不同藻密度下布洛芬浓度对萼花臂尾轮虫生命表统计学参数的影响
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摘要
在不同斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)密度(1.0×10~6、2.0×10~6个细胞/m L和4.0×10~6个细胞/m L)下,研究了不同浓度的(0、1、10、100、1000μg/L和5000μg/L)布洛芬对萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)生命表统计学参数的影响。结果表明,与各藻密度下的对照组相比,当藻密度为1.0×106个细胞/m L时,100—5000μg/L布洛芬处理组中轮虫的生命期望和平均寿命显著缩短,100μg/L布洛芬处理组中轮虫的世代时间显著缩短,1.0μg/L布洛芬处理组中轮虫的净生殖率显著提高,10—5000μg/L布洛芬处理组中轮虫的后代混交率显著提高。当藻密度为2.0×10~6个细胞/mL时,10—5000μg/L布洛芬处理组中轮虫的生命期望和平均寿命显著缩短,1000μg/L和5000μg/L布洛芬处理组中轮虫的世代时间显著缩短,1、10、1000μg/L和5000μg/L布洛芬处理组中轮虫的种群内禀增长率显著提高,1μg/L和1000μg/L布洛芬处理组中轮虫的后代混交率显著提高。当藻密度为4.0×10~6个细胞/mL时,10—5000μg/L布洛芬处理组中轮虫的生命期望、平均寿命和世代时间显著缩短。藻密度对轮虫的世代时间、净生殖率和种群内禀增长率有显著性影响(P<0.05),布洛芬浓度对轮虫的生命期望、平均寿命、世代时间、净生殖率和种群内禀增长率有显著性影响(P<0.05),藻密度和布洛芬浓度的交互作用对轮虫的生命期望、平均寿命和后代混交率有显著性影响(P<0.05)。在实验设置的布洛芬浓度范围内,2.0×10~6个细胞/m L藻密度下,轮虫的生命期望、平均寿命和世代时间与布洛芬浓度之间均具有显著的剂量—效应关系(P<0.05); 4.0×10~6个细胞/m L藻密度下,轮虫的生命期望、平均寿命和净生殖率与布洛芬浓度之间均具有显著的剂量—效应关系(P<0.05)。
The levels of emerging chemicals have increased dramatically during the last two decades,posing problems for human and environmental health. The lack of a rigorous control of pharmaceutical discharges into natural water bodies is a concern for limnologists and ecotoxicologists because of the possible harmful effects of these chemicals on non-target organisms. The present study was performed to assess the chronic toxicity of a pollutant to an aquatic organism under different food densities and to screen out sensitive endpoints for monitoring ibuprofen pollution with rotifers as test animals.In particular,we studied the effects of varying ibuprofen concentrations( 0,1,10,100,1000,and 5000 μg/L) on the life table demographic parameters, including life expectancy at hatching, average lifespan, generation time, net reproductive rate,intrinsic rate of population increase,and proportion of the sexual offspring of Brachionus calyciflorus fed on different densities( 1. 0 × 10~6,2.0 × 10~6,and 4.0 × 10~6 cells/m L) of Scenedesmus obliquus. The results showed that compared to the controls,100—5000 μg/L of ibuprofen significantly decreased the life expectancy at hatching and average lifespan,100 μg/L of ibuprofen decreased the generation time,but 1.0 μg/L of ibuprofen increased the net reproductive rate,and 10—5000 μg/L of ibuprofen increased the proportion of sexual offspring of B. calyciflorus under the algal density of 1.0× 10~6 cells/m L. When S. obliquus density was 2. 0 × 10~6 cells/m L,10—5000 μg/L of ibuprofen decreased the life expectancy at hatching and average lifespan,1000 and 5000 μg/L of ibuprofen decreased the generation time,but 1,10,1000,and 5000 μg/L of ibuprofen increased the intrinsic rate of population increase,and 1 and 1000 μg/L of ibuprofen increased the proportion of sexual offspring. When S. obliquus density was 4.0×10~6 cells/m L,100—5000 μg/L of ibuprofen decreased the life expectancy at hatching,average lifespan,and generation time. The S. obliquus density had significant effects on the generation time,net reproductive rate,and intrinsic rate of population increase( P < 0.05). The ibuprofen concentration had significant effects on the life expectancy at hatching,average lifespan,generation time,net reproductive rate,and intrinsic rate of population increase( P < 0. 05). The interaction between S. obliquus density and ibuprofen concentration had significant effects on the life expectancy at hatching,average lifespan,and proportion of sexual offspring( P<0.05). When the S. obliquus density of 2.0×10~6 cells/m L was used in association with the range of tested ibuprofen concentrations,significant dose-effect relationships were observed between the ibuprofen concentrations and life expectancy at hatching,average lifespan,and generation time,and these relationships could be described as y = 2. 419 × 10-6 x~2-0.015 x + 79.818,y = 2.419×10-6 x~2-0.015 x + 67.818,and y = 1.229×10-6 x~2-0.007 x + 57.941,respectively. When the S. obliquus density was 4. 0 × 10~6 cells/m L,significant dose-effect relationships were observed between the ibuprofen concentrations and life expectancy at hatching,average lifespan,and net reproductive rate,and these relationships could be described as y = 2.483×10~(-7) x~2-0.005 x + 77.624,y = 2.483×10~(-7) x~2-0.005 x + 65.624,and y =-5.434×10~(-7) x~2+ 0.002 x +14.530,respectively.
