隧道支护结构体系及其协同作用
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摘要
隧道支护结构体系是围岩稳定性控制的关键,也是隧道设计的基本任务,而对支护结构之间相互作用过程和机制的系统认识则是定量化设计的基础.本文从隧道围岩结构性和支护作用的本质特征出发,提出隧道支护具有"调动"和"协助"围岩承载的基本作用,明确了二者的功能分配原则和实现方式,即分别通过超前支护的保障作用、初期支护的核心作用和二次衬砌的安全储备作用共同完成;针对围岩的正面挤出、前倾式冒落和后倾式冒落等三种超前破坏模式,分别给出了相应的超前支护方式和支护效果评价方法;提出初期支护作为隧道围岩附加载荷的主要承担者,包括锚固体系与拱架及喷射混凝土结构,分别通过"调动"和"协助"围岩实现其承载功能,且同时具有"支"与"护"的作用;阐明了二次衬砌结构作为安全储备功能的内涵,建立了二次衬砌结构的载荷分担比率与刚度匹配性、支护时机的关系,并据此给出了二次衬砌结构参数和施作时机的建议值;建立了以围岩变形量S最小和协同度ξ最优为目标,基于超前支护、初期支护和二次衬砌与围岩相互作用三阶段的协同支护优化模型,明确了支护结构体系与围岩、不同支护结构之间以及支护结构要素之间三个层次的协同关系,并提出了隧道支护结构体系协同优化设计方法.
Tunnel support structure system is the key of controlling the stability of surrounding rock, which is also the basic task of tunnel design, while systemic understanding of the process and mechanism of interaction among support structures is the basis of quantitative design. This paper embarks from structural property of tunnel surrounding rock and the constitutive property of support effect, the basic function of tunnel support that "mobilizing" and "assisting"surrounding rock bearing is put forward, of which the function distribution principle and realization way are clarified,namely, through the guarantee role of advanced support, the core role of primary support and safety reserve role of secondary lining to complete. In view of three advanced failure modes including the positive extrusion, the forward type caving and posterior tilt falling of surrounding rock, the corresponding advanced support pattern and its effect evaluation method are given respectively. The primary support is the main undertaker of tunnel surrounding rock additional load,including the anchorage system and the arch and shotcrete structure, whose bearing function is carried out by "mobilizing"and "assisting" surrounding rock respectively, and also have the function of "bracing" and "protecting". The connotation of secondary lining structure as security reserve function is illuminated. The relationship between load sharing ratio and stiffness matching and support time of secondary lining structure is established, according to which the suggestive values of structure parameters and support time of secondary lining are provided. The collaborative support optimization model is set up based on the three stages of the interaction between advanced support, primary support, secondary lining and surrounding rock, whose targets are minimizing surrounding rock deformation S and optimizing synergy degree ξ. Three levels of synergy including relations between support structure system and surrounding rock, different support structures and different support structure elements are clarified. And a collaborative optimization design method for tunnel support structure is proposed.
Tunnel support structure system is the key of controlling the stability of surrounding rock, which is also the basic task of tunnel design, while systemic understanding of the process and mechanism of interaction among support structures is the basis of quantitative design. This paper embarks from structural property of tunnel surrounding rock and the constitutive property of support effect, the basic function of tunnel support that "mobilizing" and "assisting"surrounding rock bearing is put forward, of which the function distribution principle and realization way are clarified,namely, through the guarantee role of advanced support, the core role of primary support and safety reserve role of secondary lining to complete. In view of three advanced failure modes including the positive extrusion, the forward type caving and posterior tilt falling of surrounding rock, the corresponding advanced support pattern and its effect evaluation method are given respectively. The primary support is the main undertaker of tunnel surrounding rock additional load,including the anchorage system and the arch and shotcrete structure, whose bearing function is carried out by "mobilizing"and "assisting" surrounding rock respectively, and also have the function of "bracing" and "protecting". The connotation of secondary lining structure as security reserve function is illuminated. The relationship between load sharing ratio and stiffness matching and support time of secondary lining structure is established, according to which the suggestive values of structure parameters and support time of secondary lining are provided. The collaborative support optimization model is set up based on the three stages of the interaction between advanced support, primary support, secondary lining and surrounding rock, whose targets are minimizing surrounding rock deformation S and optimizing synergy degree ξ. Three levels of synergy including relations between support structure system and surrounding rock, different support structures and different support structure elements are clarified. And a collaborative optimization design method for tunnel support structure is proposed.
