白云鄂博稀土矿的超声波强化浸出工艺研究
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摘要
针对现有碱法工艺中酸浸碱饼环节中存在浸出时间长、温度高、环境差、间歇性操作等问题,采用超声波浸出过程,研究起始液固比、 HCl浓度、超声功率、浸出温度及浸出时间对稀土浸出率的影响规律。结果表明:超声强化手段在稀土的浸出过程中具有明显的作用,稀土的最佳浸出条件为起始液固比1.3∶1, HCl浓度5 mol·L~(-1),超声波功率50 W,浸出温度为常温,浸出时间20 min,在此条件下稀土的浸出率为93.89%。室温条件引入超声可以替代常规高温加热,缩短反应时间,降低反应能耗,为稀土浸提工艺的改进提供了新的思路。
I order to avoid a long leaching time, high leaching temperature, poor environment, intermittent operation and other issues during the rare earth leaching process from alkali cake in the liquid alkali decomposition, the effects of initial ratio of liquid to solid, HCl concentration, leaching temperature and time on rare earth leaching ratio were investigated by the ultrasonic strengthening. The experimental results showed that ultrasound had an obvious strengthening effect on rare earth leaching. The optimal leaching conditions were chosen as 1.3∶1, for the ratio of liquid to solid, 5 mol·L~(-1) HCl concentration, 50 W ultrasonic power, leaching at room temperature, the leaching time was 20 min, respectively. The rare earth leaching rate was 93.89% under the optimal conditions. Ultrasonic leaching at room temperature can instead of high temperature, shorten leaching time and reduce energy consumption. The new idea was provided for the improvement of rare earth leaching process.
I order to avoid a long leaching time, high leaching temperature, poor environment, intermittent operation and other issues during the rare earth leaching process from alkali cake in the liquid alkali decomposition, the effects of initial ratio of liquid to solid, HCl concentration, leaching temperature and time on rare earth leaching ratio were investigated by the ultrasonic strengthening. The experimental results showed that ultrasound had an obvious strengthening effect on rare earth leaching. The optimal leaching conditions were chosen as 1.3∶1, for the ratio of liquid to solid, 5 mol·L~(-1) HCl concentration, 50 W ultrasonic power, leaching at room temperature, the leaching time was 20 min, respectively. The rare earth leaching rate was 93.89% under the optimal conditions. Ultrasonic leaching at room temperature can instead of high temperature, shorten leaching time and reduce energy consumption. The new idea was provided for the improvement of rare earth leaching process.
引文
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[8] 马国霞, 王晓君, 於方, 吴琼, 彭菲. 我国稀土资源开发利用的环境成本及空间差异特征 [J]. 环境科学研究, 2017, 30(6): 817.Ma G X, Wang X J, Yu F, Wu Q, Peng F. Evaluation of environmental costs of rare earth exploitation and analysis of their spatial difference characteristics in China [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2017, 30(6): 817.
[9] 张臻悦, 何正艳, 徐志高, 余军霞, 张越非, 池汝安. 中国稀土矿稀土配分特征 [J]. 稀土, 2016, 37(1): 121.Zhang Z Y, He Z Y, Xu Z G, Yu J X, Zhang Y F, Chi R A. Rare earth partitioning characteristics of China rare earth ore [J]. Rare Earth, 2016, 37(1): 121.
[10] 马莹, 李娜, 王其伟, 杨启山. 白云鄂博矿稀土资源的特点及研究开发现状 [J]. 中国稀土学报, 2016, 34(6): 641.Ma Y, Li N, Wang Q W, Yang Q S. Characteristics and current research situation of rare earth resources in Bayan Obo Ore [J]. Journal of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths, 2016, 34(6): 641.
[11] 李春龙, 李小钢, 徐广尧. 白云鄂博共伴生矿资源综合利用技术开发与产业化 [J]. 稀土, 2015, 36(5): 151.Li C L, Li X G, Xu G Y. Technology development and industrialization of resources comprehensive utilization of intergrowth and associated orein BaiyunObo [J]. Rare Earth, 2015, 36(5): 151.
