社会支持缓解高互依自我个体的急性心理应激反应
|
摘要
高互依自我构念个体以社会角色来定义自己,更看重自己的社会关系;社会评价威胁是诱发个体社会心理应激反应的重要情境因素,然而高互依自我构念个体在心理性应激情境中是否会表现出更高的应激反应,以及社会支持是否会缓解高互依自我构念个体的急性心理应激反应还不可知。本研究以特里尔社会应激测试为范式,以主观应激报告、心率和唾液皮质醇作为应激指标,使用自我构念问卷测量个体互依自我构念水平,将健康大学生被试随机分配到自我支持启动组和社会支持启动组。结果发现,互依自我构念水平正向预测个体在应激情境中的皮质醇水平增加量;同时,相比于自我支持启动,高互依自我构念的个体在经历社会支持后有更低的唾液皮质醇变化量。研究结果提示,社会支持对高互依自我构念个体的急性心理应激反应起到了良好的缓解作用。
Individuals with high interdependent self-construal generally define themselves as a social role, and assign great values to their social relationships. Social evaluation threat is an important situational factor that induces psychosocial stress. However, it is not known whether individuals with high interdependent self-construal will exhibit more intense stress responses under situations of psychological stress. In addition, social support represents an important factor for the individual's acceptance by the social group. However, it remains unknown whether social support is effective in coping with the stress responses induced by psychological stress in the high interdependent self-construal individuals. Therefore, the present study sought to investigate:(1) the psychosocial stress response of the high interdependent self-construal individuals;(2) the roles of social support in coping with the psychological stress for high interdependent self-construal individuals. We hypothesized that:(1) the high interdependent self-construal individuals would have greater stress response under psychological stress situations;(2) in the context of social support, individuals with high interdependent self-construal will exhibit lower stress levels.We selected 60 college students in a University(Chongqing, China) through advertisements. The 60 participants were randomly divided into two groups: the self support-priming group and social support-priming group. The experiences of self support or social support were induced by different primings. A version of the Trier Social Stress Test(TSST) adapted for Chinese was used to induce the acute psychosocial stress. We used salivary cortisol, heart rate and subjective reported stress as indicators of stress. Throughout the course of the experiment, we performed 7 separate measurements of these indices, and evaluated the interdependent self-construal using the self-construal scale.Using two-way ANOVA with priming as a between-subject variable and time points as a within-subject variable, we discovered a significant effect of the time points: salivary cortisol, F(6, 258) = 15.83, p < 0.001, ηp2 =0.269; heart rate, F(7, 301) = 69.15, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.617; subjective reported stress, F(6, 258) = 67.58, p <0.001, ηp2 = 0.611. We used the area under the curve with respect to the increase(AUCi) of time points of the three stress indices as the changes in stress levels across the experiment. The independent-sample t-test revealed that the AUCi of the salivary cortisol of the group with social support was significantly lower than that of the self support group: t(43) = 1.95, p = 0.058, d' = 0.594, 95% CI [–0.022, 1.314]. The AUCg of the heart rate and subjective reported stress showed no significant differences between the two priming groups. Furthermore, we used the AUCi of cortisol to assess changes in stress levels. We conducted linear regression analysis with the AUCi of cortisol as the dependent variable, and priming and interdependent self-construal as the independent variables. The interaction effect of priming and interdependent self-construal was significant: β = –0.27, p =0.038, ΔR2 = 0.073, 95% CI [–0.528, –0.016]. We adopted a simple slope test for further analysis. The results indicated that the stress level of high interdependent self-construal individuals who accepted social support were significantly lower than those under self support: β = –0.75, t = –3.59, p < 0.001. In contrast, these differences were not identified in individuals with low interdependent self-construal.Taken together, consistent with previous reports, the present study found that the individuals with high interdependent self-construal exhibit more intense stress response under the psychosocial stress. Furthermore,we discovered that for individuals with high interdependent self-construal, social support could effectively alleviate their stress response. These results provide an effective stress coping strategy for individuals with high interdependent self-construal.