引文
1 Lunardi P.隧道设计与施工-岩土控制变形分析法.北京:中国铁道出版社,2011(Lunardi P.Design and Construction of Tunnels Analysis of Controlled Deformation in Rock and Soils.Beijing:China Railway Publishing House,2011(in Chinese))
2 Terzaghi K.Rock defects and loads in tunnel supports//Rock Tunneling With Steel Supports.Youngstown,Ohio:The Commercial Shearing and Stamping Co.,2004:17-99
3 Oreste PP.A numerical approach to the hyperstatic reaction method for the dimensioning of tunnel supports.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2007,22:185-205
4 Hoek E,Carranza-Torres C,Diederichs M,et al.Integration of geotechnical and structural design in tunneling(C)//The 56th Annual Geotechnical Engineering Conference,Minneapolis:University of Minnesota,2008:1-53
5张顶立.隧道及地下工程的基本问题及其研究进展.力学学报,2017,49(1):1-19(Zhang Dingli.Essential issues and their research progress in tunnel and underground engineering.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2017,49(1):1-19(in Chinese))
6张顶立,陈立平.隧道围岩的复合结构特性及其载荷效应.岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(3):456-469(Zhang Dingli,Chen Liping.Compound structural characteristics and load effect of tunnel surrounding rock.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(3):456-469(in Chinese))
7张顶立,台启民,房倩.复杂隧道围岩安全性及其评价方法.岩石力学与工程学报,2017,36(2):270-296(Zhang Dingli,Tai Qimin,Fang Qian.Safety of complex surrounding rock of tunnels and related evaluation method.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2017,36(2):270-296(in Chinese))
8孙振宇,张顶立,房倩等.基于超前加固的深埋隧道围岩力学特性研究.工程力学,2018,35(2):92-104(Sun Zhenyu,Zhang Dingli,Fang Qian,et al.Research on the mechanical property of the surrounding rock of deep-buried tunnel based on the advanced reinforcement.Engineering Mechanics,2018,35(2):92-104(in Chinese))
9张顶立,孙振宇.复杂隧道围岩结构稳定性及其控制.水力发电学报,2018,37(2):1-11(Zhang Dingli,Sun Zhenyu.Structural stability of complex tunnel surrounding rock and its control.Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2018,37(2):1-11(in Chinese))
10孙振宇,张顶立,房倩等.隧道初期支护与围岩相互作用的时空演化特性.岩石力学与工程学报,2017,36(增2):3943-3956(Sun Zhenyu,Zhang Dingli,Fang Qian,et al.Spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of interaction between primary support and tunnel surrounding rock.Chinese Journal Of Rock Mechanics And Engineering,2017,36(Supp.2):3943-3956(in Chinese))
11 Panet M.Le Calcul Des Tunnels Par La Methode ConvergenceConfinement.Paris:Press de iecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussres,1995:75-100
12 Carranza-Torres C,Fairhurst C.Application of the convergenceconfinement method of tunnel design to rock masses that satisfy the Hoek-Brown failure criterion.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2000,15(2):187-213
13邹金锋,李帅帅,张勇等.考虑轴向力和渗透力时软化围岩隧道解析.力学学报,2014,46(5):747-755(Zou Jinfeng,Li Shuaishuai,Zhang Yong,et al.Solution and analysis of circular tunnel for the strain-softening rock masses considering the axial in situ stress and seepage force.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2014,46(5):747-755(in Chinese))
14何川,齐春,封坤等.基于D-P准则的盾构隧道围岩与衬砌结构相互作用分析.力学学报,2017,49(1):31-40(He Chuan,Qi Chun,Feng Kun,et al.Theoretical analysis of interaction between surrounding rocks and lining structure of shield tunnel based on Drucker-Prager yield criteria.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2017,49(1):31-40(in Chinese))
