敞口池塘和遮荫池塘养殖美洲鲥当年鱼种的生长规律和差异
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摘要
对600尾各生长阶段的敞口池塘和遮荫池塘养殖美洲鲥当年鱼种的体长、体质量进行了测量与分析,研究比较了两种池塘养殖鱼种生长的规律和差异。结果显示:敞口池塘和遮荫池塘养殖美洲鲥当年鱼种的体长与体质量均呈良好的幂函数增长关系(W=aL~b,R~2> 0. 99,P <0. 01,n=300),b值接近且略小于3(分别为2. 786 4和2. 843 1),体长生长略快于体质量生长。养殖试验初期(0～15 d),美洲鲥当年鱼种出现飞跃式补偿生长,而后鱼种体长和体质量的特定生长率均随养殖日龄增加呈现下降趋势。敞口池塘和遮荫池塘的鱼种体长生长均可用一次线性函数(L=at+b,R~2> 0. 97,P <0. 01,n=9)拟合,体质量生长均可用二次函数拟合(W=at~2+bt+c,R2> 0. 97,P <0. 01,n=9);养殖前期,在57 d(9月13日)前,敞口池塘的鱼种生长优于遮荫池塘,养殖后期,在79 d(10月5日)后,则相反。敞口池塘的饵料系数(1. 22)低于遮荫池塘(2. 04)。敞口池塘鱼种体长和体质量的变异系数明显小于遮荫池塘的变异系数(P <0. 05)。研究表明美洲鲥幼鱼对高温有良好的适应能力,其高温耐受力高于成鱼。建议美洲鲥池塘养殖过程中,当年鱼种采用敞口池塘养殖,而成鱼采用遮荫池塘养殖。
The American shad( Alosa sapidissima) is an anadromous fish species with ecological importance along the east coast of North America. At present,it has a potential for aquaculture in China because of its commercial importance and high market value. To evaluate and compare the growth regularity and difference of young fish A. sapidissima cultured in outdoor and shaded ponds,the standard length and body mass of young fish A. sapidissima( n = 600) cultured in outdoor and shaded ponds were measured. The results showed: The relationship of body length and mass of young fish cultured in outdoor and shaded ponds could be described by the power function( W = aL~b,R~2> 0. 99,P < 0. 01,n = 300),the values b were close to and slightly less than 3( 2. 786 4 and 2. 843 1,respectively),and the body length grew slightly faster than the body mass. A leap-style compensatory growth reaction was found in young fish at the beginning of the culture experiment( 0-15 d),and then the body length and mass specific growth rates( SGR) of young fish steadily declined with increasing culture time. The relationships between the body length of young fish cultured in outdoor and shaded ponds and culture time could be described by the linear function( L = at + b,R2>0. 97,P < 0. 01,n = 9),the intersection point of two straight lines appeared at 73. 25 d( September 29);Nevertheless,the relationships between the body mass and culture time could be described by the quadratic function( W = at2+ bt + c,R~2> 0. 97,P < 0. 01,n = 9),the intersection point of two curves appeared at61. 92 d( September 18); at the earlier stage of culture experiment,before 57 d( September 13),young fish of outdoor pond grew faster than shaded pond; at the later stage,after 79 d( October 5),the reverse is true.The food coefficient of outdoor pond( 1. 22) was lower than that of shaded pond( 2. 04). The coefficient of variations of young fish body length and mass in outdoor pond was smaller than that of shaded pond.Therefore,the adaptive capacity for high temperature of young fish A. sapidissima is better than adult fish. It is suggested that: the young fish A. sapidissima should be cultured in outdoor pond,and then adult fish should be cultured in shaded pond.
