CLM4.5在西北农牧交错带盐池站的模拟性能评估
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摘要
农牧交错带具有草地、裸地、农田大面积相互镶嵌的独特下垫面,其地表水热过程变化复杂,亟需深入研究。利用宁夏盐池站2017年实际观测资料,对陆面过程模式CLM4.5的模拟性能进行检验。结果表明,在复杂下垫面下,CLM4.5仍能较好地模拟出草地的地面反射辐射、地面长波辐射和净辐射以及0～10 cm土壤含水量和温度的变化特征,但模拟值与观测值还存在一定偏差。CLM4.5能模拟出辐射通量的日变化特征,除5月外,地面反射辐射模拟值与观测值之间的偏差较小。地面长波辐射模拟值白天偏高,净辐射观测值与模拟值的相关系数为0.99,均方根误差为22.50 W·m~(-2)。土壤含水量观测值与模拟值的相关系数达0.83,但模拟值偏低,且模式对降雨后土壤含水量变化过程的模拟性能有待提高。土壤温度模拟值的日变化特征较为明显,观测值与模拟值的相关系数为0.98,均方根误差为2.82℃。
The agricultural-pastoral ecotone is a mosaic of grassland, barren land and cropland, and there is complex energy and water exchange and interactions over land surface. The applicability of CLM4.5 was evaluated using the observed data of Yanchi station in the agricultural-pastoral ecotone of Northwest China in 2017. The results indicated that CLM4.5 simulated the reflection radiation, upward longwave radiation, net radiation, soil moisture and temperature at the 0-10 cm depth well over the grassland in the complex land surface mosaic, while there were deviations between the simulated values and observed values. The CLM4.5 could reproduce diurnal variation of surface radiation fluxes. The deviations between the observed and simulated values of the reflective radiation were small except those in May. The simulated values of the upward longwave radiation were higher than the observed values during the daytime. The correlation coefficient between the simulated and observed values of net radiation was 0.99, and root-mean-square-error(RMSE) was 22.50 W·m~(-2). The correlation coefficient between the simulated and observed values of soil moisture water content was 0.83. However, CLM4.5 underestimated the soil moisture and had an unsatisfactory performance of the simulated soil moisture after precipitation events. CLM4.5 simulated diurnal variations of the soil temperature well. The correlation coefficient between the simulated soil temperature and observed values was 0.98, and RMSE was 2.82 ℃.
The agricultural-pastoral ecotone is a mosaic of grassland, barren land and cropland, and there is complex energy and water exchange and interactions over land surface. The applicability of CLM4.5 was evaluated using the observed data of Yanchi station in the agricultural-pastoral ecotone of Northwest China in 2017. The results indicated that CLM4.5 simulated the reflection radiation, upward longwave radiation, net radiation, soil moisture and temperature at the 0-10 cm depth well over the grassland in the complex land surface mosaic, while there were deviations between the simulated values and observed values. The CLM4.5 could reproduce diurnal variation of surface radiation fluxes. The deviations between the observed and simulated values of the reflective radiation were small except those in May. The simulated values of the upward longwave radiation were higher than the observed values during the daytime. The correlation coefficient between the simulated and observed values of net radiation was 0.99, and root-mean-square-error(RMSE) was 22.50 W·m~(-2). The correlation coefficient between the simulated and observed values of soil moisture water content was 0.83. However, CLM4.5 underestimated the soil moisture and had an unsatisfactory performance of the simulated soil moisture after precipitation events. CLM4.5 simulated diurnal variations of the soil temperature well. The correlation coefficient between the simulated soil temperature and observed values was 0.98, and RMSE was 2.82 ℃.
引文
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[15] 程序.农牧交错带研究中的现代生态学前沿问题[J].资源科学,1999,21(5):1-8.
[16] 刘富铀,吴育华.西北农牧交错带区域经济发展模式初探[J].中国农业大学学报(社会科学版),2003(3):29-33.
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[18] 宋耀明,范轶,马天娇.陆面过程模式CLM4.5在半干旱区退化草原站的模拟性能评估[J].大气科学学报,2014,37(6):794-803.
[19] 杨扬,杨启东,孙旭映,等.三个陆面过程模式在西北半干旱区的模拟性能对比[J].气候与环境研究,2016,21(4):405-417.
[20] 王平,沈润平.基于CLM模型的植被覆盖变化对黄土高原气温和降水的影响研究[J].科学技术与工程,2013,13(20):5754-5760.
[21] 苏占胜,陈晓光,黄峰,等.宁夏农牧交错区(盐池)草地生产力对气候变化的响应[J].中国沙漠,2007,27(3):646-657.
[22] 匡文慧,刘纪远,张增祥,等.21世纪初中国人工建设不透水地表遥感监测与时空分析[J].科学通报,2013,(5):465-478.
[23] 刘丽伟,魏栋,王小巍,等.多种土壤湿度资料在中国地区的对比分析[J].干旱气象,2019,37(1):40-47.
[24] 张强,王胜.干旱荒漠区土壤水热特征和地表辐射平衡年变化规律研究[J].自然科学进展,2007,17(2):211-216.
[25] WANG L,LI X,CHEN Y,et al.Validation of the global land data assimilation system based on measurements of soil temperature profiles[J].Agricultural & Forest Meteorology,2016,218:288-297.
[26] ZHANG L,HE C,ZHANG M.Multi-scale evaluation of the SMAP product using sparse in-situ network over a high mountainous watershed,Northwest China[J].Remote Sensing,2017,9(11):1111.
