湘中低山丘陵区坡面产流输沙对降雨、土壤类型及水保措施的综合响应特征
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摘要
针对湘中低山丘陵区地形地貌条件多样、水土流失影响机制复杂的问题,选取湖南省中部井头(黄壤)、秋波(紫色土)以及莲荷(红壤)3个径流场不同水土保持措施径流小区,综合探究湘中丘陵区不同土壤类型、水土保持措施以及侵蚀性雨型等因子对坡面产流输沙规律的影响特征。结果表明:在年降水量相近的条件下,年径流深和年侵蚀量均为红壤>紫色土>黄壤;各水保措施小区的减流效益较差,但其减沙效益较好,以黄壤草地措施、紫色土水保林以及红壤经果林和草地措施减沙效益较为明显,年侵蚀减沙率分别达87.89%,55.88%,37.99%和41.07%;大雨强、短历时、低雨量、高频率的降雨占各小区侵蚀降雨场次的比例均在50%以上,该类降雨也是黄壤和红壤各小区坡面产流输沙以及紫色土各小区产流的主导雨型。中雨强、长历时、高雨量、低频率降雨是引起各小区单次降雨径流泥沙流失量最大的雨型。研究结果对完善水土流失的相关理论和规律具有重要的意义,对区域水土保持工作的开展提供了重要的指导作用和理论价值。
Based on the diverse topography and geomorphology and the complex mechanism of soil erosion in the hilly area of central Hunan Province, China, nine runoff plots with different soil and water conservation measures in three runoff fields of Jingtou(yellow soil), Qiubo(purple soil) and Lianhe(red soil) were selected to explore the effects of different erosive rainfall patterns, soil types and soil and water conservation measures on runoff and sediment transport on slopes. The results showed that the annual runoff and sediment yield decreased as the following sequence: red soil>purple soil>yellow soil under the condition of similar annual rainfall. The runoff reduction effect in each runoff plot was little, but the sediment reduction was effective. Especially, the grassland measures in yellow soil, water conservation forest in purple soil, and fruit-forest and grassland measures in red soil had obvious sediment reduction effects, and their annual reduction rates were 87.89%, 55.88%, 37.99% and 41.07%, respectively. The heavy intensity, short duration, low rainfall and high frequency rainfall accounted for more than 50% of the erosive rainfall events in each runoff plot. It was also the dominant rain type of the runoff and sediment yield in the runoff plots of yellow and red soils, as well as the dominant rain type of the sediment yield in purple soil. The moderate intensity, long duration, high precipitation and low frequency rainfall caused the largest runoff and sediment yield in each single rainfall event in all runoff plots. These results could be of great significance for improving the relevant theories of soil erosion, and provide important guidance and theoretical value for the development of regional soil and water conservation.
Based on the diverse topography and geomorphology and the complex mechanism of soil erosion in the hilly area of central Hunan Province, China, nine runoff plots with different soil and water conservation measures in three runoff fields of Jingtou(yellow soil), Qiubo(purple soil) and Lianhe(red soil) were selected to explore the effects of different erosive rainfall patterns, soil types and soil and water conservation measures on runoff and sediment transport on slopes. The results showed that the annual runoff and sediment yield decreased as the following sequence: red soil>purple soil>yellow soil under the condition of similar annual rainfall. The runoff reduction effect in each runoff plot was little, but the sediment reduction was effective. Especially, the grassland measures in yellow soil, water conservation forest in purple soil, and fruit-forest and grassland measures in red soil had obvious sediment reduction effects, and their annual reduction rates were 87.89%, 55.88%, 37.99% and 41.07%, respectively. The heavy intensity, short duration, low rainfall and high frequency rainfall accounted for more than 50% of the erosive rainfall events in each runoff plot. It was also the dominant rain type of the runoff and sediment yield in the runoff plots of yellow and red soils, as well as the dominant rain type of the sediment yield in purple soil. The moderate intensity, long duration, high precipitation and low frequency rainfall caused the largest runoff and sediment yield in each single rainfall event in all runoff plots. These results could be of great significance for improving the relevant theories of soil erosion, and provide important guidance and theoretical value for the development of regional soil and water conservation.
引文
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[17] 谢红霞,邝美娟,隋兵,等.湖南省近50年侵蚀性降雨及降雨侵蚀力特征研究[J].南阳理工学院学报,2012,4(4):108-113.
[18] 马星,郑江坤,王文武,等.不同雨型下紫色土区坡耕地产流产沙特征[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(2):17-21.
[19] 王小博,朱永清,吴宜进,等.不同植被下降雨类型对红壤坡地土壤侵蚀特征的影响[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(2):6-11.
[20] 王万忠,焦菊英,郝小品,等.中国降雨侵蚀力R值的计算与分布(I)[J].水土保持学报,1995,9(4):5-18.
