,Albrecht S.L.,Leiter M.P.Key Questions Regarding Work Engagement[J].European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,2011,20(1):4-28
[29]Culbertson S.S.,Mills M.J.,Fullagar C.J.Work Engagement and Work-family Facilitation:Making Homes Happier through Positive Affective Spillover[J].Human Relations,2012,65(9):1155-1177
[30]Ilies R.,Judge T.A.Goal Regulation across Time:The Effect of Feedback and Affect[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2005,90(3):453-467
[31]Kahn W.A.Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work[J].Academy of Management Journal,1990,33(4):692-724
[32]Kazén M.,Kaschel R.,Kuhl J.Individual Differences in Intention Initiation under Demanding Conditions:Interactive Effects of State vs.Action Orientation and Enactment Difficulty[J].Journal of Research in Personality,2008,42(3):693-715
[33]Elliot A.J.The Hierarchical Model of Approach-avoidance Motivation[J].Motivation and Emotion,2006,30(2):111-116
[34]Scheier M.F.,Carver C.S.,Bridges M.W.Distinguishing Optimism from Neuroticism(and Trait Anxiety,Self-mastery,and Self-esteem):A Re-evaluation of the Life Orientation Test[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1994,67(6):1063-1078
[35]Lancastle D.,Boivin J.Dispositional Optimism,Trait Anxiety,and Coping:Unique or Shared Effects on Biological Response to Fertility Treatment?[J].Health Psychology,2005,24(2):171-178
[36]Scheier M.F.,Matthews K.A.,Owens J.,et al.Dispositional Optimism and Recovery from Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery:The Beneficial Effects on Physical and Psychological Well-being[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1989,57(6):1024-1040
[37]Luthans F.,Luthans K.,Luthans B.Positive Psychological Capital:Beyond Human and Social Capital[J].Business Horizon,2004,47(1):45-50
[38]Mischel W.,Shoda Y.A Cognitive-affective System Theory of Personality:Reconceptualizing Situations,Dispositions,Dynamics,and Invariance in Personality Structure[J].Psychological Review,1995,102(2):246-268
[39]Grandey A.,Tam A.,Brauburger A.Affective States and Traits of Young Workers:A Diary Study[J].Motivation and Emotion,2002,26(1):31-55
[40]Cohn M.A.Positive Emotions:Short-term Mechanisms,Long-term Outcomes,and Mediating Processes[D].Unpublished PhDDissertation,Michigan University,2008
[41]Fritz C.,Sonnentag S.Antecedents of Day-level Proactive Behavior:A Look at Job Stressors and Positive Affect Experienced during the Workday[J].Journal of Management,2009,35(1):94-111
[42]Bakker A.B.,Demerouti E.The Job Demands-resources Model:State of the Art[J].Journal of Managerial Psychology,2007,22(3):309-328
[43]Xanthopoulou D.,Bakker A.B.,Fischbach A.Work Engagement among Employees Facing Emotional Demands---The Role of Personal Resource[J].Journal of Personnel Psychology,2013,12(2):74-84
[44]Hobfoll S E.Conservation of Resources:A New Attempt at Conceptualizing Stress[J].American Psychologist,1989,44(3):513-524
[45]Tims M.,Bakker A.B.,Xanthopoulou D.Do Transformational Leaders Enhance Their Followers’Daily Work Engagement?[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2011,22(1):121-131
[46]Tims M.,Bakker A.B.,Derks D.The Impact of Job Crafting on Job Demands,Job Resources,and Well-being[J].Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,2013,18(2):230-240
[47]Malinowski P.,Lim H.J.Mindfulness at Work:Positive Affect,Hope,and Optimism Mediate the Relationship between Dispositional Mindfulness,Work Engagement,and Well-being[J].Mindfulness,2015,6(6):1250-1262
[48]Rich B.L.,Lepine J.A.,Crawford E.R.Job Engagement:Antecedents and Effects on Job Performance[J].Academy of Management Journal,2010,53(3):617-635
[49]段锦云,陈文平.基于动态评估的取样法:经验取样法[J].心理科学进展,2012,20(7):1110-1120
[50]张银普,骆南峰,石伟.经验取样法---一种收集“真实”数据的新方法[J].心理科学进展,2016,24(2):305-316
[51]陆欣欣,涂乙冬.工作投入的短期波动[J].心理科学进展,2015,23(2):268-279
[52]Petrou P.,Demerouti E.,Peeters M.C.,et al.Crafting a Job on A Daily Basis:Contextual Correlates and the Link to Work Engagement[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,2012,33(8):1120-1141
[53]Watson D.,Clark L.A.,Tellegen A.Development and Validation of Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect:The PANASScales[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1988,54(6):1063-1070
[54]Schaufeli W.B.,Bakker A.B.,Salanova M.The Measurement of Work Engagement with a Short Questionnaire:A Cross-national Study[J].Educational and Psychological Measurement,2006,66(4):701-716
[55]王孟成,叶浩生.计划缺失设计---通过有意缺失让研究更高效[J].心理科学进展,2014,22(6):1025-1035
[56]Ohly S.,Sonnentag S.,Niessen C.,et al.Diary Studies in Organizational Research:An Introduction and some Practical Recommendations[J].Journal of Personnel Psychology,2010,9(2):79-93
[57]Ilies R.,Scott B.A.The Interactive Effects of Personal Traits and Experienced States on Intra-individual Patterns of Citizenship Behavior[J].Academy of Management Journal,2006,49(3):561-575
[58]Papp L.Capturing the Interplay among Within-and Between-person Processes Using Multilevel Modeling Techniques[J].Applied and Preventive Psychology,2004,11(2):115-124
[59]Diestel S.,Rivkin W.,Schmidt K.H.Sleep Quality and Self-control Capacity as Protective Resources in the Daily Emotional Labor Process:Results from two Dairy Studies[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2015,100(3):809-827
[60]Conway N.,Clinton M.,Sturges J.,et al.Using Self-determination Theory to Understand the Relationship between Calling Enactment and Daily Well-being[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,2015,36(8):1114-1131
[61]Doty D.,Glick W.Common Methods Bias:Does Common Methods Variance Really Bias Results?[J].Organizational Research Methods,1998,1(4):374-406
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