冻融循环作用下混凝土抗冲磨性能研究
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摘要
寒冷地区水工构筑物长期承受着河流冲刷及冻融循环的循环作用。两者耦合作用下,混凝土力学性能及耐久性能将出现更大程度的劣化。该文对冻融循环作用下的混凝土抗冲磨性能进行研究,根据理论分析和试验结果,研究了冻融侵蚀作用下混凝土冲磨损伤规律。该文主要研究工作如下:①设计一种新的混凝土冲磨试验方法。考虑引气剂、冻融次数等因素,进行混凝土试件的冻融试验,得到冻融混凝土的动弹模、相对质量和抗压强度变化规律;进行冻融混凝土在不同流速下的冲磨试验。试验表明,混凝土在冻融和冲磨耦合作用下,耐久性退化比单一因素的作用严重2～3倍;②结合混凝土冻融损伤模型和冲磨模型,建立冲磨作用下冻融混凝土的磨蚀率理论模型。该模型计算结果与试验数据有良好的吻合;③建立有限元模型,对我国北方地区混凝土桥墩进行分析,在考虑冻融和冲磨交替作用下,混凝土桥墩表面年均磨蚀厚度在4.7～5.7mm之间。河流流速越大,冲磨程度越高。
Hydraulic structures in cold regions subject to abrasion and freeze-thaw effect in the long term. Under the coupling freeze-thaw effect, the mechanical properties and durability of concrete may experience a greater degradation. In this work, the anti-abrasion capacity of concrete under freeze-thaw cycle is investigated, and the abrasion-induced damage law of concrete under freeze-thaw cycle was studied on the basis of the experimental data and theoretical analysis. The main research work is summarized as:(1) A new abrasion test method for concrete was designed. With the factors of air-entraining agent and freeze-thaw cycles considered, the freeze-thaw tests of 48 specimens were conducted, and the change laws of dynamic elastic modulus, relative mass and compressive strength of concrete under freeze-thaw cycles were attained. The experimental results show that under the coupling action of freeze-thaw cycle and abrasion, the durability degradation of concrete is 2 or 3 times more serious than that under the single action.(2) Based on the freeze-thaw damage model and the abrasion test,the theoretical attrition rate model of freeze-thaw concrete under the abrasion action was established, and a good agreement between the calculated results and the experimental results could be achieved.(3) A finite element model was established based on the theoretical model, and then it was used for the analysis of a concrete pier located at the north part of China. It was found that the annual abrasion depth was calculated to be 4.7-5.7 mm under the coupling effect of abrasion and freeze-thaw cycle. The more rapid the stream is, the more serious the abrasion of concrete is.
Hydraulic structures in cold regions subject to abrasion and freeze-thaw effect in the long term. Under the coupling freeze-thaw effect, the mechanical properties and durability of concrete may experience a greater degradation. In this work, the anti-abrasion capacity of concrete under freeze-thaw cycle is investigated, and the abrasion-induced damage law of concrete under freeze-thaw cycle was studied on the basis of the experimental data and theoretical analysis. The main research work is summarized as:(1) A new abrasion test method for concrete was designed. With the factors of air-entraining agent and freeze-thaw cycles considered, the freeze-thaw tests of 48 specimens were conducted, and the change laws of dynamic elastic modulus, relative mass and compressive strength of concrete under freeze-thaw cycles were attained. The experimental results show that under the coupling action of freeze-thaw cycle and abrasion, the durability degradation of concrete is 2 or 3 times more serious than that under the single action.(2) Based on the freeze-thaw damage model and the abrasion test,the theoretical attrition rate model of freeze-thaw concrete under the abrasion action was established, and a good agreement between the calculated results and the experimental results could be achieved.(3) A finite element model was established based on the theoretical model, and then it was used for the analysis of a concrete pier located at the north part of China. It was found that the annual abrasion depth was calculated to be 4.7-5.7 mm under the coupling effect of abrasion and freeze-thaw cycle. The more rapid the stream is, the more serious the abrasion of concrete is.