[27] HUDIBURG T W,LAW B E,THORNTON P E.Evaluation and improvement of the Community Land Model (CLM 4.0) in Oregon forests[J].Biogeosciences,2013,10(1):453-470.
[28] 贾东于,文军,马耀明,等.植被对黄河源区水热交换影响的研究[J].高原气象,2017,(2):424-433.
[29] 贾丹,简茂球.中国冬季月地面气温的年际变化[J].气候与环境研究,2015,20(4):454-464.
[30] 杨扬,左洪超,杨启东,等.CLM4.0模式对干旱区荒漠草原过渡带快速变化陆面过程的数值模拟研究[J].高原气象,2015,34(4):923-934.
[2] 张文江,陆其峰,高志强.区域地表水热通量遥感的空间不均匀性分析[J].自然科学进展,2007,17(10):1383-1390.
[3] 孙菽芬.土壤-植被-大气统一体内水分循环和能量交换——SPAC模型[J].力学进展,1984,14(1):1-10.
[4] 刘昌明,孙睿.水循环的生态学方面:土壤-植被-大气系统水分能量平衡研究进展[J].水科学进展,1999,10(3):251-259.
[5] HANSEN J,NAZARENKO L,RUEDY R,et al.Earth’s energy imbalance:confirmation and implications[J].Science,2005,308(5727):1431-1435.
[6] 鲍艳,吕世华.干旱、半干旱区陆—气相互作用的研究进展[J].中国沙漠,2006,26(3):454-460.
[7] 杨兴国,牛生杰,郑有飞.陆面过程观测试验研究进展[J].干旱气象,2003,21(3):83-89.
[8] 杨启东,王丽娟.SHAW模式的改进及其在黄土高原半干旱区的模拟研究[J].干旱气象,2014,32(4):527-536.
[9] 王胜,张强,赵建华,等.典型干旱区陆面模式模拟检验[J].干旱气象,2018,36(6):921-926.
[10] MANABE S.Climate and the ocean circulation:I.The atmospheric circulation and the hydrology of the earth’s surface[J].Monthly Weather Review,1969,97:739-774.
[11] 戴永久,曾庆存.陆面过程研究[J].水科学进展,1996,7(增刊):40-53.
[12] OLESON K W,LAWRENCE D M,BONAN G B.Technical description of version 4.5 of the Community Land Model (CLM).Ncar Technical Note NCAR/TN-503+STR.National Center For Atmospheric Research[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2013,37(7):14-17.
[13] 管晓丹,程善俊,郭瑞霞,等.干旱半干旱区土壤湿度数值模拟研究进展[J].干旱气象,2014,32(1):135-141.
[14] 赵哈林,赵学勇,张铜会,等.北方农牧交错带的地理界定及其生态问题[J].地球科学进展,2002,17(5):739-747.
[15] 程序.农牧交错带研究中的现代生态学前沿问题[J].资源科学,1999,21(5):1-8.
[16] 刘富铀,吴育华.西北农牧交错带区域经济发展模式初探[J].中国农业大学学报(社会科学版),2003(3):29-33.
[17] 赵海英,郭振海,张宏昇,等.农牧交错带陆面过程的数值模拟研究[J].气候与环境研究,2006,11(4):535-545.
[18] 宋耀明,范轶,马天娇.陆面过程模式CLM4.5在半干旱区退化草原站的模拟性能评估[J].大气科学学报,2014,37(6):794-803.
[19] 杨扬,杨启东,孙旭映,等.三个陆面过程模式在西北半干旱区的模拟性能对比[J].气候与环境研究,2016,21(4):405-417.
[20] 王平,沈润平.基于CLM模型的植被覆盖变化对黄土高原气温和降水的影响研究[J].科学技术与工程,2013,13(20):5754-5760.
[21] 苏占胜,陈晓光,黄峰,等.宁夏农牧交错区(盐池)草地生产力对气候变化的响应[J].中国沙漠,2007,27(3):646-657.
[22] 匡文慧,刘纪远,张增祥,等.21世纪初中国人工建设不透水地表遥感监测与时空分析[J].科学通报,2013,(5):465-478.
[23] 刘丽伟,魏栋,王小巍,等.多种土壤湿度资料在中国地区的对比分析[J].干旱气象,2019,37(1):40-47.
[24] 张强,王胜.干旱荒漠区土壤水热特征和地表辐射平衡年变化规律研究[J].自然科学进展,2007,17(2):211-216.
[25] WANG L,LI X,CHEN Y,et al.Validation of the global land data assimilation system based on measurements of soil temperature profiles[J].Agricultural & Forest Meteorology,2016,218:288-297.
[26] ZHANG L,HE C,ZHANG M.Multi-scale evaluation of the SMAP product using sparse in-situ network over a high mountainous watershed,Northwest China[J].Remote Sensing,2017,9(11):1111.
[27] HUDIBURG T W,LAW B E,THORNTON P E.Evaluation and improvement of the Community Land Model (CLM 4.0) in Oregon forests[J].Biogeosciences,2013,10(1):453-470.
[28] 贾东于,文军,马耀明,等.植被对黄河源区水热交换影响的研究[J].高原气象,2017,(2):424-433.
[29] 贾丹,简茂球.中国冬季月地面气温的年际变化[J].气候与环境研究,2015,20(4):454-464.
[30] 杨扬,左洪超,杨启东,等.CLM4.0模式对干旱区荒漠草原过渡带快速变化陆面过程的数值模拟研究[J].高原气象,2015,34(4):923-934.
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