Individuals with high interdependent self-construal generally define themselves as a social role, and assign great values to their social relationships. Social evaluation threat is an important situational factor that induces psychosocial stress. However, it is not known whether individuals with high interdependent self-construal will exhibit more intense stress responses under situations of psychological stress. In addition, social support represents an important factor for the individual's acceptance by the social group. However, it remains unknown whether social support is effective in coping with the stress responses induced by psychological stress in the high interdependent self-construal individuals. Therefore, the present study sought to investigate:(1) the psychosocial stress response of the high interdependent self-construal individuals;(2) the roles of social support in coping with the psychological stress for high interdependent self-construal individuals. We hypothesized that:(1) the high interdependent self-construal individuals would have greater stress response under psychological stress situations;(2) in the context of social support, individuals with high interdependent self-construal will exhibit lower stress levels.We selected 60 college students in a University(Chongqing, China) through advertisements. The 60 participants were randomly divided into two groups: the self support-priming group and social support-priming group. The experiences of self support or social support were induced by different primings. A version of the Trier Social Stress Test(TSST) adapted for Chinese was used to induce the acute psychosocial stress. We used salivary cortisol, heart rate and subjective reported stress as indicators of stress. Throughout the course of the experiment, we performed 7 separate measurements of these indices, and evaluated the interdependent self-construal using the self-construal scale.Using two-way ANOVA with priming as a between-subject variable and time points as a within-subject variable, we discovered a significant effect of the time points: salivary cortisol, F(6, 258) = 15.83, p < 0.001, ηp2 =0.269; heart rate, F(7, 301) = 69.15, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.617; subjective reported stress, F(6, 258) = 67.58, p <0.001, ηp2 = 0.611. We used the area under the curve with respect to the increase(AUCi) of time points of the three stress indices as the changes in stress levels across the experiment. The independent-sample t-test revealed that the AUCi of the salivary cortisol of the group with social support was significantly lower than that of the self support group: t(43) = 1.95, p = 0.058, d' = 0.594, 95% CI [–0.022, 1.314]. The AUCg of the heart rate and subjective reported stress showed no significant differences between the two priming groups. Furthermore, we used the AUCi of cortisol to assess changes in stress levels. We conducted linear regression analysis with the AUCi of cortisol as the dependent variable, and priming and interdependent self-construal as the independent variables. The interaction effect of priming and interdependent self-construal was significant: β = –0.27, p =0.038, ΔR2 = 0.073, 95% CI [–0.528, –0.016]. We adopted a simple slope test for further analysis. The results indicated that the stress level of high interdependent self-construal individuals who accepted social support were significantly lower than those under self support: β = –0.75, t = –3.59, p < 0.001. In contrast, these differences were not identified in individuals with low interdependent self-construal.Taken together, consistent with previous reports, the present study found that the individuals with high interdependent self-construal exhibit more intense stress response under the psychosocial stress. Furthermore,we discovered that for individuals with high interdependent self-construal, social support could effectively alleviate their stress response. These results provide an effective stress coping strategy for individuals with high interdependent self-construal.
引文
Al'Absi,M.,Wittmers,L.E.,Erickson,J.,Hatsukami,D.,&Crouse,B.(2003).Attenuated adrenocortical and blood pressure responses to psychological stress in ad libitum and abstinent smokers.Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior,74(2),401-410.
Allen,A.P.,Kennedy,P.J.,Cryan,J.F.,Dinan,T.G.,&Clarke,G.(2014).Biological and psychological markers of stress in humans:Focus on the Trier Social Stress Test.Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews,38,94-124.
Averill,J.R.(1973).Personal control over aversive stimuli and its relationship to stress.Psychological Bulletin,80(4),286-303.
Blascovich,J.,&Tomaka,J.(1996).The biopsychosocial model of arousal regulation.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,28(3),1-51.
Bohringer,A.,Schwabe,L.,Richter,S.,&Schachinger,H.(2008).Intranasal insulin attenuates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to psychosocial stress.Psychoneuroendocrinology,33(10),1394-1400.
Buske-Kirschbaum,A.,Geiben,A.,H?Llig,H.,Morschh?User,E.,&Hellhammer,D.(2002).Altered responsiveness of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic adrenomedullary system to stress in patients with atopic dermatitis.Journal of Clinical Endocrinology&Metabolism,87(9),4245-4251.
Caplan,G.(1981).Mastery of stress:Psychosocial aspects.American Journal of Psychiatry,138(4),413-420.
Cobb,S.(1976).Social support as a moderator of life stress.Psychosomatic Medicine,38(5),300-314.
Cohen,S.,Kessler,R.C.,&Gordon,L.U.(Eds.).(1995).Measuring stress:A guide for health and social scientists.New York,NY,US:Oxford University Press.
