生物炭对坡耕地土壤肥力和大豆产量的影响与预测
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摘要
为探究施用生物炭对东北黑土区不同坡度坡耕地土壤肥力和大豆产量影响的持续性,于2016—2018年在3种典型坡度的坡耕地上开展生物炭持续效应试验,分析施加生物炭对土壤团聚体及其稳定性、土壤养分指标、大豆产量及其构成要素影响的持续性,并采用改进的灰色理论预测模型对大豆产量进行预测,进而确定生物炭一次性施入后的增产作用年限。结果表明:施用生物炭使土壤团聚体直径d <0. 25 mm的土壤团聚体含量明显减少、d> 0. 25 mm的土壤大团聚体含量显著增加;施用生物炭使大于0. 25 mm的水稳性团聚体含量比例R0. 25、平均质量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)增加,使土壤不稳定团LT粒指数E_(LT)减小,即土壤团聚体稳定性提高,该稳定性增强幅度随坡度增大、施炭后时间延长而减小;施加生物炭使土壤pH值、铵态氮、速效钾、有机质含量这4个指标显著增加(P <0. 05),最大增长率分别为17. 88%、27. 23%、20. 31%、17. 51%,施炭后土壤养分等级有所上升,土壤肥力增强,增强效果与施炭后年限呈负相关,但生物炭对有效磷含量并无明显影响;施加生物炭后,大豆单株荚数、单株粒数、百粒质量、产量均显著提高(P <0. 05),增产率高达26. 29%,并且坡度越大、施炭年限越长,各指标增加幅度越小,各因素对大豆产量影响由大到小依次为施炭与否、坡度、施炭后年限;改进的多变量灰色预测模型精度较高,预测单次施用生物炭后大豆增产有效时间为5～6年。研究结果可为东北黑土区生物炭应用提供理论依据。
In order to investigate the prolonged actions of biochar on soil fertility and soybean yield in sloping farm land of the black soil region of Northeast China,an experiment about the prolonged actions of biochar in sloping farm land with three typical slope gradients was conducted in 2016—2018. The prolonged affects of biochar on soil agglomeration and its stability,soil nutrients,soybean yield and its components were analyzed,and the soybean yield was predicted based on an improved grey theory prediction model. And then the affecting period of biochar on yield increasing after one-time application was clarified. The results showed that the contents of soil aggregates with diameter of d < 0. 25 mm and d > 0. 25 mm were significantly decreased and increased,respectively. The application of biochar made the water-stable aggregate content ratio R0. 25,the average mass diameter( MWD) and the geometric mean diameter( GMD) all increased and the soil unstable group LT grain index( ELT) decreased,that was the stability of soil aggregates was decreased with the increase of land slope gradients and prolonged period after biochar application. Biochar made the pH value,ammonium nitrogen,available potassium and organic matter content increased significantly( P < 0. 05),the highest increasing rate of them were17. 88%,27. 23%,20. 31% and 17. 51%,and the soil nutrient level was risen,and soil fertility was improved after biochar application,and the effect of them was negatively correlated with the years of biochar application. However,biochar had no significant effect on available pH contents. After applying biochar,the number of pods and grains for per plant,the quality of 100 grains,and yield were significantly increased( P < 0. 05),and the yield was increased by 26. 29%. The bigger the land slop gradients and the longer the biochar applying were,the smaller the increasing amplitude of each index was. The order of the influence degree of various factors on soybean yield from big to small was biochar application,slope gradients and years after biochar application. The improved multivariate grey model had higher precision of yield prediction,and the effective time of biochar for soybean yield increase should be 5 ～ 6 years after biochar application. The results could provide a theoretical basis for the application of biochar in the black soil region of Northeast China.
In order to investigate the prolonged actions of biochar on soil fertility and soybean yield in sloping farm land of the black soil region of Northeast China,an experiment about the prolonged actions of biochar in sloping farm land with three typical slope gradients was conducted in 2016—2018. The prolonged affects of biochar on soil agglomeration and its stability,soil nutrients,soybean yield and its components were analyzed,and the soybean yield was predicted based on an improved grey theory prediction model. And then the affecting period of biochar on yield increasing after one-time application was clarified. The results showed that the contents of soil aggregates with diameter of d < 0. 25 mm and d > 0. 25 mm were significantly decreased and increased,respectively. The application of biochar made the water-stable aggregate content ratio R0. 25,the average mass diameter( MWD) and the geometric mean diameter( GMD) all increased and the soil unstable group LT grain index( ELT) decreased,that was the stability of soil aggregates was decreased with the increase of land slope gradients and prolonged period after biochar application. Biochar made the pH value,ammonium nitrogen,available potassium and organic matter content increased significantly( P < 0. 05),the highest increasing rate of them were17. 88%,27. 23%,20. 31% and 17. 51%,and the soil nutrient level was risen,and soil fertility was improved after biochar application,and the effect of them was negatively correlated with the years of biochar application. However,biochar had no significant effect on available pH contents. After applying biochar,the number of pods and grains for per plant,the quality of 100 grains,and yield were significantly increased( P < 0. 05),and the yield was increased by 26. 29%. The bigger the land slop gradients and the longer the biochar applying were,the smaller the increasing amplitude of each index was. The order of the influence degree of various factors on soybean yield from big to small was biochar application,slope gradients and years after biochar application. The improved multivariate grey model had higher precision of yield prediction,and the effective time of biochar for soybean yield increase should be 5 ～ 6 years after biochar application. The results could provide a theoretical basis for the application of biochar in the black soil region of Northeast China.