[12] 刘勇, 刘珍珍, 刘牡丹. 稀土粗精矿的低温硫酸化分解工艺 [J]. 中国有色金属学报, 2014, 24(12): 3147.Liu Y, Liu Z Z, Liu M D. Decomposition process of rare earth rough concentrate by low temperature sulfation [J]. Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, 2014, 24(12): 3147.
[13] Wu W Y, Bian X, Sun S C, Tu G F. Study on roasting decomposition of mixed rare earth concentrate in CaO-NaCl-CaCl_2 [J]. J. Rare Earths, 2006, 24(1): 23.
[14] Wu W Y, Bian X, Wu Z Y, Sun S C, Tu G F. Reaction process of monazite and bastnaesite mixed rare earth minerals calcined by CaO-NaCl-CaCl_2 [J]. T. Nonferr. Metal. Soc., 2007, 4(17): 864.
[15] 吴志颖, 吴文远, 孙树臣, 边雪, 涂赣峰. 抑制混合型稀土精矿焙烧过程中氟逸出的研究 [J]. 稀有金属, 2010, 34(2): 276.Wu Z Y, Wu W Y, Sun S C, Bian X, Tu G F. Inhibition of fluorine escape in calcination process of rare earth concentrate [J]. Chinese Journal of Rare Metals, 2010, 34(2): 276.
[16] 许延辉, 刘海蛟, 崔建国, 孟志军, 赵文怡, 李良才. 包头混合稀土矿清洁冶炼资源综合提取技术研究 [J]. 中国稀土学报, 2012, 30(5): 632.Xu Y H, Liu H J, Cui J G, Meng Z J, Zhao W Y, Li L C. Techniques for clean smelting and resource comprehensive recycle of Baotou rare earth concentrates [J]. Journal of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths, 2012, 30(5): 632.
[17] 杜长顺, 李梅, 柳召刚, 常宏涛, 胡艳宏. 包头稀土精矿处理现状及建议 [J]. 湿法冶金, 2010, 29(1): 1.Du C S, Li M, Liu Z G, Chang H T, Hu Y H. Present situation and suggestions for treatment of Baotou′s rare earth concentrate [J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2010, 29(1): 1.
[18] Xu Y H, Liu H J, Meng Z J, Cui J G, Zhao W Y, Li L C. Decomposition of bastnasite and monazite mixed rare earth minerals calcined by alkali liquid [J]. J. Rare Earths, 2012, 30(2): 155.
[19] 马升峰, 许延辉, 刘铃声, 申孟林, 田皓. 包头混合型稀土矿盐酸洗钙工艺研究 [J]. 稀土, 2017, 38(5): 75.Ma S F, Xu Y H, Liu L S, Shen M L, Tian H. Study on technique for calcium removal from mixed rare earth by HCl [J]. Rare Earth, 2017, 38(5): 75.
[20] Shiferaw Terefe N, Buckow R, Versteeg C. Quality-related enzymes in plant-based products: effects of novelfood-processing technologies Part 3: ultrasonic processing [J]. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 2015, 55(2): 147.
[21] Chemat F, Khan M K. Applications of ultrasound in food technology: processing, preservation and extraction [J]. Ultrasonicssonochemistry, 2011, 18(4): 813.
[22] 陈宇乾, 刘揆, 常军, 周俊文, 张利波. 超声波技术在贵金属冶金及材料制备中的应用 [J]. 贵金属, 2017, 38(1): 87.Chen Y Q, Liu K, Chang J, Zhou J W, Zhang L B. The application of ultrasound technology in the field of precious metal metallurgy and preparation of materials [J]. Precious Metals, 2017, 38(1): 87.
[23] 孙秀兰, 马少健, 阙绍娟, 高莹. 广西某金矿石氰化浸出试验研究 [J]. 矿业工程, 2010, 8(3): 34.Sun X L, Ma S J, Que S J, Gao Y. Experimental research on cyanidation leaching of a gold ore from Guangxi province [J]. Mining Engineering 2010, 8(3): 34.
[24] 王仕兴, 彭金辉, 张立波, 郑金庆, 关长青. 超声波强化氰化法浸金的研究 [J]. 贵金属, 2014, 35(S1): 19.Wang S X, Peng J H, Zhang L B, Zheng J Q, Guan C Q. Ultrasonic enhancing cyanidation method for leaching of gold [J]. Precious Metals, 2010, 8(3): 34.