The levels of emerging chemicals have increased dramatically during the last two decades,posing problems for human and environmental health. The lack of a rigorous control of pharmaceutical discharges into natural water bodies is a concern for limnologists and ecotoxicologists because of the possible harmful effects of these chemicals on non-target organisms. The present study was performed to assess the chronic toxicity of a pollutant to an aquatic organism under different food densities and to screen out sensitive endpoints for monitoring ibuprofen pollution with rotifers as test animals.In particular,we studied the effects of varying ibuprofen concentrations( 0,1,10,100,1000,and 5000 μg/L) on the life table demographic parameters, including life expectancy at hatching, average lifespan, generation time, net reproductive rate,intrinsic rate of population increase,and proportion of the sexual offspring of Brachionus calyciflorus fed on different densities( 1. 0 × 10~6,2.0 × 10~6,and 4.0 × 10~6 cells/m L) of Scenedesmus obliquus. The results showed that compared to the controls,100—5000 μg/L of ibuprofen significantly decreased the life expectancy at hatching and average lifespan,100 μg/L of ibuprofen decreased the generation time,but 1.0 μg/L of ibuprofen increased the net reproductive rate,and 10—5000 μg/L of ibuprofen increased the proportion of sexual offspring of B. calyciflorus under the algal density of 1.0× 10~6 cells/m L. When S. obliquus density was 2. 0 × 10~6 cells/m L,10—5000 μg/L of ibuprofen decreased the life expectancy at hatching and average lifespan,1000 and 5000 μg/L of ibuprofen decreased the generation time,but 1,10,1000,and 5000 μg/L of ibuprofen increased the intrinsic rate of population increase,and 1 and 1000 μg/L of ibuprofen increased the proportion of sexual offspring. When S. obliquus density was 4.0×10~6 cells/m L,100—5000 μg/L of ibuprofen decreased the life expectancy at hatching,average lifespan,and generation time. The S. obliquus density had significant effects on the generation time,net reproductive rate,and intrinsic rate of population increase( P < 0.05). The ibuprofen concentration had significant effects on the life expectancy at hatching,average lifespan,generation time,net reproductive rate,and intrinsic rate of population increase( P < 0. 05). The interaction between S. obliquus density and ibuprofen concentration had significant effects on the life expectancy at hatching,average lifespan,and proportion of sexual offspring( P<0.05). When the S. obliquus density of 2.0×10~6 cells/m L was used in association with the range of tested ibuprofen concentrations,significant dose-effect relationships were observed between the ibuprofen concentrations and life expectancy at hatching,average lifespan,and generation time,and these relationships could be described as y = 2. 419 × 10-6 x~2-0.015 x + 79.818,y = 2.419×10-6 x~2-0.015 x + 67.818,and y = 1.229×10-6 x~2-0.007 x + 57.941,respectively. When the S. obliquus density was 4. 0 × 10~6 cells/m L,significant dose-effect relationships were observed between the ibuprofen concentrations and life expectancy at hatching,average lifespan,and net reproductive rate,and these relationships could be described as y = 2.483×10~(-7) x~2-0.005 x + 77.624,y = 2.483×10~(-7) x~2-0.005 x + 65.624,and y =-5.434×10~(-7) x~2+ 0.002 x +14.530,respectively.