Cohen,S.,&Wills,T.A.(1985).Stress,social support,and the buffering hypothesis.Psychological Bulletin,98(2),310-357.
Cousins,S.D.(1989).Culture and self-perception in Japan and the United States.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,56(1),124-131.
Cross,S.E.,Bacon,P.L.,&Morris,M.L.(2000).The relationalinterdependent self-construal and relationships.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,78(4),791-808.
Dickerson,S.S.,&Kemeny,M.E.(2004).Acute stressors and cortisol responses:A theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research.Psychological Bulletin,130(3),355-391.
Dienstbier,R.A.(1988).Arousal and physiological toughness:Implications for mental and physical health.Psychological Review,96(1),84-100.
Fekedulegn,D.B.,Andrew,M.E.,Burchfiel,C.M.,Violanti,J.M.,Hartley,T.A.,Charles,L.E.,&Miller,D.B.(2007).Area under the curve and other summary indicators of repeated waking cortisol measurements.Psychosomatic Medicine,69(7),651-659.
Hardin,E.E.,Varghese,F.P.,Tran,U.V.,&Carlson,A.Z.(2006).Anxiety and career exploration:Gender differences in the role of self-construal.Journal of Vocational Behavior,69(2),346-358.
Heinrichs,M.,Baumgartner,T.,Kirschbaum,C.,&Ehlert,U.(2003).Social support and oxytocin interact to suppress cortisol and subjective responses to psychosocial stress.Biological Psychiatry,54(12),1389-1398.
Hofstede,G.(2001).Culture's consequences:Comparing values,behaviors,institutions and organizations across nations.Paper presented at the Edn,Sage Publications,Inc,Thousand Oaks.
Hu,X.,Wang,Y.,&Yang,J.(2017).Individual differences of self-construal in shaping the psychosocial stress response.Journal of Southwest University(Natural Science),39(12),161-169.[胡翔,王妍,杨娟.(2017).自我构念的个体差异对心理性应激反应的影响.西南大学学报(自然科学版),39(12),161-169.]
Huang,R.Z.,Liu,M.F.,&Yao,S.Q.(2009).The Self-construal Scale:An examination of its reliability and validity among Chinese university students.Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology.
Hughes,B.L.,&Beer,J.S.(2013).Protecting the self:The effect of social-evaluative threat on neural representations of self.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,25(4),613.
Kirschbaum,C.,Klauer,T.,Filipp,S.H.,&Hellhammer,D.H.(1995).Sex-specific effects of social support on cortisol and subjective responses to acute psychological stress.Psychosomatic Medicine,57(1),23-31.
Kirschbaum,C.,Kudielka,B.M.,Gaab,J.,Schommer,N.C.,&Hellhammer,D.H.(1999).Impact of gender,menstrual cycle phase,and oral contraceptives on the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis.Psychosomatic Medicine,61(2),154-162.
Kirschbaum,C.,Pirke,K.M.,&Hellhammer,D.H.(1993).The"Trier Social Stress Test":A tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting.Neuropsychobiology,28(1-2),76-81.
Kudielka,B.M.,Schommer,N.C.,Hellhammer,D.H.,&Kirschbaum,C.(2004).Acute HPA axis responses,heart rate,and mood changes to psychosocial stress(TSST)in humans at different times of day.Psychoneuroendocrinology,29(8),983-992.
Lovallo,W.R.,Pincomb,G.A.,Brackett,D.J.,&Wilson,M.F.(1990).Heart rate reactivity as a predictor of neuroendocrine responses to aversive and appetitive challenges.52(1),17-26.
Markus,H.R.,&Kitayama,S.(1991).Culture and the self:Implications for cognition,emotion,and motivation.Psychological Review,98(2),224-253.
Mason,J.W.(1968).A review of psychoendocrine research on the pituitary-adrenal cortical system.Psychosomatic Medicine,30(5),576-607.
Okazaki,S.(1997).Sources of ethnic differences between Asian American and white American college students on measures of depression and social anxiety.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,106(1),52-60.
Pacák,K.,&Palkovits,M.(2001).Stressor specificity of central neuroendocrine responses:Implications for stress-related disorders.Endocrine Reviews,22(4),502-548.
Peters,M.L.,Godaert,G.L.R.,Ballieux,R.E.,Brosschot,J.F.,Sweep,F.C.G.J.,Swinkels,L.M.J.W.,...Heijnen,C.J.(1999).Immune responses to experimental stress:Effects of mental effort and uncontrollability.Psychosomatic Medicine,61(4),513-524.