引文
[1]ASTM C1138—97 Standard test method for abrasion resistance of concrete(underwater method)[S]. West Conshohocken, PA:American Society for Testing Materials International, 1997
[2]ASTM C944—99 Standard test method for abrasion resistance of concrete or mortar surfaces by the rotating-cutter method[S]. West Conshohocken, PA:American Society for Testing Materials International,1999
[3]ASTM C779/C779M—12 Standard test method for abrasion resistance of horizontal concrete surfaces[S].West Conshohocken, PA:American Society for Testing Materials International, 2012
[4]ASTM C418—12 Standard test method for abrasion resistance of concrete by sandblasting[S]. West Conshohocken, PA:American Society for Testing Materials International, 2012
[5]DL/T 5150—2017水工混凝土试验规程[S].北京:中国电力出版社, 2018(DL/T 5150—2017 Text code for hydraulic concrete[S]. Beijing:China Electric Power Press, 2018(in Chinese))
[6]Liu T C, Mcdonald J E. Liu T C, et al. Abrasion-erosion resistance of fiber-reinforced concrete[J]. Cement,Concrete and Aggregates, 1981,3(2):93-100
[7]Choi S, Bolander J E. A topology measurement method examining hydraulic abrasion of high workability concrete[J]. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 2012,16(5):771-778
[8]Horszczaruk E K. Hydro-abrasive erosion of high performance fiber-reinforced concrete[J]. Wear, 2009,267(1-4):110-115
[9]Horszczaruk E. Abrasion resistance of high-strength concrete in hydraulic structures[J]. Wear, 2005, 259(1-6):62-69
[10]Sonebi M, Khayat K H. Testing abrasion resistance of high-strength concrete[J]. Cement Concrete and Aggregates, 2001, 23(1):34-43
[11]Sustersic J, Mali E, Urbancic S. Erosion-abrasion resistance of steel fiber reinforced concrete[C]//Durability of Concrete:Second International Conference, Montreal, Canada 1991.Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA:American Concrete Institute, 2002
[12]Galvio J C A, Portella K F, Joukoski A, et al. Use of waste polymers in concrete for repair of dam hydraulic surfaces[J]. Construction&Building Materials, 2011,25(2):1049-1055
[13]Hu X G, Momber A W, Yin Y G. Hydro-abrasive erosion of steel-fibre reinforced hydraulic concrete[J]. Wear,2002, 253(7-8):848-854
[14]Hu X G, Momber A W, Yin Y, et al. High-speed hydrodynamic wear of steel-fibre reinforced hydraulic concrete[J]. Wear, 2004, 257(5-6):441-450
[15]KiLic A, Atis C D, Teymen A, et al. The influence of aggregate type on the strength and abrasion resistance of high strength concrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2008, 30(4):290-296
[16]Hooman J A, Iman N, Saman R R, et al. An experimental investigation on the erosion resistance of concrete containing various PET particles percentages against sulfuric acid attack[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2015, 77:461-471
[17]Singh G, Siddique R. Abrasion resistance and strength properties of concrete containing waste foundry sand(WFS)[J]. Construction&Building Materials, 2012,28(1):421-426
[18]Yen T, Hsu T H, Liu Y W, et al. Influence of class F fly ash on the abrasion-erosion resistance of high-strength concrete[J]. Construction&Building Materials, 2007,21(2):458-463
[19]Nath P, Sarker P K. Effect of mixture proportions on the drying shrinkage and permeation properties of high strength concrete containing class F fly ash[J]. Ksce Journal of Civil Engineering, 2013, 17(6):1437-1445
[20]Huang C H, Lin S K, Chang C S, et al. Mix proportions and mechanical properties of concrete containing very high-volume of Class F fly ash[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2013, 46:71-78