引文
[1]王丹,隋倩,赵文涛,吕树光,邱兆富,余刚.中国地表水环境中药物和个人护理品的研究进展.科学通报,2014,59(9):743-751.
[2]Ternes T A,Joss A,Siegrist H.Peer reviewed:scrutinizing pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater treatment.Environmental Science&Technology,2004,38(20):392A-399A.
[3]Peng X Z,Yu Y Y,Tang C M,Tan J H,Huang Q X,Wang Z D.Occurrence of steroid estrogens,endocrine-disrupting phenols,and acid pharmaceutical residues in urban riverine water of the Pearl River Delta,South China.Science of the Total Environment,2008,397(1/3):158-166.
[4]Wang L,Ying G G,Zhao J L,Yang X B,Chen F,Tao R,Liu S,Zhou L J.Occurrence and risk assessment of acidic pharmaceuticals in the Yellow River,Hai River and Liao River of north China.Science of the Total Environment,2010,408(16):3139-3147.
[5]Ashton D,Hilton M,Thomas K V.Investigating the environmental transport of human pharmaceuticals to streams in the United Kingdom.Science of the Total Environment,2004,333(1/3):167-184.
[6]Brun G L,Bernier M,Losier R,Doe K,Jackman P,Lee H B.Pharmaceutically active compounds in Atlantic Canadian sewage treatment plant effluents and receiving waters,and potential for environmental effects as measured by acute and chronic aquatic toxicity.Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2006,25(8):2163-2176.
[7]Burkhardt-Holm P.Endocrine disruptors and water quality:a state-of-the-art review.International Journal of Water Resources Development,2010,26(3):477-493.
[8]Flippin J L,Huggett D,Foran C M.Changes in the timing of reproduction following chronic exposure to ibuprofen in Japanese medaka,Oryzias latipes.Aquatic Toxicology,2007,81(1):73-78.
[9]Han S Y,Choi K,Kima J,Ji K,Kim S,Ahn B,Yun J,Choi K,Khim J S,Zhang X W,Giesy J P.Endocrine disruption and consequences of chronic exposure to ibuprofen in Japanese medaka(Oryzias latipes)and freshwater cladocerans Daphnia magna and Moina macrocopa.Aquatic Toxicology,2010,98(3):256-264.
[10]Alfaro-Montoya J.The effect of ibuprofen on female and male reproduction of the open thelyca marine shrimp,Litopenaeus.Aquaculture Research,2015,46(1):105-116.
[11]Pounds N,Maclean S,Webley M,Pascoe D,Hutchinson T.Acute and chronic effects of ibuprofen in the mollusc Planorbis carinatus(Gastropoda:Planorbidae).Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2008,70(1):47-52.
[12]Heckmann L H,Callaghan A,Hooper H L,Connon R,Hutchinson T H,Maund S J,Sibly R M.Chronic toxicity of ibuprofen to Daphnia magna:effects on life history traits and population dynamics.Toxicology Letters,2007,172(3):137-145.
[13]Wang L,Peng Y,Nie X P,Pan B B,Ku P J,Bao S.Gene response of CYP360A,CYP314,and GST and whole-organism changes in Daphnia magna exposed to ibuprofen.Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C:Toxicology&Pharmacology,2016,179:49-56.
[14]González-Pérez B K,Sarma S S S,Nandini S.Effects of selected pharmaceuticals(ibuprofen and amoxicillin)on the demography of Brachionus calyciflorus and Brachionus havanaensis(Rotifera).Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research,2016,42(3):341-347.