[25] 李良才. 稀土提取与分离 [M]. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古科学技术出版社, 2011.Li L C. Rare Earths Extraction and Separation [M]. Huhhot: Inner Mongolia Science and Technology Press, 2011.
[2] 王爱云, 李以科, 李瑞萍, 冯雪梅. 内蒙古白云鄂博稀土资源开发利用生态环境影响成本分析 [J]. 地球学报, 2017, 38(1): 94.Wang A Y, Li Y K, Li R P, Feng X M. Environmental cost analysis of the development and utilization of the Bayan Obo rare earth resources, Inner Mongolia [J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 2017, 38(1): 94.
[3] 孟弘, 李振兴. 关于我国稀土产业发展的战略性思考 [J]. 科技管理研究, 2011, 31(16): 29.Meng H, Li Z X. Strategic thinking on the development of China′s rare earth industry [J]. Science and Technology Management Research, 2011, 31(16): 29.
[4] 闫余俊, 李梅, 张栋梁, 刘兴宇, 高凯. 钠碱焙烧分解混合型稀土精矿工艺中稀土与氟磷的强化分离研究 [J]. 中国稀土学报, 2017, 35(4): 494.Yan Y J, Li M, Zhang D L, Liu X Y, Gao K. Strengthening separation of fluorine and phosphorus with rare earth in roasting of mixed rare earth concentrate by Na_2CO_3-NaOH [J]. Journal of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths, 2017, 35(4): 494.
[5] 朱祥坤, 孙剑. 内蒙古白云鄂博矿床的稀土矿化时代与期次[J]. 地球学报, 2012, 33(6): 845.Zhu X K, Sun J. Ore-forming Epoch and Episodes of REE Mineralization in the Bayan Obo Ore Deposit, Inner Mongolia [J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 2012, 33(6): 845.
[6] Wübbeke J. Rare earth elements in China: policies and narratives of reinventing an industry [J]. Resour. Policy, 2013, 38(3): 384.
[7] Shen L, Wu N, Zhong S, Gao L. Overview on China′s rare earth industry restructuring and regulation reforms [J]. J. Resour. Ecol., 2017, 8(3): 213.
[8] 马国霞, 王晓君, 於方, 吴琼, 彭菲. 我国稀土资源开发利用的环境成本及空间差异特征 [J]. 环境科学研究, 2017, 30(6): 817.Ma G X, Wang X J, Yu F, Wu Q, Peng F. Evaluation of environmental costs of rare earth exploitation and analysis of their spatial difference characteristics in China [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2017, 30(6): 817.
[9] 张臻悦, 何正艳, 徐志高, 余军霞, 张越非, 池汝安. 中国稀土矿稀土配分特征 [J]. 稀土, 2016, 37(1): 121.Zhang Z Y, He Z Y, Xu Z G, Yu J X, Zhang Y F, Chi R A. Rare earth partitioning characteristics of China rare earth ore [J]. Rare Earth, 2016, 37(1): 121.
[10] 马莹, 李娜, 王其伟, 杨启山. 白云鄂博矿稀土资源的特点及研究开发现状 [J]. 中国稀土学报, 2016, 34(6): 641.Ma Y, Li N, Wang Q W, Yang Q S. Characteristics and current research situation of rare earth resources in Bayan Obo Ore [J]. Journal of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths, 2016, 34(6): 641.
[11] 李春龙, 李小钢, 徐广尧. 白云鄂博共伴生矿资源综合利用技术开发与产业化 [J]. 稀土, 2015, 36(5): 151.Li C L, Li X G, Xu G Y. Technology development and industrialization of resources comprehensive utilization of intergrowth and associated orein BaiyunObo [J]. Rare Earth, 2015, 36(5): 151.
[12] 刘勇, 刘珍珍, 刘牡丹. 稀土粗精矿的低温硫酸化分解工艺 [J]. 中国有色金属学报, 2014, 24(12): 3147.Liu Y, Liu Z Z, Liu M D. Decomposition process of rare earth rough concentrate by low temperature sulfation [J]. Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, 2014, 24(12): 3147.