Pruessner,J.C.,Hellhammer,D.H.,&Kirschbaum,C.(1999).Low self-esteem,induced failure and the adrenocortical stress response.Personality and Individual Differences,27(3),477-489.
Pruessner,J.C.,Kirschbaum,C.,Meinlschmid,G.,&Hellhammer,D.H.(2003).Two formulas for computation of the area under the curve represent measures of total hormone concentration versus time-dependent change.Psychoneuroendocrinology,28(7),916-931.
Rimmele,U.,Zellweger,B.C.,Marti,B.,Seiler,R.,Mohiyeddini,C.,Ehlert,U.,&Heinrichs,M.(2007).Trained men show lower cortisol,heart rate and psychological responses to psychosocial stress compared with untrained men.Psychoneuroendocrinology,32(6),627-635.
Rose,R.M.(1980).Endocrine responses to stressful psychological events.Psychiatric Clinics of North America,3(2),251-276.
Sapolsky,R.M.(1993).Endocrinology alfresco:Psychoendocrine studies of wild baboons.Recent Progress in Hormone Research,48(1),437-468.
Sato,T.,&Mccann,D.(1998).Individual differences in relatedness and individuality:An exploration of two constructs.Personality and Individual Differences,24(6),847-859.
Schmidt,L.A.,Fox,N.A.,Sternberg,E.M.,Gold,P.W.,Smith,C.C.,&Schulkin,J.(1999).Adrenocortical reactivity and social competence in seven year-olds.Personality and Individual Differences,26(6),977-985.
Schoofs,D.,Preu?,D.,&Wolf,O.T.(2008).Psychosocial stress induces working memory impairments in an n-back paradigm.Psychoneuroendocrinology,33(5),643-653.
Seta,C.E.,&Seta,J.J.(1995).When audience presence is enjoyable:The influence of audience awareness of prior success on performance and task interest.Basic&Applied Social Psychology,16(1-2),95-108.
Singelis,T.M.(1994).The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,20(5),580-591.
Stroud,L.R.,Tanofsky-Kraff,M.,Wilfley,D.E.,&Salovey,P.(2000).The Yale Interpersonal Stressor(YIPS):Affective,physiological,and behavioral responses to a novel interpersonal rejection paradigm.Annals of Behavioral Medicine,22(3),204-213.
Thompson,S.C.(1981).Will it hurt less if I can control it?Acomplex answer to a simple question.Psychological Bulletin,90(1),89-101.
VanDellen,M.R.,Campbell,W.K.,Hoyle,R.H.,&Bradfield,E.K.(2011).Compensating,resisting,and breaking:Ameta-analytic examination of reactions to self-esteem threat.Personality&Social Psychology Review,15(1),51-74.
Yang,J.,Hou,Y.,Yang,Y.,&Zhang,Q.,L.(2011).Impct of Trier Social stress Test(TSST)on salivary cortisol secretion.Acta Psychologica Sinica,43(4),403-409.[杨娟,侯燕,杨瑜,张庆林.(2011).特里尔社会应激测试(TSST)对唾液皮质醇分泌的影响.心理学报,43(4),403-409.]
Zou,L.,Jiang,L.,Zhang,X.,C.,Hu,J.,Zhang,H.,C.(2014).The influence of self-construals on subjective well-being:Empirical research on mediating role of self-efficacy and relationship harmony.Studies of Psychology and Behavior,12(1),107-114.[邹璐,姜莉,张西超,胡婧,张红川.(2014).自我构念对主观幸福感的影响机制分析:自我效能感和关系和谐的中介作用.心理与行为研究,12(1),107-114.]
Allen,A.P.,Kennedy,P.J.,Cryan,J.F.,Dinan,T.G.,&Clarke,G.(2014).Biological and psychological markers of stress in humans:Focus on the Trier Social Stress Test.Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews,38,94-124.
Averill,J.R.(1973).Personal control over aversive stimuli and its relationship to stress.Psychological Bulletin,80(4),286-303.
Blascovich,J.,&Tomaka,J.(1996).The biopsychosocial model of arousal regulation.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,28(3),1-51.
Bohringer,A.,Schwabe,L.,Richter,S.,&Schachinger,H.(2008).Intranasal insulin attenuates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to psychosocial stress.Psychoneuroendocrinology,33(10),1394-1400.