The American shad( Alosa sapidissima) is an anadromous fish species with ecological importance along the east coast of North America. At present,it has a potential for aquaculture in China because of its commercial importance and high market value. To evaluate and compare the growth regularity and difference of young fish A. sapidissima cultured in outdoor and shaded ponds,the standard length and body mass of young fish A. sapidissima( n = 600) cultured in outdoor and shaded ponds were measured. The results showed: The relationship of body length and mass of young fish cultured in outdoor and shaded ponds could be described by the power function( W = aL~b,R~2> 0. 99,P < 0. 01,n = 300),the values b were close to and slightly less than 3( 2. 786 4 and 2. 843 1,respectively),and the body length grew slightly faster than the body mass. A leap-style compensatory growth reaction was found in young fish at the beginning of the culture experiment( 0-15 d),and then the body length and mass specific growth rates( SGR) of young fish steadily declined with increasing culture time. The relationships between the body length of young fish cultured in outdoor and shaded ponds and culture time could be described by the linear function( L = at + b,R2>0. 97,P < 0. 01,n = 9),the intersection point of two straight lines appeared at 73. 25 d( September 29);Nevertheless,the relationships between the body mass and culture time could be described by the quadratic function( W = at2+ bt + c,R~2> 0. 97,P < 0. 01,n = 9),the intersection point of two curves appeared at61. 92 d( September 18); at the earlier stage of culture experiment,before 57 d( September 13),young fish of outdoor pond grew faster than shaded pond; at the later stage,after 79 d( October 5),the reverse is true.The food coefficient of outdoor pond( 1. 22) was lower than that of shaded pond( 2. 04). The coefficient of variations of young fish body length and mass in outdoor pond was smaller than that of shaded pond.Therefore,the adaptive capacity for high temperature of young fish A. sapidissima is better than adult fish. It is suggested that: the young fish A. sapidissima should be cultured in outdoor pond,and then adult fish should be cultured in shaded pond.
引文
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[8]张云龙,邵辉,袁娟,等.美国鲥鱼高产模式关键技术[J].渔业致富指南,2010(19):35-36.ZHANG Y L,SHAO H,YUAN J,et al.The key technology of Alosa sapidissima high yield mode[J].Fishery Guide to be Rich,2010(19):35-36.
[9]徐嘉波,税春,施永海,等.池养美洲鲥1+龄鱼种生长特性的研究[J].上海海洋大学学报,2018,27(1):55-63.XU J B,SHUI C,SHI Y H,et al.Study of growth characteristics of pond-reared one-year-old Alosa sapidissima[J].Journal of Shanghai Ocean University,2018,27(1):55-63.
[10]SHI Y H,ZHANG G Y,ZHU Y Z,et al.Effects of photoperiod,temperature,and salinity on growth and survival of obscure puffer Takifugu obscurus larvae[J].Aquaculture,2010,309(1/4):103-108.
[11]HART P R,HUTCHINSON W G,PURSER G J.Effects of photoperiod,temperature and salinity on hatchery-reared larvae of the greenback flounder(Rhombosolea tapirina Günther,1862)[J].Aquaculture,1996,144(4):303-311.
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[13]洪孝友,朱新平,陈昆慈,等.美洲鲥胚胎及仔稚鱼的发育[J].水生生物学报,2011,35(1):153-162.XIAO X Y,ZHU X P,CHEN K C,et al.Study on the development of the embryo and larva of American shad,Alosa sapidissima[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2011,35(1):153-162.
[14]张呈祥,徐钢春,徐跑,等.美洲鲥仔、稚、幼鱼的形态发育与生长特征[J].中国水产科学,2010,17(6):1227-1235.ZHANG C X,XU G C,XU P,et al.Morphological development and growth of American shad(Alosa sapidissima)at larvae,fry and juvenile stages[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2010,17(6):1227-1235.
[15]高小强,洪磊,刘志峰,等.美洲鲥仔稚鱼异速生长模式研究[J].水生生物学报,2015,39(3):638-644.GAO X Q,HONG L,LIU Z F,et al.The study of allometric growth pattern of American shad larvae and juvenile(Alosa sapidissima)[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2015,39(3):638-644.