[21]Cai X, Zhen H, Tang S, et al. Abrasion erosion characteristics of concrete made with moderate heat Portland cement, fly ash and silica fume using sandblasting test[J]. Construction&Building Materials,2016, 127:804-814
[22]蔡新华,何真,查进,等.冲磨速率和角度对海工混凝土抗冲磨性能的影响[J].建筑材料学报, 2013,16(5):782-786(Cai Xinhua, He Zhen, Zha Jin, et al.Influences of impinging velocities and impinging angles on abrasion-erosion resistance of marine concrete[J].Journal of Building Materials, 16(5):782-786(in Chinese))
[23]Liu Y W, Yen T, Hsu T H. Abrasion erosion of concrete by water-borne sand[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2006, 36(10):1814-1820
[24]Huovinen S. Abrasion of concrete structures by ice[J].Cement and Concrete Research, 1993, 23(1):69-82
[25]何真.混凝土磨蚀冲蚀与其他环境因素的耦合作用[J].水利学报, 2015, 46(2):138-145(He Zhen. Interactions between severe environment and concrete resistance to abrasion and erosion[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2015, 46(2):138-145(in Chinese))
[26]GB/T 50082—2009普通混凝土长期性能和耐久性能试验方法标准[S]
[27]Wu H, Liu Z, Sun B, et al. Experimental investigation on freeze-thaw durability of Portland cement pervious concrete(PCPC)[J]. Construction&Building Materials,2016, 117:63-71
[28]Finnie I, Kabil Y H. On the formation of surface ripples during erosion[J]. Wear, 1965, 8(1):60-69
[29]Finnie I. Erosion of surfaces by solid particles[J]. Wear,1960, 3(2):87-103
[30]王彦平,居春常,王起才.风沙环境下混凝土、砂浆和水泥石的固体颗粒冲蚀磨损试验研究[J].中国铁道科学, 2013, 34(5):21-26(Wang Yanping, Ju Chunchang,Wang Qicai. Experimental study on the solid particle erosion of concrete, mortar and cement paste under blown sand environment[J]. China Railway Science,2013, 34(5):21-26(in Chinese))
[31]殷英政,李志国.我国代表城市混凝土冻融循环次数探讨[J].低温建筑技术, 2015(11):12-15
[2]ASTM C944—99 Standard test method for abrasion resistance of concrete or mortar surfaces by the rotating-cutter method[S]. West Conshohocken, PA:American Society for Testing Materials International,1999
[3]ASTM C779/C779M—12 Standard test method for abrasion resistance of horizontal concrete surfaces[S].West Conshohocken, PA:American Society for Testing Materials International, 2012
[4]ASTM C418—12 Standard test method for abrasion resistance of concrete by sandblasting[S]. West Conshohocken, PA:American Society for Testing Materials International, 2012
[5]DL/T 5150—2017水工混凝土试验规程[S].北京:中国电力出版社, 2018(DL/T 5150—2017 Text code for hydraulic concrete[S]. Beijing:China Electric Power Press, 2018(in Chinese))
[6]Liu T C, Mcdonald J E. Liu T C, et al. Abrasion-erosion resistance of fiber-reinforced concrete[J]. Cement,Concrete and Aggregates, 1981,3(2):93-100
[7]Choi S, Bolander J E. A topology measurement method examining hydraulic abrasion of high workability concrete[J]. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 2012,16(5):771-778
[8]Horszczaruk E K. Hydro-abrasive erosion of high performance fiber-reinforced concrete[J]. Wear, 2009,267(1-4):110-115
[9]Horszczaruk E. Abrasion resistance of high-strength concrete in hydraulic structures[J]. Wear, 2005, 259(1-6):62-69
[10]Sonebi M, Khayat K H. Testing abrasion resistance of high-strength concrete[J]. Cement Concrete and Aggregates, 2001, 23(1):34-43
[11]Sustersic J, Mali E, Urbancic S. Erosion-abrasion resistance of steel fiber reinforced concrete[C]//Durability of Concrete:Second International Conference, Montreal, Canada 1991.Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA:American Concrete Institute, 2002
