隔年秸秆还田对连作玉米养分积累及叶片生理特性的影响
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摘要
以秸秆不还田为对照,设置秸秆深翻还田和旋耕还田配施秸秆腐熟剂、深翻和旋耕还田不施秸秆腐熟剂5个处理,测定玉米茎秆、叶片、穗部和子粒氮磷钾养分积累量及叶片生理活性,研究秸秆还田配施秸秆腐熟剂对玉米生长及产量的影响。结果表明,不同秸秆还田方式显著提高玉米穗位叶以上第3叶(上位叶)及穗位叶以下第3叶(下位叶)叶绿素含量、叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、茎鞘氮和钾积累量,并提高玉米产量,增产率为7.56%～28.00%。旋耕和深翻秸秆还田配施腐熟剂处理显著提高穗位叶叶绿素含量,显著降低叶片丙二醛(MDA)活性,显著提高叶片磷积累量;深翻还田配施腐熟剂极显著提高叶片、穗部、子粒氮积累量。冷凉地区玉米秸秆还田提高玉米叶片生理活性,旋耕还田配施秸秆腐熟剂增产率高,干物质积累量较多;深翻还田配施腐熟剂显著提高玉米叶片、穗部和子粒氮积累量。
In order to improve the efficiency of maize straw returning to field in cold area, we set five treatments, rotary tillage without straw returning(CK), straw returning with deep plowing(DR), straw returning with rotary tillage(RR), straw returning with deep plowing tillage+straw decomposition agent(DR+D), straw returning with rotary tillage+straw decomposition agent(RR+D). Then we measured the accumulation amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in maize stem, leaf, ear and grain, and evaluated the physiological activity of leaf, aiming to study the effects of straw returning together with straw decomposition agent on the growth and grain yield of maize. The results showed that all the straw returning method significantly increased the chlorophyll contents of both upper and lower leaves, significantly increased SOD activity, and increased the nitrogen and potassium accumulation in stem and sheath and grain yield. The yield was increased from 7.56% to 28%. Treatments DR+D and RR+D could increase the chlorophyll contents in leaf significantly, reduce the MDA activity of leaves, and increase phosphorus accumulation in leaf and potassium accumulation in stem and sheath. Moreover, DR+D extremely significantly increased the nitrogen accumulation in leaf, panicle and grain. In conclusion, straw returning could improve the physiological activity of corn leaf. Especially, RR+D gained the most yield and dry matter accumulation amount, and DR+D improved nitrogen accumulation in leaf, panicle and grain most.
In order to improve the efficiency of maize straw returning to field in cold area, we set five treatments, rotary tillage without straw returning(CK), straw returning with deep plowing(DR), straw returning with rotary tillage(RR), straw returning with deep plowing tillage+straw decomposition agent(DR+D), straw returning with rotary tillage+straw decomposition agent(RR+D). Then we measured the accumulation amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in maize stem, leaf, ear and grain, and evaluated the physiological activity of leaf, aiming to study the effects of straw returning together with straw decomposition agent on the growth and grain yield of maize. The results showed that all the straw returning method significantly increased the chlorophyll contents of both upper and lower leaves, significantly increased SOD activity, and increased the nitrogen and potassium accumulation in stem and sheath and grain yield. The yield was increased from 7.56% to 28%. Treatments DR+D and RR+D could increase the chlorophyll contents in leaf significantly, reduce the MDA activity of leaves, and increase phosphorus accumulation in leaf and potassium accumulation in stem and sheath. Moreover, DR+D extremely significantly increased the nitrogen accumulation in leaf, panicle and grain. In conclusion, straw returning could improve the physiological activity of corn leaf. Especially, RR+D gained the most yield and dry matter accumulation amount, and DR+D improved nitrogen accumulation in leaf, panicle and grain most.
引文
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[13]王学奎.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
[14]陈建勋,王晓峰.植物生理学实验指导[M].广州:华南理工大学出版社,2002.
[15]马慧娟.秸秆还田不同年限对土壤生化性状及玉米生长发育的影响研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2016.
[16]于博.春玉米高产田土壤结构及深翻秸秆还田调控机制[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2016.
[17]李亭亭.不同耕作及秸秆还田方式对春玉米产量形成及养分吸收的影响[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2013.
[18]张权.隔年深耕对土壤肥力及夏玉米生育和产量的影响[D].郑州:河南科技大学,2013.
