以事件关联电位评价身体活动量对老年人执行控制功能的影响
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摘要
背景:身体活动有助于提升老年人认知功能,但其机制并不十分清楚。目的:探讨身体活动对于老年人认知功能提升的中所产生的大脑补偿机制。方法:自愿参与受试者45人,分为3组:中低活动量老人组15人;高身体活动量老人组15人;年轻人组15人。运用Stroop两种难度作业在相容及不相容情境下作为测试工具,采用脑波测量(14个电极位置:F_z,F_3,F_4,C_z,C_3,C_4,P_z,P_3,P_4,T_3,T_4,O_z,O_1,O-2)并据事件关联电位进行评估。结果与结论:(1)相容情境作业下,年轻人与高身体活动量老人的反应时间皆显著快于低身体活动量老人;不相容情境下,年轻人显著快于老年人,而高身体活动量老年人显著快于低身体活动量老年人;(2)老年人与年轻人在低难度作业下的Stroop效果不存在差异,但在难度较大的作业中,Stroop效果一致表现为低身体活动量老年人显著高于高身体活动量老年人,而高身体活动量老年人显著高于年轻人;(3)不论作业难度、作业情境及组别差异如何,F_Z、C_Z与P_Z三电极P_(300)潜伏时间一致表现为低身体活动量老年人显著高于高身体活动量老年人及年轻人,而高身体活动量老年人与年轻人的潜伏时间无差异;(4)F_Z、C_Z、P_Z三电极P_(300)振幅差异明显,其中高身体活动量老年人在F_Z电极的P_(300)振幅显著大于低身体活动量老年人及年轻人,而在C_Z、P_Z两电极处表现为低身体活动量老年人显著小于高身体活动量老年人及年轻人;(5)结果表明,与低身体活动量的老年人相比,高身体活动量老年人进行与干扰控制有关的Stroop作业时拥有更快的反应时间,更高的注意力资源投入及更快的信息处理速度,并且发展出较全面的额叶补偿机制,以维持与年轻人相当的认知处理效率。
BACKGROUND: Physical activities contribute to improving cognitive function of the elderly, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the brain compensation mechanism of physical activity for cognitive function improvement in the elderly. METHODS: Forty-five volunteers were recruited and divided into three groups: low-and moderate-intensity physical activity group(n=15 older adults), high-intensity physical activity(n=15 older adults) and youth group(n=15). Brain waves(F_z, F_3, F_4, C_z, C_3, C_4, P_z, P_3, P_4, T_3, T_4, O_z, O_1, O_2) were measured and assessed according to event-related potentials. Stroop task was used as a test tool in consistent and incompatible situations to explore the performance of interference control in the execution of control function. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The response time of young people with high-intensity physical activity was significantly faster than that of old adults with low-intensity physical activity in compatible situation, while that of young people with high-intensity physical activity was significantly faster than that of old adults with low-intensity physical activity in incompatible situation. The Stroop effect was not different between the elderly and the young people in the low-difficulty task. But in the more difficult task, the Stroop effect was consistent in that the elderly with low-intensity physical activity was significantly higher than the elderly with high-intensity physical activity, while the elderly with high physical activity was significantly higher than the youth. Regardless of the difficulty of the task and the work situation, the P_(300) latency time of Fz, Cz and Pz was significantly higher in the elderly with low-intensity physical activity than in the elderly and youth with high-intensity physical activity, while there was no difference in the latency time between the elderly and young with high physical activity. The amplitude of Fz, Cz, Pz three-electrode P_(300) was significantly different, especially in the high physical activity. The amplitude of P_(300) at Fz electrode in the elderly was significantly greater than that of the elderly and young people with low-intensity physical activity, while the amplitude at Cz and Pz electrodes in the elderly with low-intensity physical activity was significantly lower than that in the elderly and young people with high-intensity physical activity. These results indicate that compared with the elderly with low-intensity physical activity, the elderly with high-intensity physical activity exhibit faster response time, higher attention resource input and faster information processing speed in the Stroop task related to interference control, and develop a more comprehensive frontal lobe compensation mechanism to maintain the same cognition processing efficiency as the young people.
