某在役明城墙病害调研及评估方法
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摘要
评估在役古城墙的病害等级对其制定修复方案具有重要意义。以西部某明城墙为研究对象,对其存在的风化、裂缝、不均匀变形、受水分入渗、整体损伤程度等病害特征及诱因进行了大量调研分析和无损探测研究,基于古城墙砌体和夯土材料的损伤力学机理和专家建议,提出了描述上述病害程度等级指标的确定方法。建议将该明城墙病害分为A级(微弱)、B级(轻度)、C级(中度)和D级(重度)4个等级,并采用数值方法、模糊数学理论和层次分析法,建立了古城墙病害等级模糊评价系统及可视化评价平台。研究结果表明:(1)基于无损探测技术来获取明城墙病害数据库,结合古建筑材料的损伤理论,可系统量化在役明城墙的病害等级;(2)评估系统能够很好的应用于古城墙的病害诊断中,该明城墙南墙的病害程度最严重,西、北墙次之,东墙保存较完好,其病害客观评估结果与现场调研结果基本吻合,可在同历史时期建造的古建筑砖-土结构的病害评估中推广应用。
Assessing the damage grading plays an important role in establishing repairing schemes of the ancient City Wall(ACW). a City Wall in west regeion in Ming Dynasty is taken as research object, the damage features and causes of weathering, cracks, uneven deformation, water invasion and overall damage degree in the ACW are largely investigated and studied with non-destructive detection methods. Based on the damage mechanism of the masonry and rammed soil in the ACW and professional proposal, the defining methods of damage grading indexes of mentioned above in the ACW are proposed. The damage degrees are divided into four grades, such as grade A(weak damage), grade B(mild damage), grade C(moderate damage) and grade D(severe damage). The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation system and visual assessment platform of the damage grading of the ACW are established by using the numerical method, fuzzy mathematics and Analytic Hierarchy Process method. Based on the non-destructive detection methods and damage mechanism of materials in the ACW, the damage database of which can be established to quantify and analyze the damage grading; The assessment results with proposed platform show that the south wall of ACW is damaged more severely than that of the west and north wall, the east wall is perfectly preserved. The objective damage assessment of the ACW is well agreement with the subjective cognition during the investigation. The proposed evaluation system and platform are suitable and can be used in the similar ancient buildings constructed with masonry-rammed soil.
Assessing the damage grading plays an important role in establishing repairing schemes of the ancient City Wall(ACW). a City Wall in west regeion in Ming Dynasty is taken as research object, the damage features and causes of weathering, cracks, uneven deformation, water invasion and overall damage degree in the ACW are largely investigated and studied with non-destructive detection methods. Based on the damage mechanism of the masonry and rammed soil in the ACW and professional proposal, the defining methods of damage grading indexes of mentioned above in the ACW are proposed. The damage degrees are divided into four grades, such as grade A(weak damage), grade B(mild damage), grade C(moderate damage) and grade D(severe damage). The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation system and visual assessment platform of the damage grading of the ACW are established by using the numerical method, fuzzy mathematics and Analytic Hierarchy Process method. Based on the non-destructive detection methods and damage mechanism of materials in the ACW, the damage database of which can be established to quantify and analyze the damage grading; The assessment results with proposed platform show that the south wall of ACW is damaged more severely than that of the west and north wall, the east wall is perfectly preserved. The objective damage assessment of the ACW is well agreement with the subjective cognition during the investigation. The proposed evaluation system and platform are suitable and can be used in the similar ancient buildings constructed with masonry-rammed soil.
引文
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[12] 曹瑞琅,贺少辉,郭炎伟,等.地质强度指标的模糊综合评判法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2013,32(s2):3100-3108.CAO Ruilang,HE Shaohui,GUO Yanwei,et al.Fuzzy-synthetical evaluation method on the system of geological strength index[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2013,32(s2):3100-3108.(in Chinese)
[13] 康志强,冯夏庭,周辉.基于层次分析法的可拓学理论在地下洞室岩体质量评价中的应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(S2):3687-3687.KANG Zhiqiang,FENG Xiating,ZHOU Hui.Application of extenics theory to evaluation of underground cavern rock quality based on stratification analysis method[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2006,25(S2):3687-3687.(in Chinese)
[14] 田小甫,孙进忠,柳亚千.晋阳大佛边坡岩体风化分级研究[J].地质与勘探,2010,46(4):722-727.TIAN Xiaofu,SUN Jinzhong,LIU Yaqian.Weathering grading of rock mass on the slope at the Jinyang Buddha[J].Geology and Exploration,2010,46(4):722-727.(in Chinese)
[15] Kivanc Zorlu.Description of the weathering states of building stones by fractal geometry and fuzzy inference system in the Olba ancient city (Southern Turkey)[J].Engineering Geology,2008(101):124-133.