[19]隋鹏祥,有德宝,安俊朋,等.秸秆还田方式与施氮量对春玉米产量及干物质和氮素积累、转运的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2018,24(2):1-9.Sui P X,You D B,An J P,et al.Effects of straw management and nitrogen application on spring maize yield,dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and transfer[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2018,24(2):1-9.(in Chinese)
[20]冷麟良.秸秆喷施快速腐熟剂后还田对玉米生长及产量的影响[D].长春:吉林农业大学,2012.
[21]于建光,常志州,黄红英,等.秸秆腐熟剂对土壤微生物及养分的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(3):563-570.Yu J G,Chang Z Z,Huang H Y,et al.Effect of microbial inoculants for straw decomposing on soil microorganisms and the nutrients[J].Journal of Agro-environment Science,2010,29(3):563-570.(in Chinese)
[22]杨振兴,周怀平,关春林,等.秸秆腐熟剂在玉米秸秆还田中的效果[J].山西农业科学,2013,41(4):354-357.Yang Z X,Zhou H P,Guan C L,et al.Effect of straw decomposing inoculant on maize straw returning[J].Agricultural Science in Shanxi,2013,41(4):354-357.(in Chinese)
[23]于梅婷.深松和秸秆还田对玉米生长发育和养分吸收的影响[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2016.
[24]刘国玲.生物炭和秸秆还田对玉米生长发育和氮素吸收与利用的影响[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2016.
[25]王艳红.秸秆还田与化肥配施对夏玉米生长发育和产量的影响[D].合肥:安徽农业大学,2013.
[26]王明达.秸秆还田方式与化肥配施对玉米生长及土壤养分的影响[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2017.
[27]任娇,于寒,吴春胜,等.不同秸秆还田方式下玉米叶片光合、荧光特性及水分利用率的比较[J].分子植物育种,2017,15(12):5241-5247.Ren J,Yu H,Wu C S,et al.Comparison of photosynthetic,fluorescent properties and water use efficiency of maize in different ways of straw recycling[J].Molecular Plant Breeding,2017,15(12):5241-5247.(in Chinese)
[28]慕平.黄土高原农田综合地力及碳汇特征对连续多年玉米秸秆全量还田的响应[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2012.
[29]白建芳.不同耕作方式对高产春玉米冠根衰老的影响[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2012.
[30]汪仁,邢月华,包红静.施用有机肥对春玉米生育后期叶片酶活性的影响[J].杂粮作物,2010,30(4):299-301.Wang R,Xing Y H,Bao H J.Effects of application of fowl dung on enzyme activities of leaves in latter growth stages of spring maize[J].Rain Fed Crops,2010,30(4):299-301.(in Chinese)
[2]邢会琴,肖占文,闫吉智,等.玉米连作对土壤微生物和土壤主要养分的影响[J].草业科学,2011,28(10):1777-1780.Xing H Q,Xiao Z W,Yan J Z,et al.Effects of continuous cropping of maize on soil microbes and main soil nutrients[J].Prata Cultural Science,2011,28(10):1777-1780.(in Chinese)
[3]时鹏,高强,王淑平,等.玉米连作及其施肥对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(22):6173-6182.Shi P,Gao Q,Wang S P,et al.Effects of continuous cropping of corn and fertilization on soil microbial community functional diversity[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(22):6173-6182.(in Chinese)
[4]杨恒山,萨如拉,高聚林,等.秸秆还田对连作玉米田土壤微生物学特性的影响[J].玉米科学,2017,25(5):98-104.Yang H S,Sa R L,Gao J L,et al.Effects of continuous cropping of corn field on soil microbiological characteristics[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2017,25(5):98-104.(in Chinese)
[5]张婉婷,金成功,张欢,等.有机无机肥料配施对连作区玉米土壤微生物及养分含量的影响[J].作物杂志,2016(3):110-115.Zhang W T,Jin C G,Zhang H,et al.Effects of combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer on soil microbial and nutrient content of continuous cropping of maize[J].Crops,2016(3):110-115.(in Chinese)
[6]王淑兰.渭北旱源连作玉米田保护性轮耕效应研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.
[7]陈子民,刘剑钊,蔡红光,等.不同栽培方式下春玉米连作体系土壤氮素累积特征[J].玉米科学,2016,24(3):123-130.Chen Z M,Liu J Z,Cai H G,et al.Characteristic of soil mineralized nitrogen under different cultivation conditions in spring maize continuous system[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2016,24(3):123-130.(in Chinese)
[8]张金涛.玉米秸秆直接还田对土壤中氮素生物有效性的影响[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2010.