BACKGROUND: Physical activities contribute to improving cognitive function of the elderly, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the brain compensation mechanism of physical activity for cognitive function improvement in the elderly. METHODS: Forty-five volunteers were recruited and divided into three groups: low-and moderate-intensity physical activity group(n=15 older adults), high-intensity physical activity(n=15 older adults) and youth group(n=15). Brain waves(F_z, F_3, F_4, C_z, C_3, C_4, P_z, P_3, P_4, T_3, T_4, O_z, O_1, O_2) were measured and assessed according to event-related potentials. Stroop task was used as a test tool in consistent and incompatible situations to explore the performance of interference control in the execution of control function. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The response time of young people with high-intensity physical activity was significantly faster than that of old adults with low-intensity physical activity in compatible situation, while that of young people with high-intensity physical activity was significantly faster than that of old adults with low-intensity physical activity in incompatible situation. The Stroop effect was not different between the elderly and the young people in the low-difficulty task. But in the more difficult task, the Stroop effect was consistent in that the elderly with low-intensity physical activity was significantly higher than the elderly with high-intensity physical activity, while the elderly with high physical activity was significantly higher than the youth. Regardless of the difficulty of the task and the work situation, the P_(300) latency time of Fz, Cz and Pz was significantly higher in the elderly with low-intensity physical activity than in the elderly and youth with high-intensity physical activity, while there was no difference in the latency time between the elderly and young with high physical activity. The amplitude of Fz, Cz, Pz three-electrode P_(300) was significantly different, especially in the high physical activity. The amplitude of P_(300) at Fz electrode in the elderly was significantly greater than that of the elderly and young people with low-intensity physical activity, while the amplitude at Cz and Pz electrodes in the elderly with low-intensity physical activity was significantly lower than that in the elderly and young people with high-intensity physical activity. These results indicate that compared with the elderly with low-intensity physical activity, the elderly with high-intensity physical activity exhibit faster response time, higher attention resource input and faster information processing speed in the Stroop task related to interference control, and develop a more comprehensive frontal lobe compensation mechanism to maintain the same cognition processing efficiency as the young people.
引文
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[24]陈心怡,花茂棽,朱建军,等.以魏氏成人智力量表第三版四因素为基础的简短式测验组型[J].中华心理学刊,2008;50(1):91-109.
[25]Kray J,Eppinger B,Mecklinger A.Age differences in attentional control:An event-related potential approach.Psychophysiology.2005;42:407-416.
[26]West R,Alain C.Age-related decline in inhibitory control contributes to the increased Stroop effect observed in older adults.Psychophysiology.2000;37:179-189.
[27]Etnier JL,Chang YK.The effect of physical activity on executive function:A brief commentary on definitions,measurement issues,and the current state of the literature.J Sport Exerc Psychol.2009;31(4):469-483.
[28]Salthouse TA.The processing-speed theory of adult age difference in cognitive.Psychology Reviewed.1996;103:403-428.
[29]Salthouse TA,Atkinson TM,Bersih DE.Executive function as a potential mediator of age-related cognitive decline in normal adults.J Exp Psychol Gen.2003;132(4):566-594.
[30]Mager R,Bullinger AH,Brand S,et al.Age-related changes in cognitive conflict processing:An event-related potential study.Neurobiol Aging.2007;28(12):1925-1935.
[31]Bérengère Staub,Nadège Doignon-Camus,JoséEduardo Marques-Carneiro,et al.Age-related differences in the use of automatic and controlled processes in a situation of sustained attention.Neuropsychologia.2015;75:607-616.
[32]Cid-Fernández S,Lindín M,Díaz F.Information processing becomes slower and predominantly serial in aging:Characterization of response-related brain potentials in an auditory-visual distraction-attention task.Biol Psychol.2016Jan;113:12-23.
[33]Hillman CH,Kramer AF,Belopolsky AV,et al.A cross-sectional examination of age and physical activity on performance and event-related brain potentials in a task switching paradigm.Int JPsychophysiol.2006;59(1):30-39.
[34]Chang YK,Huang CJ,Chen KF,et al.Physical activity and working memory in healthy older adults:An ERP study.Psychophysiology.2013;50(11):1174-1182.
[35]Maillet D,Rajah MN.Age-related changes in the three-way correlation between anterior hippocampus volume,whole-brain patterns of encoding activity and subsequent context retrieval.Brain Res.2011;1420:68-79.
[36]Kang L,Zhao W,Zhang G,et al.Acetylated 8-oxoguanine DNAglycosylase 1 and its relationship with p300 and SIRT1 in lens epithelium cells from age-related cataract.Exp Eye Res.2015;135:102-108.
[2]Irene Forcada,Maria Mur,Ester Mora,et al.The influence of cognitive reserve on psychosocial and neuropsychologicalfunctioning in bipolar disorder.Eur Neuropsychopharmacol.2015;25(2):214-222.
[3]Dustman RE,Emmerson RY,Shearer DE,et al.Physical activity,age and cognitive-neuropsychological function.J Aging Phys Act.1994;2:143-181.
[4]Erickson KI,Hillman CH,Kramer AF,et al.Physical activity,brain,and cognition.Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences,2015;4:27-32.
[5]王骏濠,蔡佳良.运动或身体活动介入对认知控制功能的影响[J].中华体育季刊,2010,24(4):70-81.
[6]Douglas PK,Gutman B,Anderson A,et al.Hemispheric brain asymmetry differences in youths with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.Neuroimage Clin.2018;18:744-752.
[7]Davis SW,Dennis NA,Daselaar SM,et al.The posterior anterior shift in aging.Cerebral Cortex.2007;18:1201-1209.
[8]Lorenzo-López L,Amenedo E,Pascual-Marqui RD,et al.F.Neural correlates of age-related visual search decline:Acombined ERP and sLORETA study.Neuroimage.2008;41:511-524.
[9]Li L,Gratton C,Fabiani M,et al.Age-related frontoparietal changes during the control of bottom-up and top-down attention:an ERP study.Neurobiol Aging.2013;34(2):477-488.