Buske-Kirschbaum,A.,Geiben,A.,H?Llig,H.,Morschh?User,E.,&Hellhammer,D.(2002).Altered responsiveness of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic adrenomedullary system to stress in patients with atopic dermatitis.Journal of Clinical Endocrinology&Metabolism,87(9),4245-4251.
Caplan,G.(1981).Mastery of stress:Psychosocial aspects.American Journal of Psychiatry,138(4),413-420.
Cobb,S.(1976).Social support as a moderator of life stress.Psychosomatic Medicine,38(5),300-314.
Cohen,S.,Kessler,R.C.,&Gordon,L.U.(Eds.).(1995).Measuring stress:A guide for health and social scientists.New York,NY,US:Oxford University Press.
Cohen,S.,&Wills,T.A.(1985).Stress,social support,and the buffering hypothesis.Psychological Bulletin,98(2),310-357.
Cousins,S.D.(1989).Culture and self-perception in Japan and the United States.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,56(1),124-131.
Cross,S.E.,Bacon,P.L.,&Morris,M.L.(2000).The relationalinterdependent self-construal and relationships.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,78(4),791-808.
Dickerson,S.S.,&Kemeny,M.E.(2004).Acute stressors and cortisol responses:A theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research.Psychological Bulletin,130(3),355-391.
Dienstbier,R.A.(1988).Arousal and physiological toughness:Implications for mental and physical health.Psychological Review,96(1),84-100.
Fekedulegn,D.B.,Andrew,M.E.,Burchfiel,C.M.,Violanti,J.M.,Hartley,T.A.,Charles,L.E.,&Miller,D.B.(2007).Area under the curve and other summary indicators of repeated waking cortisol measurements.Psychosomatic Medicine,69(7),651-659.
Hardin,E.E.,Varghese,F.P.,Tran,U.V.,&Carlson,A.Z.(2006).Anxiety and career exploration:Gender differences in the role of self-construal.Journal of Vocational Behavior,69(2),346-358.
Heinrichs,M.,Baumgartner,T.,Kirschbaum,C.,&Ehlert,U.(2003).Social support and oxytocin interact to suppress cortisol and subjective responses to psychosocial stress.Biological Psychiatry,54(12),1389-1398.
Hofstede,G.(2001).Culture's consequences:Comparing values,behaviors,institutions and organizations across nations.Paper presented at the Edn,Sage Publications,Inc,Thousand Oaks.
Hu,X.,Wang,Y.,&Yang,J.(2017).Individual differences of self-construal in shaping the psychosocial stress response.Journal of Southwest University(Natural Science),39(12),161-169.[胡翔,王妍,杨娟.(2017).自我构念的个体差异对心理性应激反应的影响.西南大学学报(自然科学版),39(12),161-169.]
Huang,R.Z.,Liu,M.F.,&Yao,S.Q.(2009).The Self-construal Scale:An examination of its reliability and validity among Chinese university students.Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology.
Hughes,B.L.,&Beer,J.S.(2013).Protecting the self:The effect of social-evaluative threat on neural representations of self.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,25(4),613.
Kirschbaum,C.,Klauer,T.,Filipp,S.H.,&Hellhammer,D.H.(1995).Sex-specific effects of social support on cortisol and subjective responses to acute psychological stress.Psychosomatic Medicine,57(1),23-31.
Kirschbaum,C.,Kudielka,B.M.,Gaab,J.,Schommer,N.C.,&Hellhammer,D.H.(1999).Impact of gender,menstrual cycle phase,and oral contraceptives on the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis.Psychosomatic Medicine,61(2),154-162.
Kirschbaum,C.,Pirke,K.M.,&Hellhammer,D.H.(1993).The"Trier Social Stress Test":A tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting.Neuropsychobiology,28(1-2),76-81.
Kudielka,B.M.,Schommer,N.C.,Hellhammer,D.H.,&Kirschbaum,C.(2004).Acute HPA axis responses,heart rate,and mood changes to psychosocial stress(TSST)in humans at different times of day.Psychoneuroendocrinology,29(8),983-992.
Lovallo,W.R.,Pincomb,G.A.,Brackett,D.J.,&Wilson,M.F.(1990).Heart rate reactivity as a predictor of neuroendocrine responses to aversive and appetitive challenges.52(1),17-26.
Markus,H.R.,&Kitayama,S.(1991).Culture and the self:Implications for cognition,emotion,and motivation.Psychological Review,98(2),224-253.