[21] Fang N F, Shi G H, Li I, et al. The effects of rainfall regimes and land use changes on runoff and soil loss in a small mountainous watershed[J].Catena,2012,99(12):1-8.
[22] 秦伟,左长清,晏清洪,等.红壤裸露坡地次降雨土壤侵蚀规律[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(2):124-132.
[23] 湖南省农业厅.湖南土壤[M].北京:农业出版社,1989:247-248.
[24] 唐泽军,雷廷武,张晴雯,等.雨滴溅蚀和结皮效应对土壤侵蚀影响的试验研究[J].土壤学报,2004,41(4):632-635.
[25] 尹先平,周运超,罗明,等.赣江源区主要土壤抗蚀性能对比[J].中国水土保持科学,2010,8(2):8-14.
[26] 戴金梅,查轩,黄少燕,等.不同植被覆盖度对紫色土坡面侵蚀过程的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(3):33-38.
[2] 史志华,王玲,刘前进,等.土壤侵蚀:从综合治理到生态调控[J].中国科学院院刊,2018,33(2):198-205.
[3] 谌芸,何丙辉,赵秀兰,等.小江流域农地水土流失对水体富营养化的影响[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(4):32-43.
[4] 江淼华,谢锦升,王维明,等.闽北不同土地利用方式与不同降雨强度对水土流失的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2012,10(4):84-89.
[5] 杨学震,钟炳林,谢小东,等.丘陵红壤的土壤侵蚀与治理[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2005:23-52.
[6] 胥哲明,杨晓明.降雨特征因子与坡面土壤侵蚀关系分析[J].宁夏农林科技,2011,52(10):92-94.
[7] 王改玲,王青杵,石生新.晋北黄土区降雨特征及其对坡地土壤侵蚀的影响[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(1):1-5.
[8] 余长洪,李就好,陈凯,等.砖红壤区降雨因子对产流产沙的影响[J].水土保持研究,2015,22(1):17-20.
[9] 郭新送,宋付朋,高杨,等.模拟降雨下3种类型土壤坡面的泥沙流失特征及其养分富集效应[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(3):23-26.
[10] 徐铭泽,杨洁,刘窑军,等.不同母质红壤坡面产流产沙特征比较[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(2):34-39.
[11] 卜建霞,叶功富,尤龙辉,等.福建省长汀县不同土地利用方式降雨产流产沙特征[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(4):1-5.
[12] 马琦,王琦.几种草被植物的水土保持效应研究[J].草业学报,2005,22(10):72-74.
[13] 张文源,王百田,杨光檄,等.喀斯特黄壤区侵蚀性降雨及产沙特征分析[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(11):1776-1782.
[14] 杜波,唐丽霞,潘佑静,等.贵州喀斯特地区侵蚀性次降雨产流产沙特征研究[J].西南林业大学学报,2016,36(5):111-117.
[15] 李林育,王志杰,焦菊英.紫色丘陵区侵蚀性降雨与降雨侵蚀力特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2013,11(1):8-17.
[16] 郑海金,杨洁,左长清,等.红壤坡地侵蚀性降雨及降雨动能分析[J].水土保持研究,2009,16(3):30-33.
[17] 谢红霞,邝美娟,隋兵,等.湖南省近50年侵蚀性降雨及降雨侵蚀力特征研究[J].南阳理工学院学报,2012,4(4):108-113.
[18] 马星,郑江坤,王文武,等.不同雨型下紫色土区坡耕地产流产沙特征[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(2):17-21.
[19] 王小博,朱永清,吴宜进,等.不同植被下降雨类型对红壤坡地土壤侵蚀特征的影响[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(2):6-11.
[20] 王万忠,焦菊英,郝小品,等.中国降雨侵蚀力R值的计算与分布(I)[J].水土保持学报,1995,9(4):5-18.
[21] Fang N F, Shi G H, Li I, et al. The effects of rainfall regimes and land use changes on runoff and soil loss in a small mountainous watershed[J].Catena,2012,99(12):1-8.
[22] 秦伟,左长清,晏清洪,等.红壤裸露坡地次降雨土壤侵蚀规律[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(2):124-132.
[23] 湖南省农业厅.湖南土壤[M].北京:农业出版社,1989:247-248.
[24] 唐泽军,雷廷武,张晴雯,等.雨滴溅蚀和结皮效应对土壤侵蚀影响的试验研究[J].土壤学报,2004,41(4):632-635.
[25] 尹先平,周运超,罗明,等.赣江源区主要土壤抗蚀性能对比[J].中国水土保持科学,2010,8(2):8-14.
[26] 戴金梅,查轩,黄少燕,等.不同植被覆盖度对紫色土坡面侵蚀过程的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(3):33-38.
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