[10]张育恺,吴聪义.急性健身运动对认知功能的影响事件相关电位的文献回顾[J].体育学报,2011;4(1):1-28.
[11]Hillman CH,Kamijo K,Scudder MA,et al.review of chronic and acute physical activity participation on neuroelectric measures of brain health and cognition during childhood.Prev Med.2011;52Suppl 1:S21-S28.
[12]Iso-Markku P,Waller K,Vuoksimaa E,et al.Objectively measured physicalactivity profile and cognition in Finnish elderly twins.Alzheimers Dement(N Y).2018;4:263-271.
[13]Polich J.Updating P300:An integrative theory of P3a and P3b.Clin Neurophysiol.2007;118(10):2128-2148.
[14]Miyake A,Friedman NP,Emerson MJ,et al.The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex“frontal lobe”tasks:A latent variable analysis.Cogn Psychol.2000;41(1):49-100.
[15]Colcombe S,Kramer AF.Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults a meta-analytic study.Psychol Sci.2003;14(2):125-130.
[16]Prakash RS,Voss MW,Erickson KI,et al.Physical activity and cognitive vitality.Annu Rev Psychol.2015;66:769-797
[17]Nee DE,Wager TD,Jonides J,et al.Interference resolution:Insights from a meta-analysis of neuroimaging tasks.Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci.2007;7(1):1-17.
[18]Raquel Monteiro,Marco Sim?es,Jo?o Andrade,et al.Processing of Facial Expressions in Autism:a Systematic Review of EEG/ERP Evidence.Rev J Autism Dev Disord.2017;4:255-276.
[19]Van Boxtel MP,Langerak K,Houx PJ,et al.Self-reported physical activity,subjective health,and cognitive performance in older adults.Exp Aging Res.1996;22(4):363-379.
[20]Reid-Arndt SA,Matsuda S,Cox CR.Tai Chi effects on neuropsychological,emotional,and physical functioning following cancer treatment:A pilot study.Complement Ther Clin Pract.2012;18(1):26-30.
[21]Gajewski PD,Falkenstein M.Long-term habitual physical activity is associated with lower distractibility in a Stroop interference task in aging:Behavioral and ERP evidence.Brain Cogn.2015;98:87-101.
[22]Pontifex MB,Hillman CH,Polich J.Age,physical fitness,and attention:P3a and P3b.Psychophysiology.2009;46:379-387.
[23]郭世杰,赖韵如,杨子孟.中年及老年人不同休闲时间身体活动量效关系与中风发生率之关联[J].大专体育学刊,2014,16(3):342-352.
[24]陈心怡,花茂棽,朱建军,等.以魏氏成人智力量表第三版四因素为基础的简短式测验组型[J].中华心理学刊,2008;50(1):91-109.
[25]Kray J,Eppinger B,Mecklinger A.Age differences in attentional control:An event-related potential approach.Psychophysiology.2005;42:407-416.
[26]West R,Alain C.Age-related decline in inhibitory control contributes to the increased Stroop effect observed in older adults.Psychophysiology.2000;37:179-189.
[27]Etnier JL,Chang YK.The effect of physical activity on executive function:A brief commentary on definitions,measurement issues,and the current state of the literature.J Sport Exerc Psychol.2009;31(4):469-483.
[28]Salthouse TA.The processing-speed theory of adult age difference in cognitive.Psychology Reviewed.1996;103:403-428.
[29]Salthouse TA,Atkinson TM,Bersih DE.Executive function as a potential mediator of age-related cognitive decline in normal adults.J Exp Psychol Gen.2003;132(4):566-594.
[30]Mager R,Bullinger AH,Brand S,et al.Age-related changes in cognitive conflict processing:An event-related potential study.Neurobiol Aging.2007;28(12):1925-1935.
[31]Bérengère Staub,Nadège Doignon-Camus,JoséEduardo Marques-Carneiro,et al.Age-related differences in the use of automatic and controlled processes in a situation of sustained attention.Neuropsychologia.2015;75:607-616.
[32]Cid-Fernández S,Lindín M,Díaz F.Information processing becomes slower and predominantly serial in aging:Characterization of response-related brain potentials in an auditory-visual distraction-attention task.Biol Psychol.2016Jan;113:12-23.
[33]Hillman CH,Kramer AF,Belopolsky AV,et al.A cross-sectional examination of age and physical activity on performance and event-related brain potentials in a task switching paradigm.Int JPsychophysiol.2006;59(1):30-39.
[34]Chang YK,Huang CJ,Chen KF,et al.Physical activity and working memory in healthy older adults:An ERP study.Psychophysiology.2013;50(11):1174-1182.
[35]Maillet D,Rajah MN.Age-related changes in the three-way correlation between anterior hippocampus volume,whole-brain patterns of encoding activity and subsequent context retrieval.Brain Res.2011;1420:68-79.
[36]Kang L,Zhao W,Zhang G,et al.Acetylated 8-oxoguanine DNAglycosylase 1 and its relationship with p300 and SIRT1 in lens epithelium cells from age-related cataract.Exp Eye Res.2015;135:102-108.