[16]刘青华,郑玉红,孟涵,等.工厂化循环水养殖条件下美洲鲥鱼幼鱼的生长特性[J].河北渔业,2017,287(11):1-3,21.LIU Q H,ZHENG Y H,MENG H,et al.Growth characteristics of young fish Alosa sapidissima cultured in the recirculating and intensive aquaculture system[J].Hebei Fisheries,2017,287(11):1-3,21.
[17]黄真理,常剑波.鱼类体长与体重关系中的分形特征[J].水生生物学报,1999,23(4):330-336.HUANG Z L,CHANG J B.Fractal characteristics of lengthweight relationship in fish[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,1999,23(4):330-336.
[18]殷名称.鱼类生态学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1995:57-61.YIN M C.Fish ecology[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1995:57-61.
[19]VON BERTALANFFY L.A quantitative theory of organic growth(inquiries on growth lawsⅡ)[J].Human Biology,1938,10(2):181-213.
[20]陆小萏,陆文杰,郑光明,等.鱼类生长的幂指数生长方程[J].水产学报,2002,26(3):281-284.LU X D,LU W J,ZHENG G M,et al.Power-exponential growth equation of fish growth[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2002,26(3):281-284.
[21]李文龙,韩英,石振广,等.达氏鳇稚幼鱼生长特性的研究[J].大连海洋大学学报,2012,27(2):125-128.LI W L,HAN Y,SHI Z G,et al.The growth characteristics in juvenile Siberian huso sturgeon Huso dauricus[J].Journal of Dalian Fisheries University,2012,27(2):125-128.
[22]谢永德,施永海,张海明,等.菊黄东方鲀1龄幼鱼生长特性[J].广东海洋大学学报,2013,33(6):9-13.XIE Y D,SHI Y H,ZHANG H M,et al.Study on growth characteristics of one-year-old Takifugu flavidus under artificial culturing condition[J].Journal of Guangdong Ocean University,2013,33(6):9-13.
[23]邓国成,谢刚,胡隐昌,等.池养倒刺鲃仔幼鱼生长特性的初步研究[J].大连水产学院学报,2012,20(3):254-256.DENG G C,XIE G,HU Y C,et al.Growth performance of larva and early fry of Spinibarbus denticulatus in ponds[J].Journal of Dalian Fisheries University,2012,20(3):254-256.
[24]严银龙,汪洋,施永海.全人工繁育刀鲚幼鱼的摄食和生长特性[J].水产科技情报,2016,43(4):169-173.YAN Y L,WANG Y,SHI Y H.Feeding and growth characteristics of young fish Coilia nasus from completely artificial breeding[J].Fisheries Science&Technology Information,2016,43(4):169-173.
[25]王兴兵,魏洪祥,宣明春,等.细鳞鱼稚、幼鱼在流水池塘中的生长特性[J].水产学杂志,2016,29(6):6-9.WANG X B,WEI H X,XUAN M C,et al.Growth traits of juvenile lenok Brachymystax lenok cultured in a flowing tank[J].Chinese Journal of Fisheries,2016,29(6):6-9.
[26]陈全震,曾江宁,高爱根,等.鱼类热忍耐温度研究进展[J].水产学报,2004,28(5):562-567.CHEN Q Z,ZENG J N,GAO A G,et al.Advances in study of temperature of thermal tolerance of fishes[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2004,28(5):562-567.
[27]杜浩.美洲鲥(Alosa sapidissima)人工孵化、养殖及转运关键技术的研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2005:15-22.DU H.Studies on key techniques in incubation,culture and transportation of American shad Alosa sapidissima[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2005:15-22.