[15]Pascoe D,Karntanut W,Müller C T.Do pharmaceuticals affect freshwater invertebrates?A study with the cnidarian Hydra vulgaris.Chemosphere,2003,51(6):521-528.
[16]Quinn B,GagnéF,Blaise C.An investigation into the acute and chronic toxicity of eleven pharmaceuticals(and their solvents)found in wastewater effluent on the cnidarian,Hydra attenuata.Science of the Total Environment,2008,389(2/3):306-314.
[17]Parolini M,Binelli A,Cogni D,Riva C,Provini A.An in vitro biomarker approach for the evaluation of the ecotoxicity of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs(NSAIDs).Toxicology in Vitro,2009,23(5):935-942.
[18]Contardo-Jara V,Lorenz C,Pflugmacher S,Nützmann G,Kloas W,Wiegand C.Exposure to human pharmaceuticals carbamazepine,ibuprofen and bezafibrate causes molecular effects in Dreissena polymorpha.Aquatic Toxicology,2011,105(3/4):428-437.
[19]Snell T W,Janssen C R.Rotifers in ecotoxicology:a review.Hydrobiologia,1995,313(1):231-247.
[20]Snell T W,Joaquim-Justo C.Workshop on rotifers in ecotoxicology.Hydrobiologia,2007,593(1):227-232.
[21]Rao R T,Sarma S S S.Demographic parameters of Brachionus patulus Muller(Rotifera)exposed to sublethal DDT concentrations at low and high food levels.Hydrobiologia,1986,139(3):193-200.
[22]Azuara-García R,Sarma S S S,Nandini S.The combined effects of zinc and alga on the life table demography of Anuraeopsis fissa and Brachionus rubens(Rotifera).Journal of Environmental Science and Health,Part A:Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering,2006,41(4):559-572.
[23]翟盼,温新利,陈治文,赵政,李海洋,席贻龙.抗生素利福平对萼花臂尾轮虫生命表参数的影响.中国环境科学,2016,36(6):1886-1894.
[24]赵清清,席贻龙,李志超,潘玲.不同藻密度下Zn2+浓度对萼花臂尾轮虫实验种群增长参数的影响.生态学报,2015,35(12):4026-4033.
[25]Weber C I.Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents to Freshwater and Marine Organisms.EPA/600/4-90/027F.Washington DC:USEnvironmental Protection Agency,1993.
[26]章宗涉,黄祥飞.淡水浮游生物研究方法.北京:科学出版社,1991.
[27]Huang L,Xi Y L,Zha C W,Zhao L L.Effect of aldrin on life history characteristics of rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas.Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2007,79(5):524-528.
[28]Zha C W,Xi Y L,Huang L,Zhao L L.Effect of sublethal exposure to chlordecone on life history characteristics of freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas.Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2007,78(1):79-83.
[29]王金秋,周叶平,林隽姬,王天宇.王金秋.两种抗生素对褶皱臂尾轮虫种群增长的影响.复旦学报:自然科学版,2008,47(3):347-353.
[30]张雄.蓝藻和抗生素对萼花臂尾轮虫种群生态学的影响研究[D].武汉:中南民族大学,2012.
[31]赵兰兰,席贻龙,黄林,查春旺.邻苯二甲酸酯类物质对萼花臂尾轮虫种群增长和有性生殖的影响.动物学报,2007,53(2):250-256.
[32]储昭霞,席贻龙,徐晓平,葛雅丽,董丽丽,陈芳.除草剂草甘膦对萼花臂尾轮虫生活史特征的影响.应用生态学报,2005,16(6):1142-1145.
[33]Xi Y L,Hu H Y.Effect of thiophanate-methyl on the reproduction and survival of the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas.Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2003,71(4):722-728.
[34]Ferrando M D,Sancho E,Andreu-Moliner E.Chronic toxicity of fenitrothion to an algae(Nannochloris oculata),a rotifer(Brachionus calyciflorus),and the cladoceran(Daphnia magna).Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,1996,35(2):112-120.