[12]Galvio J C A, Portella K F, Joukoski A, et al. Use of waste polymers in concrete for repair of dam hydraulic surfaces[J]. Construction&Building Materials, 2011,25(2):1049-1055
[13]Hu X G, Momber A W, Yin Y G. Hydro-abrasive erosion of steel-fibre reinforced hydraulic concrete[J]. Wear,2002, 253(7-8):848-854
[14]Hu X G, Momber A W, Yin Y, et al. High-speed hydrodynamic wear of steel-fibre reinforced hydraulic concrete[J]. Wear, 2004, 257(5-6):441-450
[15]KiLic A, Atis C D, Teymen A, et al. The influence of aggregate type on the strength and abrasion resistance of high strength concrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2008, 30(4):290-296
[16]Hooman J A, Iman N, Saman R R, et al. An experimental investigation on the erosion resistance of concrete containing various PET particles percentages against sulfuric acid attack[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2015, 77:461-471
[17]Singh G, Siddique R. Abrasion resistance and strength properties of concrete containing waste foundry sand(WFS)[J]. Construction&Building Materials, 2012,28(1):421-426
[18]Yen T, Hsu T H, Liu Y W, et al. Influence of class F fly ash on the abrasion-erosion resistance of high-strength concrete[J]. Construction&Building Materials, 2007,21(2):458-463
[19]Nath P, Sarker P K. Effect of mixture proportions on the drying shrinkage and permeation properties of high strength concrete containing class F fly ash[J]. Ksce Journal of Civil Engineering, 2013, 17(6):1437-1445
[20]Huang C H, Lin S K, Chang C S, et al. Mix proportions and mechanical properties of concrete containing very high-volume of Class F fly ash[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2013, 46:71-78
[21]Cai X, Zhen H, Tang S, et al. Abrasion erosion characteristics of concrete made with moderate heat Portland cement, fly ash and silica fume using sandblasting test[J]. Construction&Building Materials,2016, 127:804-814
[22]蔡新华,何真,查进,等.冲磨速率和角度对海工混凝土抗冲磨性能的影响[J].建筑材料学报, 2013,16(5):782-786(Cai Xinhua, He Zhen, Zha Jin, et al.Influences of impinging velocities and impinging angles on abrasion-erosion resistance of marine concrete[J].Journal of Building Materials, 16(5):782-786(in Chinese))
[23]Liu Y W, Yen T, Hsu T H. Abrasion erosion of concrete by water-borne sand[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2006, 36(10):1814-1820
[24]Huovinen S. Abrasion of concrete structures by ice[J].Cement and Concrete Research, 1993, 23(1):69-82
[25]何真.混凝土磨蚀冲蚀与其他环境因素的耦合作用[J].水利学报, 2015, 46(2):138-145(He Zhen. Interactions between severe environment and concrete resistance to abrasion and erosion[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2015, 46(2):138-145(in Chinese))
[26]GB/T 50082—2009普通混凝土长期性能和耐久性能试验方法标准[S]
[27]Wu H, Liu Z, Sun B, et al. Experimental investigation on freeze-thaw durability of Portland cement pervious concrete(PCPC)[J]. Construction&Building Materials,2016, 117:63-71
[28]Finnie I, Kabil Y H. On the formation of surface ripples during erosion[J]. Wear, 1965, 8(1):60-69
[29]Finnie I. Erosion of surfaces by solid particles[J]. Wear,1960, 3(2):87-103
[30]王彦平,居春常,王起才.风沙环境下混凝土、砂浆和水泥石的固体颗粒冲蚀磨损试验研究[J].中国铁道科学, 2013, 34(5):21-26(Wang Yanping, Ju Chunchang,Wang Qicai. Experimental study on the solid particle erosion of concrete, mortar and cement paste under blown sand environment[J]. China Railway Science,2013, 34(5):21-26(in Chinese))
[31]殷英政,李志国.我国代表城市混凝土冻融循环次数探讨[J].低温建筑技术, 2015(11):12-15