[13] Wu W Y, Bian X, Sun S C, Tu G F. Study on roasting decomposition of mixed rare earth concentrate in CaO-NaCl-CaCl_2 [J]. J. Rare Earths, 2006, 24(1): 23.
[14] Wu W Y, Bian X, Wu Z Y, Sun S C, Tu G F. Reaction process of monazite and bastnaesite mixed rare earth minerals calcined by CaO-NaCl-CaCl_2 [J]. T. Nonferr. Metal. Soc., 2007, 4(17): 864.
[15] 吴志颖, 吴文远, 孙树臣, 边雪, 涂赣峰. 抑制混合型稀土精矿焙烧过程中氟逸出的研究 [J]. 稀有金属, 2010, 34(2): 276.Wu Z Y, Wu W Y, Sun S C, Bian X, Tu G F. Inhibition of fluorine escape in calcination process of rare earth concentrate [J]. Chinese Journal of Rare Metals, 2010, 34(2): 276.
[16] 许延辉, 刘海蛟, 崔建国, 孟志军, 赵文怡, 李良才. 包头混合稀土矿清洁冶炼资源综合提取技术研究 [J]. 中国稀土学报, 2012, 30(5): 632.Xu Y H, Liu H J, Cui J G, Meng Z J, Zhao W Y, Li L C. Techniques for clean smelting and resource comprehensive recycle of Baotou rare earth concentrates [J]. Journal of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths, 2012, 30(5): 632.
[17] 杜长顺, 李梅, 柳召刚, 常宏涛, 胡艳宏. 包头稀土精矿处理现状及建议 [J]. 湿法冶金, 2010, 29(1): 1.Du C S, Li M, Liu Z G, Chang H T, Hu Y H. Present situation and suggestions for treatment of Baotou′s rare earth concentrate [J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2010, 29(1): 1.
[18] Xu Y H, Liu H J, Meng Z J, Cui J G, Zhao W Y, Li L C. Decomposition of bastnasite and monazite mixed rare earth minerals calcined by alkali liquid [J]. J. Rare Earths, 2012, 30(2): 155.
[19] 马升峰, 许延辉, 刘铃声, 申孟林, 田皓. 包头混合型稀土矿盐酸洗钙工艺研究 [J]. 稀土, 2017, 38(5): 75.Ma S F, Xu Y H, Liu L S, Shen M L, Tian H. Study on technique for calcium removal from mixed rare earth by HCl [J]. Rare Earth, 2017, 38(5): 75.
[20] Shiferaw Terefe N, Buckow R, Versteeg C. Quality-related enzymes in plant-based products: effects of novelfood-processing technologies Part 3: ultrasonic processing [J]. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 2015, 55(2): 147.
[21] Chemat F, Khan M K. Applications of ultrasound in food technology: processing, preservation and extraction [J]. Ultrasonicssonochemistry, 2011, 18(4): 813.
[22] 陈宇乾, 刘揆, 常军, 周俊文, 张利波. 超声波技术在贵金属冶金及材料制备中的应用 [J]. 贵金属, 2017, 38(1): 87.Chen Y Q, Liu K, Chang J, Zhou J W, Zhang L B. The application of ultrasound technology in the field of precious metal metallurgy and preparation of materials [J]. Precious Metals, 2017, 38(1): 87.
[23] 孙秀兰, 马少健, 阙绍娟, 高莹. 广西某金矿石氰化浸出试验研究 [J]. 矿业工程, 2010, 8(3): 34.Sun X L, Ma S J, Que S J, Gao Y. Experimental research on cyanidation leaching of a gold ore from Guangxi province [J]. Mining Engineering 2010, 8(3): 34.
[24] 王仕兴, 彭金辉, 张立波, 郑金庆, 关长青. 超声波强化氰化法浸金的研究 [J]. 贵金属, 2014, 35(S1): 19.Wang S X, Peng J H, Zhang L B, Zheng J Q, Guan C Q. Ultrasonic enhancing cyanidation method for leaching of gold [J]. Precious Metals, 2010, 8(3): 34.
[25] 李良才. 稀土提取与分离 [M]. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古科学技术出版社, 2011.Li L C. Rare Earths Extraction and Separation [M]. Huhhot: Inner Mongolia Science and Technology Press, 2011.
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