[35]Janssen C R,Persoone G,Snell T W.Cyst-based toxicity tests.VIII.Short-chronic toxicity tests with the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus.Aquatic Toxicology,1994,28(3/4):243-258.
[36]徐晓平,席贻龙,储昭霞,陈芳.溴氰菊酯对萼花臂尾轮虫实验种群动态的影响.动物学报,2005,51(2):251-256.
[37]Araujo A,Mc Nair J N.Individual-and population-level effects of antibiotics on the rotifers,Brachionus calyciflorus and B.plicatilis.Hydrobiologia,2007,593(1):185-199.
[2]Ternes T A,Joss A,Siegrist H.Peer reviewed:scrutinizing pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater treatment.Environmental Science&Technology,2004,38(20):392A-399A.
[3]Peng X Z,Yu Y Y,Tang C M,Tan J H,Huang Q X,Wang Z D.Occurrence of steroid estrogens,endocrine-disrupting phenols,and acid pharmaceutical residues in urban riverine water of the Pearl River Delta,South China.Science of the Total Environment,2008,397(1/3):158-166.
[4]Wang L,Ying G G,Zhao J L,Yang X B,Chen F,Tao R,Liu S,Zhou L J.Occurrence and risk assessment of acidic pharmaceuticals in the Yellow River,Hai River and Liao River of north China.Science of the Total Environment,2010,408(16):3139-3147.
[5]Ashton D,Hilton M,Thomas K V.Investigating the environmental transport of human pharmaceuticals to streams in the United Kingdom.Science of the Total Environment,2004,333(1/3):167-184.
[6]Brun G L,Bernier M,Losier R,Doe K,Jackman P,Lee H B.Pharmaceutically active compounds in Atlantic Canadian sewage treatment plant effluents and receiving waters,and potential for environmental effects as measured by acute and chronic aquatic toxicity.Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2006,25(8):2163-2176.
[7]Burkhardt-Holm P.Endocrine disruptors and water quality:a state-of-the-art review.International Journal of Water Resources Development,2010,26(3):477-493.
[8]Flippin J L,Huggett D,Foran C M.Changes in the timing of reproduction following chronic exposure to ibuprofen in Japanese medaka,Oryzias latipes.Aquatic Toxicology,2007,81(1):73-78.
[9]Han S Y,Choi K,Kima J,Ji K,Kim S,Ahn B,Yun J,Choi K,Khim J S,Zhang X W,Giesy J P.Endocrine disruption and consequences of chronic exposure to ibuprofen in Japanese medaka(Oryzias latipes)and freshwater cladocerans Daphnia magna and Moina macrocopa.Aquatic Toxicology,2010,98(3):256-264.
[10]Alfaro-Montoya J.The effect of ibuprofen on female and male reproduction of the open thelyca marine shrimp,Litopenaeus.Aquaculture Research,2015,46(1):105-116.
[11]Pounds N,Maclean S,Webley M,Pascoe D,Hutchinson T.Acute and chronic effects of ibuprofen in the mollusc Planorbis carinatus(Gastropoda:Planorbidae).Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2008,70(1):47-52.
[12]Heckmann L H,Callaghan A,Hooper H L,Connon R,Hutchinson T H,Maund S J,Sibly R M.Chronic toxicity of ibuprofen to Daphnia magna:effects on life history traits and population dynamics.Toxicology Letters,2007,172(3):137-145.
[13]Wang L,Peng Y,Nie X P,Pan B B,Ku P J,Bao S.Gene response of CYP360A,CYP314,and GST and whole-organism changes in Daphnia magna exposed to ibuprofen.Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C:Toxicology&Pharmacology,2016,179:49-56.
[14]González-Pérez B K,Sarma S S S,Nandini S.Effects of selected pharmaceuticals(ibuprofen and amoxicillin)on the demography of Brachionus calyciflorus and Brachionus havanaensis(Rotifera).Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research,2016,42(3):341-347.
[15]Pascoe D,Karntanut W,Müller C T.Do pharmaceuticals affect freshwater invertebrates?A study with the cnidarian Hydra vulgaris.Chemosphere,2003,51(6):521-528.