[28]施永海,谢永德,刘永士,等.菊黄东方鲀幼鱼转食过程中生长和脂肪酸组成变化[J].上海海洋大学学报,2017,26(1):48-56.SHI Y H,XIE Y D,LIU Y S,et al.The changes in growth and fatty acid composition of tawny puffer(Takifugu flavidus)juvenile during the bait conversion period[J].Journal of Shanghai Ocean University,2017,26(1):48-56.
[2]张根玉,朱雅珠,张海明,等.美国鲥鱼人工繁殖技术研究[J].水产科技情报,2008,35(5):221-223.ZHANG G Y,ZHU Y Z,ZHANG H M,et al.Artificial breeding techniques for American shad Alosa sapidissima[J].Fisheries Science&Technology Information,2008,35(5):221-223.
[3]徐钢春,张呈祥,郑金良,等.美洲鲥的人工繁殖及胚胎发育的研究[J].海洋科学,2012,36(7):89-96.XU G C,ZHANG C X,ZHENG J L,et al.Artificial propagation and embryonic development of American Shad,Alosa sapidissima[J].Marine Sciences,2012,36(7):89-96.
[4]缪晓燕,樊昌杰,朱爱琴,等.美洲鲥工厂化养殖技术初探[J].水产科技情报,2014,41(4):176-179.MIAO X Y,FAN C J,ZHU A Q,et al.A preliminary study on the technology of Alosa sapidissima industrial aquaculture[J].Fisheries Science&Technology Information,2014,41(4):176-179.
[5]游华斌,张惠芬,徐钢春,等.美洲鲥集约化养殖技术[J].科学养鱼,2012(7):36-37.YOU H B,ZHANG H F,XU G C,et al.The technology of Alosa sapidissima intensive aquaculture[J].Scientific Fish Farming,2012(7):36-37.
[6]潘德博,洪孝友,朱新平,等.美洲鲥工厂化养殖模式初探[J].广东农业科学,2010,37(8):183-184.PAN D B,XIAO H Y,ZHU X P,et al.A preliminary study on the industrial aquaculture mode of Alosa sapidissima[J].Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,2010,37(8):183-184.
[7]洪孝友,陈昆慈,李凯彬,等.水库网箱美洲鲥养殖试验[J].水产养殖,2014(2):8-9.HONG X Y,CHEN K C,LI K B,et al.A cage aquaculture experiment of Alosa sapidissima in reservoir[J].Journal of Aquaculture,2014(2):8-9.
[8]张云龙,邵辉,袁娟,等.美国鲥鱼高产模式关键技术[J].渔业致富指南,2010(19):35-36.ZHANG Y L,SHAO H,YUAN J,et al.The key technology of Alosa sapidissima high yield mode[J].Fishery Guide to be Rich,2010(19):35-36.
[9]徐嘉波,税春,施永海,等.池养美洲鲥1+龄鱼种生长特性的研究[J].上海海洋大学学报,2018,27(1):55-63.XU J B,SHUI C,SHI Y H,et al.Study of growth characteristics of pond-reared one-year-old Alosa sapidissima[J].Journal of Shanghai Ocean University,2018,27(1):55-63.
[10]SHI Y H,ZHANG G Y,ZHU Y Z,et al.Effects of photoperiod,temperature,and salinity on growth and survival of obscure puffer Takifugu obscurus larvae[J].Aquaculture,2010,309(1/4):103-108.
[11]HART P R,HUTCHINSON W G,PURSER G J.Effects of photoperiod,temperature and salinity on hatchery-reared larvae of the greenback flounder(Rhombosolea tapirina Günther,1862)[J].Aquaculture,1996,144(4):303-311.
[12]JOHNSON J R,LOESCH J G.Morphology and development of hatchery-cultured American shad,Alosa sapidissima(Wilson)[J].Fishery Bulletin,1983,81(2):323-339.
[13]洪孝友,朱新平,陈昆慈,等.美洲鲥胚胎及仔稚鱼的发育[J].水生生物学报,2011,35(1):153-162.XIAO X Y,ZHU X P,CHEN K C,et al.Study on the development of the embryo and larva of American shad,Alosa sapidissima[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2011,35(1):153-162.