引文
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[2]郑永照,秦玉波,岳杨,等.近年来黑土耕地土壤肥力变化研究进展[J].农业科技通讯,2016,33(2):166-168.ZHENG Yongzhao,QIN Yubo,YUE Yang,et al. Research progress on soil fertility change of black land cropland in recent years[J]. Agricultural Science and Technology Newsletter,2016,33(2):166-168.(in Chinese)
[3]张忠河,林振衡,付娅琦,等.生物炭在农业上的应用[J].安徽农业科学,2010,38(22):11880-11882.ZHANG Zhonghe,LIN Zhenheng,FU Yaqi,et al. Application of biochar in agriculture[J]. Anhui Agricultural Science,2010,38(22):11880-11882.(in Chinese)
[4] OGUNTUNDE P G,ABIODUN B J,AJAYI A E. Effects of charcoal production on soil physical properties in Ghana[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2008,171(4):591-596.
[5] ASAI H,SAMSON B K,STEPHAN H M,et al. Biochar amendment techniques for upland rice production in northern Laos[J]. Field Crops Research,2009,111(1):81-84.
[6] CLOTHIER B E,SAUER T,SCOTTER D. Redistribution of water and solute following infiltration from a surface drip source[J]. Water Resources Research,1991,27(8):2091-2097.
[7] PICCOLO A,MBAGWU J S C. Effects of different organic waste amendments on soil micro aggregates stability and molecular sizes of humic substances[J]. Plant and Soil,1990,123(1):27-37.
[8]李兴,勾芒芒,屈忠义,等.生物炭对沙壤土水分特征的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2018,46(12):280-283.LI Xing,GOU Mangmang,QU Zhongyi,et al. Effects of biochar on water characteristics of sandy loam[J]. Jiangsu Agricultural Science,2018,46(12):280-283.(in Chinese)
[9]李昌见,屈忠义,勾芒芒,等.生物炭对土壤水肥利用效率与番茄生长影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(11):2187-2193.LI Changjian,QU Zhongyi,GOU Mangmang,et al. Effect of biochar on soil water and fertilizer utilization efficiency and tomato growth[J]. Journal of Agricultural Environmental Sciences,2014,33(11):2187-2193.(in Chinese)
[10]胡敏,苗庆丰,史海滨,等.施用生物炭对膜下滴灌玉米土壤水肥热状况及产量的影响[J].节水灌溉,2018(8):9-13.HU Min,MIAO Qingfeng,SHI Haibin,et al. Effects of the application of biochar on the thermal status and yield of maize soil water and fertilizer under film drip irrigation[J]. Water-saving Irrigation,2018(8):9-13.(in Chinese)
[11] BUFON V B,LASCANO R J,BEDNARZ C,et al. Soil water content on drip irrigated cotton:comparison of measured and simulated values obtained with the Hydrus-2D model[J]. Irrigation Science,2011,30:259-273.
[12] YANG L,LIAO F,HUANG M,et al. Biochar improves sugarcane seedling root and soil properties under a pot experiment[J]. Sugar Tech.,2015,17(1):36-40.
[13] GRABER E R,HAREL Y M,KOLTON M,et al. Biochar impact on development and productivity of pepper and tomato grown in fertile soil less media[J]. Plant and Soil,2010,337(1-2):481-496.
[14]房彬,李心清,赵斌,等.生物炭对旱作农田土壤理化性质及作物产量的影响[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(8):1292-1297.FANG Bin,LI Xinqing,ZHAO Bin,et al. Effects of biochar on soil physicochemical properties and crop yield of dry farmland[J]. Journal of Ecological Environment,2014,23(8):1292-1297.(in Chinese)
[15]黄超,刘丽君,章明奎.生物质炭对红壤性质和黑麦草生长的影响[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2011,37(4):439-445.HUANG Chao,LIU Lijun,ZHANG Mingkui. Effects of biochar on the properties of red soil and the growth of rye grass[J].Journal of Zhejiang University(Agriculture and Life Sciences Edition),2011,37(4):439-445.(in Chinese)
[16]魏永霞,冯鼎锐,刘志凯,等.生物炭对黑土区坡耕地水土保持及大豆增产效应研究[J].节水灌溉,2017(5):37-41.WEI Yongxia,FENG Dingrui,LIU Zhikai,et al. Effects of biochar on soil and water conservation and soybean yield in sloping farmland of black soil area[J]. Water-saving Irrigation,2017(5):37-41.(in Chinese)
[17]谭秋锦,宋同清,彭晚霞,等.峡谷型喀斯特不同生态系统土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳特征[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(3):671-678.TAN Qiujin,SONG Tongqing,PENG Wanxia,et al. Stability and organic carbon characteristics of soil agglomerates in different ecosystems of canyon-type Karst[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(3):671-678.(in Chinese)
[18]尚杰,耿增超,赵军,等.生物炭对塿土水热特性及团聚体稳定性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(7):1969-1976.SHANG Jie,GENG Zengchao,ZHAO Jun,et al. Effects of biochar on hydrothermal characteristics of loess soil and the stability of agglomerates[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(7):1969-1976.(in Chinese)
[19]周虎,吕贻忠,杨志臣,等.保护性耕作对华北平原土壤团聚体特征的影响[J].中国农业科学,2007,40(9):1973-1979.ZHOU Hu,Lü Yizhong,YANG Zhichen,et al. Effects of conservation tillage on the characteristics of soil agglomerates in North China Plain[J]. Agricultural Science in China,2007,40(9):1973-1979.(in Chinese)
[20]马云倩,郭燕枝,王秀丽,等.基于LASSO与GM(1,N)模型的中国粮食产量预测[J].干旱区资源与环境,2018,32(7):30-35.MA Yunqian,GUO Yanzhi,WANG Xiuli,et al. Forecast of grain yield in China based on LASSO and GM(1,N)model[J].Resources and Environment in Arid Areas,2018,32(7):30-35.(in Chinese)
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