[16]Quinn B,GagnéF,Blaise C.An investigation into the acute and chronic toxicity of eleven pharmaceuticals(and their solvents)found in wastewater effluent on the cnidarian,Hydra attenuata.Science of the Total Environment,2008,389(2/3):306-314.
[17]Parolini M,Binelli A,Cogni D,Riva C,Provini A.An in vitro biomarker approach for the evaluation of the ecotoxicity of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs(NSAIDs).Toxicology in Vitro,2009,23(5):935-942.
[18]Contardo-Jara V,Lorenz C,Pflugmacher S,Nützmann G,Kloas W,Wiegand C.Exposure to human pharmaceuticals carbamazepine,ibuprofen and bezafibrate causes molecular effects in Dreissena polymorpha.Aquatic Toxicology,2011,105(3/4):428-437.
[19]Snell T W,Janssen C R.Rotifers in ecotoxicology:a review.Hydrobiologia,1995,313(1):231-247.
[20]Snell T W,Joaquim-Justo C.Workshop on rotifers in ecotoxicology.Hydrobiologia,2007,593(1):227-232.
[21]Rao R T,Sarma S S S.Demographic parameters of Brachionus patulus Muller(Rotifera)exposed to sublethal DDT concentrations at low and high food levels.Hydrobiologia,1986,139(3):193-200.
[22]Azuara-García R,Sarma S S S,Nandini S.The combined effects of zinc and alga on the life table demography of Anuraeopsis fissa and Brachionus rubens(Rotifera).Journal of Environmental Science and Health,Part A:Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering,2006,41(4):559-572.
[23]翟盼,温新利,陈治文,赵政,李海洋,席贻龙.抗生素利福平对萼花臂尾轮虫生命表参数的影响.中国环境科学,2016,36(6):1886-1894.
[24]赵清清,席贻龙,李志超,潘玲.不同藻密度下Zn2+浓度对萼花臂尾轮虫实验种群增长参数的影响.生态学报,2015,35(12):4026-4033.
[25]Weber C I.Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents to Freshwater and Marine Organisms.EPA/600/4-90/027F.Washington DC:USEnvironmental Protection Agency,1993.
[26]章宗涉,黄祥飞.淡水浮游生物研究方法.北京:科学出版社,1991.
[27]Huang L,Xi Y L,Zha C W,Zhao L L.Effect of aldrin on life history characteristics of rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas.Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2007,79(5):524-528.
[28]Zha C W,Xi Y L,Huang L,Zhao L L.Effect of sublethal exposure to chlordecone on life history characteristics of freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas.Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2007,78(1):79-83.
[29]王金秋,周叶平,林隽姬,王天宇.王金秋.两种抗生素对褶皱臂尾轮虫种群增长的影响.复旦学报:自然科学版,2008,47(3):347-353.
[30]张雄.蓝藻和抗生素对萼花臂尾轮虫种群生态学的影响研究[D].武汉:中南民族大学,2012.
[31]赵兰兰,席贻龙,黄林,查春旺.邻苯二甲酸酯类物质对萼花臂尾轮虫种群增长和有性生殖的影响.动物学报,2007,53(2):250-256.
[32]储昭霞,席贻龙,徐晓平,葛雅丽,董丽丽,陈芳.除草剂草甘膦对萼花臂尾轮虫生活史特征的影响.应用生态学报,2005,16(6):1142-1145.
[33]Xi Y L,Hu H Y.Effect of thiophanate-methyl on the reproduction and survival of the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas.Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2003,71(4):722-728.
[34]Ferrando M D,Sancho E,Andreu-Moliner E.Chronic toxicity of fenitrothion to an algae(Nannochloris oculata),a rotifer(Brachionus calyciflorus),and the cladoceran(Daphnia magna).Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,1996,35(2):112-120.
[35]Janssen C R,Persoone G,Snell T W.Cyst-based toxicity tests.VIII.Short-chronic toxicity tests with the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus.Aquatic Toxicology,1994,28(3/4):243-258.
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