[16] 郭小东,徐帅,宋晓胜,等.基于灰色模糊分析法的古建筑木结构安全性评估[J].北京工业大学学报,2016,42(3):393-398.GUO Xiaodong,XU Shuai,SONG Xiaosheng,et al.Safety assessment of ancient timber buildings based on gray-fuzzy analytical method[J].Jouranal of Beijing University of Technology,2016,42(3):393-398.(in Chinese)
[17] 林拥军,邱秀娇,葛宇东.砌体结构安全性模糊层次综合评价方法[J].西南交通大学学报,2016,51(6):1214-1221.LIN Yongjun,QIU Xiujiao,GE Yudong.Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method for masonry structure safety[J].Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University,2016,51(6):1214-1221.(in Chinese)
[18] GB/T 2542—2013 砌墙砖试验方法[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003:1-18.GB/T 2542—2013.Test Methods for Wall Bricks[S].Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,3003:1-18.(in Chinese)
[19] 施楚贤.砌体结构理论与设计(第2版)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.SHI Chuxian.Theory and Design of Masonry Structures (Version 2)[M].Beijing:China Building Industry Press,2003.(in Chinese)
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[21] 杨卫忠.砌体受压本构关系模型[J].建筑结构,2008,38(10):80-82.YANG Weizhong.Constitutive relationship model for masonry materials in compression[J].Architectural Structure,2008,38(10):80-82.(in Chinese)
[22] Burland,J.B.,Broms,B.,De Mello,V.F.B.,1977.Behaviour of foundations and structures[C]//Proc.9th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundations Eng.,vol.2,495-546.
[23] 杨桂通,张善元.弹性动力学[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1988,101-116.YANG Guitong,ZHANG Shanyuan.Elastokinetics[M].Beijing:China railway publishing house,1988,101-116.(in Chinese)
[24] Zadeh L A.Fuzzy sets.Information and Control[J].1965(8):338-353.
[25] 许树柏.层次分析法原理[M].天津:天津大学出版社,1988.XU Shubai.Principle of Analytic Hierarchy Process[M].Tianjing:Tianjin university press,1988.(in Chinese)
[26] 谢季坚,刘承平.模糊数学方法及其应用[M].3版.武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2000:1-43.XIE Jijian,LIU Chengping.Fuzzy Mathematics Method and Its Application[M].3rd ed.Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press,2000:1-43.(in Chinese)
[27] 张军林,阳富民,胡贯荣.JavaScript语言解释器的设计与实现[J].计算机工程与运用,2003(30):124-126.ZHANG Junlin,YANG Fumin,HU Guanrong.Design and implementation of JavaScript interpreter[J].Computer Engineering and Applications,2003(30):124-126.(in Chinese)
[2] 冯楠,王蕙贞,王肃,等.西安城墙“泛碱”病害分析及保护研究[J].文物保护与考古科学,2012,24(2):26-30.FENG Nan,WANG Huizhen,WANG Su,et al.Study of efflorescence on the city wall of Xi'an[J].2012,24(2):26-30.(in Chinese)
[3] 王旭东,石玉成,刘琨.夯土长城墙体掏蚀失稳机理研究[J].西北地震学报,2011,33(增刊):381-385.WANG Xudong,SHI Yucheng,LIU Kun.Research on sapping instablity mechanism for rammed wall[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2011,33(Supp.):381-385.(in Chinese)
[4] 杨国兴,张立乾,孙崇华,等.夯土类平遥古城墙稳定性分析与评价研究[J].特种结构,2010,27(4):102-107.YANG Guoxing,ZHANG Liqian,SUN Chonghua,et al.Stability analysis and evaluation about the old rampart builded with tamped soil in pingyao[J].Special Structures,2010,27(4):102-107.(in Chinese)
[5] 张明泉,等.不同掏蚀深度下古城墙的稳定性数值分析[J].地震工程学报,2013,35(1):133-138.ZHANG Mingquan,et al.Analysis and numerical calculations of stability on ancient city wall under various sapping depths[J].China Earthquake Engineering Journal,2013,35(1):133-138.(in Chinese)
[6] 施维娟,彭兴黔,陈艳红.土楼夯土墙体在自然环境下的侵蚀实测[J].自然灾害学报,2014,23(1):138-143.SHI Weijuan,PENG Xingqian,CHEN Yanhong.Erosion measurement of rammed earth wall in the wild[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2014,23(1):138-143.(in Chinese)
[7] 俞茂宏,张学彬,方东平,著.西安古城墙研究-建筑结构和抗震[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,1994:12.YU Maohong,ZHANG Xuebin,FANG Dongping.Study of Xi’an City Wall-architectural Structure and Seismic[M].Xi’an:Xi’an Jiaotong University Press,1994:12.(in Chinese)
[8] 王源,刘松玉,谭跃虎,等.九华山隧道爆破施工对明城墙振动影响的监测与分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(增1):3584-3584.WANG Yuan,LIU Songyu,TAN Yuehu,et al.Monitoring and analysis of ming dynasty wall vibration influenced by explosion construction of Jiu Huashan tunnel[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(S1):3584-3584.(in Chinese)
[9] 邵峰,周强,宋固全,等.砌体结构单体震害预测方法评述[J].自然灾害学报,2016,25(6):58-68.SHAO Feng,ZHOU Qiang,SONG Guquan,et al.Review on seismic damage prediction methods of single masonry structures[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2016,25(6):58-68.(in Chinese)
[10] 李宁,顾强康,朱才辉,等.西安地铁二号线下穿古城墙段地表沉降控制标准研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(增刊2):3753-3761.LI Ning,GU Qiangkang,ZHU Caihui,et al.Research on ground sedimentation criterion of Xi’an Line-2 subway under circumvallation[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(S2):3753-3761.(in Chinese)
[11] Kerstin Elert,Giuseppe Cultrone,Carlos Rodriguez Navarro,Eduardo Sebastián Pardo.Durability of bricks used in the conservation of historic buildings influence of composition and microstructure[J].Journal of Cultural Heritage,2003(4):91-99.