[9]刘军,景峰,李同花,等.秸秆还田对长期连作棉田土壤腐殖质组分含量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(2):293-302.Liu J,Jing F,Li T H,et al.Effects of returning stalks into field on soil humus composition of continuous cropping cotton field[J].Scientia Agriculture Sinica,2015,48(2):293-302.(in Chinese)
[10]高利伟,马林,张卫峰,等.中国作物秸秆养分资源数量估算及其利用状况[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(7):173-179.Gao L W,Ma L,Zhang W F,et al.Estimation of nutrient resource quantity of crop straw and its utilization situation in China[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2009,25(7):173-179.(in Chinese)
[11]高荣,尤莉.1960~2011年5~9月通辽市不同等级降水变化特征分析[J].内蒙古气象,2014(5):8-11.Gao R,You L.Analysis on rainfall variation characteristics of different levels in Tongliao city from may to september during1961-2011[J].Meteorology Journal of Inner Mongolia,2014(5):8-11.(in Chinese)
[12]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[13]王学奎.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
[14]陈建勋,王晓峰.植物生理学实验指导[M].广州:华南理工大学出版社,2002.
[15]马慧娟.秸秆还田不同年限对土壤生化性状及玉米生长发育的影响研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2016.
[16]于博.春玉米高产田土壤结构及深翻秸秆还田调控机制[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2016.
[17]李亭亭.不同耕作及秸秆还田方式对春玉米产量形成及养分吸收的影响[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2013.
[18]张权.隔年深耕对土壤肥力及夏玉米生育和产量的影响[D].郑州:河南科技大学,2013.
[19]隋鹏祥,有德宝,安俊朋,等.秸秆还田方式与施氮量对春玉米产量及干物质和氮素积累、转运的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2018,24(2):1-9.Sui P X,You D B,An J P,et al.Effects of straw management and nitrogen application on spring maize yield,dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and transfer[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2018,24(2):1-9.(in Chinese)
[20]冷麟良.秸秆喷施快速腐熟剂后还田对玉米生长及产量的影响[D].长春:吉林农业大学,2012.
[21]于建光,常志州,黄红英,等.秸秆腐熟剂对土壤微生物及养分的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(3):563-570.Yu J G,Chang Z Z,Huang H Y,et al.Effect of microbial inoculants for straw decomposing on soil microorganisms and the nutrients[J].Journal of Agro-environment Science,2010,29(3):563-570.(in Chinese)
[22]杨振兴,周怀平,关春林,等.秸秆腐熟剂在玉米秸秆还田中的效果[J].山西农业科学,2013,41(4):354-357.Yang Z X,Zhou H P,Guan C L,et al.Effect of straw decomposing inoculant on maize straw returning[J].Agricultural Science in Shanxi,2013,41(4):354-357.(in Chinese)
[23]于梅婷.深松和秸秆还田对玉米生长发育和养分吸收的影响[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2016.
[24]刘国玲.生物炭和秸秆还田对玉米生长发育和氮素吸收与利用的影响[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2016.
[25]王艳红.秸秆还田与化肥配施对夏玉米生长发育和产量的影响[D].合肥:安徽农业大学,2013.
[26]王明达.秸秆还田方式与化肥配施对玉米生长及土壤养分的影响[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2017.
[27]任娇,于寒,吴春胜,等.不同秸秆还田方式下玉米叶片光合、荧光特性及水分利用率的比较[J].分子植物育种,2017,15(12):5241-5247.Ren J,Yu H,Wu C S,et al.Comparison of photosynthetic,fluorescent properties and water use efficiency of maize in different ways of straw recycling[J].Molecular Plant Breeding,2017,15(12):5241-5247.(in Chinese)
[28]慕平.黄土高原农田综合地力及碳汇特征对连续多年玉米秸秆全量还田的响应[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2012.
[29]白建芳.不同耕作方式对高产春玉米冠根衰老的影响[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2012.
[30]汪仁,邢月华,包红静.施用有机肥对春玉米生育后期叶片酶活性的影响[J].杂粮作物,2010,30(4):299-301.Wang R,Xing Y H,Bao H J.Effects of application of fowl dung on enzyme activities of leaves in latter growth stages of spring maize[J].Rain Fed Crops,2010,30(4):299-301.(in Chinese)