[14]张呈祥,徐钢春,徐跑,等.美洲鲥仔、稚、幼鱼的形态发育与生长特征[J].中国水产科学,2010,17(6):1227-1235.ZHANG C X,XU G C,XU P,et al.Morphological development and growth of American shad(Alosa sapidissima)at larvae,fry and juvenile stages[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2010,17(6):1227-1235.
[15]高小强,洪磊,刘志峰,等.美洲鲥仔稚鱼异速生长模式研究[J].水生生物学报,2015,39(3):638-644.GAO X Q,HONG L,LIU Z F,et al.The study of allometric growth pattern of American shad larvae and juvenile(Alosa sapidissima)[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2015,39(3):638-644.
[16]刘青华,郑玉红,孟涵,等.工厂化循环水养殖条件下美洲鲥鱼幼鱼的生长特性[J].河北渔业,2017,287(11):1-3,21.LIU Q H,ZHENG Y H,MENG H,et al.Growth characteristics of young fish Alosa sapidissima cultured in the recirculating and intensive aquaculture system[J].Hebei Fisheries,2017,287(11):1-3,21.
[17]黄真理,常剑波.鱼类体长与体重关系中的分形特征[J].水生生物学报,1999,23(4):330-336.HUANG Z L,CHANG J B.Fractal characteristics of lengthweight relationship in fish[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,1999,23(4):330-336.
[18]殷名称.鱼类生态学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1995:57-61.YIN M C.Fish ecology[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1995:57-61.
[19]VON BERTALANFFY L.A quantitative theory of organic growth(inquiries on growth lawsⅡ)[J].Human Biology,1938,10(2):181-213.
[20]陆小萏,陆文杰,郑光明,等.鱼类生长的幂指数生长方程[J].水产学报,2002,26(3):281-284.LU X D,LU W J,ZHENG G M,et al.Power-exponential growth equation of fish growth[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2002,26(3):281-284.
[21]李文龙,韩英,石振广,等.达氏鳇稚幼鱼生长特性的研究[J].大连海洋大学学报,2012,27(2):125-128.LI W L,HAN Y,SHI Z G,et al.The growth characteristics in juvenile Siberian huso sturgeon Huso dauricus[J].Journal of Dalian Fisheries University,2012,27(2):125-128.
[22]谢永德,施永海,张海明,等.菊黄东方鲀1龄幼鱼生长特性[J].广东海洋大学学报,2013,33(6):9-13.XIE Y D,SHI Y H,ZHANG H M,et al.Study on growth characteristics of one-year-old Takifugu flavidus under artificial culturing condition[J].Journal of Guangdong Ocean University,2013,33(6):9-13.
[23]邓国成,谢刚,胡隐昌,等.池养倒刺鲃仔幼鱼生长特性的初步研究[J].大连水产学院学报,2012,20(3):254-256.DENG G C,XIE G,HU Y C,et al.Growth performance of larva and early fry of Spinibarbus denticulatus in ponds[J].Journal of Dalian Fisheries University,2012,20(3):254-256.
[24]严银龙,汪洋,施永海.全人工繁育刀鲚幼鱼的摄食和生长特性[J].水产科技情报,2016,43(4):169-173.YAN Y L,WANG Y,SHI Y H.Feeding and growth characteristics of young fish Coilia nasus from completely artificial breeding[J].Fisheries Science&Technology Information,2016,43(4):169-173.
[25]王兴兵,魏洪祥,宣明春,等.细鳞鱼稚、幼鱼在流水池塘中的生长特性[J].水产学杂志,2016,29(6):6-9.WANG X B,WEI H X,XUAN M C,et al.Growth traits of juvenile lenok Brachymystax lenok cultured in a flowing tank[J].Chinese Journal of Fisheries,2016,29(6):6-9.
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