Mason,J.W.(1968).A review of psychoendocrine research on the pituitary-adrenal cortical system.Psychosomatic Medicine,30(5),576-607.
Okazaki,S.(1997).Sources of ethnic differences between Asian American and white American college students on measures of depression and social anxiety.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,106(1),52-60.
Pacák,K.,&Palkovits,M.(2001).Stressor specificity of central neuroendocrine responses:Implications for stress-related disorders.Endocrine Reviews,22(4),502-548.
Peters,M.L.,Godaert,G.L.R.,Ballieux,R.E.,Brosschot,J.F.,Sweep,F.C.G.J.,Swinkels,L.M.J.W.,...Heijnen,C.J.(1999).Immune responses to experimental stress:Effects of mental effort and uncontrollability.Psychosomatic Medicine,61(4),513-524.
Pruessner,J.C.,Hellhammer,D.H.,&Kirschbaum,C.(1999).Low self-esteem,induced failure and the adrenocortical stress response.Personality and Individual Differences,27(3),477-489.
Pruessner,J.C.,Kirschbaum,C.,Meinlschmid,G.,&Hellhammer,D.H.(2003).Two formulas for computation of the area under the curve represent measures of total hormone concentration versus time-dependent change.Psychoneuroendocrinology,28(7),916-931.
Rimmele,U.,Zellweger,B.C.,Marti,B.,Seiler,R.,Mohiyeddini,C.,Ehlert,U.,&Heinrichs,M.(2007).Trained men show lower cortisol,heart rate and psychological responses to psychosocial stress compared with untrained men.Psychoneuroendocrinology,32(6),627-635.
Rose,R.M.(1980).Endocrine responses to stressful psychological events.Psychiatric Clinics of North America,3(2),251-276.
Sapolsky,R.M.(1993).Endocrinology alfresco:Psychoendocrine studies of wild baboons.Recent Progress in Hormone Research,48(1),437-468.
Sato,T.,&Mccann,D.(1998).Individual differences in relatedness and individuality:An exploration of two constructs.Personality and Individual Differences,24(6),847-859.
Schmidt,L.A.,Fox,N.A.,Sternberg,E.M.,Gold,P.W.,Smith,C.C.,&Schulkin,J.(1999).Adrenocortical reactivity and social competence in seven year-olds.Personality and Individual Differences,26(6),977-985.
Schoofs,D.,Preu?,D.,&Wolf,O.T.(2008).Psychosocial stress induces working memory impairments in an n-back paradigm.Psychoneuroendocrinology,33(5),643-653.
Seta,C.E.,&Seta,J.J.(1995).When audience presence is enjoyable:The influence of audience awareness of prior success on performance and task interest.Basic&Applied Social Psychology,16(1-2),95-108.
Singelis,T.M.(1994).The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,20(5),580-591.
Stroud,L.R.,Tanofsky-Kraff,M.,Wilfley,D.E.,&Salovey,P.(2000).The Yale Interpersonal Stressor(YIPS):Affective,physiological,and behavioral responses to a novel interpersonal rejection paradigm.Annals of Behavioral Medicine,22(3),204-213.
Thompson,S.C.(1981).Will it hurt less if I can control it?Acomplex answer to a simple question.Psychological Bulletin,90(1),89-101.
VanDellen,M.R.,Campbell,W.K.,Hoyle,R.H.,&Bradfield,E.K.(2011).Compensating,resisting,and breaking:Ameta-analytic examination of reactions to self-esteem threat.Personality&Social Psychology Review,15(1),51-74.
Yang,J.,Hou,Y.,Yang,Y.,&Zhang,Q.,L.(2011).Impct of Trier Social stress Test(TSST)on salivary cortisol secretion.Acta Psychologica Sinica,43(4),403-409.[杨娟,侯燕,杨瑜,张庆林.(2011).特里尔社会应激测试(TSST)对唾液皮质醇分泌的影响.心理学报,43(4),403-409.]
Zou,L.,Jiang,L.,Zhang,X.,C.,Hu,J.,Zhang,H.,C.(2014).The influence of self-construals on subjective well-being:Empirical research on mediating role of self-efficacy and relationship harmony.Studies of Psychology and Behavior,12(1),107-114.[邹璐,姜莉,张西超,胡婧,张红川.(2014).自我构念对主观幸福感的影响机制分析:自我效能感和关系和谐的中介作用.心理与行为研究,12(1),107-114.]