[12] 曹瑞琅,贺少辉,郭炎伟,等.地质强度指标的模糊综合评判法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2013,32(s2):3100-3108.CAO Ruilang,HE Shaohui,GUO Yanwei,et al.Fuzzy-synthetical evaluation method on the system of geological strength index[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2013,32(s2):3100-3108.(in Chinese)
[13] 康志强,冯夏庭,周辉.基于层次分析法的可拓学理论在地下洞室岩体质量评价中的应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(S2):3687-3687.KANG Zhiqiang,FENG Xiating,ZHOU Hui.Application of extenics theory to evaluation of underground cavern rock quality based on stratification analysis method[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2006,25(S2):3687-3687.(in Chinese)
[14] 田小甫,孙进忠,柳亚千.晋阳大佛边坡岩体风化分级研究[J].地质与勘探,2010,46(4):722-727.TIAN Xiaofu,SUN Jinzhong,LIU Yaqian.Weathering grading of rock mass on the slope at the Jinyang Buddha[J].Geology and Exploration,2010,46(4):722-727.(in Chinese)
[15] Kivanc Zorlu.Description of the weathering states of building stones by fractal geometry and fuzzy inference system in the Olba ancient city (Southern Turkey)[J].Engineering Geology,2008(101):124-133.
[16] 郭小东,徐帅,宋晓胜,等.基于灰色模糊分析法的古建筑木结构安全性评估[J].北京工业大学学报,2016,42(3):393-398.GUO Xiaodong,XU Shuai,SONG Xiaosheng,et al.Safety assessment of ancient timber buildings based on gray-fuzzy analytical method[J].Jouranal of Beijing University of Technology,2016,42(3):393-398.(in Chinese)
[17] 林拥军,邱秀娇,葛宇东.砌体结构安全性模糊层次综合评价方法[J].西南交通大学学报,2016,51(6):1214-1221.LIN Yongjun,QIU Xiujiao,GE Yudong.Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method for masonry structure safety[J].Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University,2016,51(6):1214-1221.(in Chinese)
[18] GB/T 2542—2013 砌墙砖试验方法[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003:1-18.GB/T 2542—2013.Test Methods for Wall Bricks[S].Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,3003:1-18.(in Chinese)
[19] 施楚贤.砌体结构理论与设计(第2版)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.SHI Chuxian.Theory and Design of Masonry Structures (Version 2)[M].Beijing:China Building Industry Press,2003.(in Chinese)
[20] GB 50292—2015 民用建筑可靠性鉴定标准[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2016:1-20.GB 50292—2015 Standard for Appraisal of Reliability of Civil Buildings[S].Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,2006:1-20.(in Chinese)
[21] 杨卫忠.砌体受压本构关系模型[J].建筑结构,2008,38(10):80-82.YANG Weizhong.Constitutive relationship model for masonry materials in compression[J].Architectural Structure,2008,38(10):80-82.(in Chinese)
[22] Burland,J.B.,Broms,B.,De Mello,V.F.B.,1977.Behaviour of foundations and structures[C]//Proc.9th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundations Eng.,vol.2,495-546.
[23] 杨桂通,张善元.弹性动力学[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1988,101-116.YANG Guitong,ZHANG Shanyuan.Elastokinetics[M].Beijing:China railway publishing house,1988,101-116.(in Chinese)
[24] Zadeh L A.Fuzzy sets.Information and Control[J].1965(8):338-353.
[25] 许树柏.层次分析法原理[M].天津:天津大学出版社,1988.XU Shubai.Principle of Analytic Hierarchy Process[M].Tianjing:Tianjin university press,1988.(in Chinese)
[26] 谢季坚,刘承平.模糊数学方法及其应用[M].3版.武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2000:1-43.XIE Jijian,LIU Chengping.Fuzzy Mathematics Method and Its Application[M].3rd ed.Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press,2000:1-43.(in Chinese)
[27] 张军林,阳富民,胡贯荣.JavaScript语言解释器的设计与实现[J].计算机工程与运用,2003(30):124-126.ZHANG Junlin,YANG Fumin,HU Guanrong.Design and implementation of JavaScript interpreter[J].Computer Engineering and Applications,2003(30):124-126.(in Chinese)