15 Carranza-Torres C,Fairhurst C.The elasto-plastic response of underground excavations in rock masses that satisfy the Hoek-Brown failure criterion.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,1999,36(6):777-809
16 Hoek E,Brown ET.Practical estimates of rock mass strength.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,1997,34(8):1165-1187
17蔡美峰,何满潮,刘东燕.岩石力学与工程.北京:科学出版社,2002:310-311(Cai Meifeng,He Manchao,Liu Dongyan.Rock Mechanics and Engineering.Beijing:Science Press,2002:325-326(in Chinese))
18 Park KH,Tonavanich B,Lee JG.A simple procedure for ground response curve of circular tunnel in elastic-strain softening rock mass.Tunneling and Underground Space Technology,2008,23(2):151-159
19黄红选,韩继业.数学规划.北京:清华大学出版社,2006(Huang Hongxuan,Han Jiye.Mathematical Programming.Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2006(in Chinese))
20台启民,张顶立,房倩等.软弱破碎围岩隧道超前支护确定方法.岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(1):109-118(Tai Qimin,Zhang Dingli,Fang Qian,et al.Determination of advance supports in tunnel construction under unfavourable rock conditions.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(1):109-118(in Chinese))
21 Oreste PP.Analysis of structural interaction in tunnels using the convergence-confinement approach.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2003,13(2):347-363
22赵勇,刘建友,田四明.深埋隧道软弱围岩支护体系受力特征的试验研究.岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(8):1663-1670(Zhao Yong,Liu Jianyou,Tian Siming.Experimental study of mechanical characteristics of support system for weak surrounding rock of deep tunnels.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2011,30(8):1663-1670(in Chinese))
23许树柏.实用决策方法-层次分析法原理.天津:天津大学出版社,1988:8-12(Xu Shubai.Use of Decision Method-Analytic Hierarchy Process.Tianjin:Tianjin University Press,1988:8-12(in Chinese))
24孙毅.隧道支护体系的承载特性及协同作用原理.[博士论文].北京:北京交通大学,2016(Sun Yi.Bearing characteristics and synergy principle of tunnel supporting system.[PhD Thesis].Beijing:Beijing Jiaotong University,2016(in Chinese))
25孙振宇,张顶立,房倩等.浅埋小净距公路隧道围岩压力分布规律.中国公路学报,2018,31(9):84-94(Sun Zhenyu,Zhang Dingli,Fang Qian,et al.Distribution of surrounding rock pressure of shallow highway tunnels with small spacing.China Journal of Highway and Transport,2018,31(9):84-94(in Chinese))
2 Terzaghi K.Rock defects and loads in tunnel supports//Rock Tunneling With Steel Supports.Youngstown,Ohio:The Commercial Shearing and Stamping Co.,2004:17-99
3 Oreste PP.A numerical approach to the hyperstatic reaction method for the dimensioning of tunnel supports.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2007,22:185-205
4 Hoek E,Carranza-Torres C,Diederichs M,et al.Integration of geotechnical and structural design in tunneling(C)//The 56th Annual Geotechnical Engineering Conference,Minneapolis:University of Minnesota,2008:1-53
5张顶立.隧道及地下工程的基本问题及其研究进展.力学学报,2017,49(1):1-19(Zhang Dingli.Essential issues and their research progress in tunnel and underground engineering.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2017,49(1):1-19(in Chinese))
6张顶立,陈立平.隧道围岩的复合结构特性及其载荷效应.岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(3):456-469(Zhang Dingli,Chen Liping.Compound structural characteristics and load effect of tunnel surrounding rock.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(3):456-469(in Chinese))
7张顶立,台启民,房倩.复杂隧道围岩安全性及其评价方法.岩石力学与工程学报,2017,36(2):270-296(Zhang Dingli,Tai Qimin,Fang Qian.Safety of complex surrounding rock of tunnels and related evaluation method.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2017,36(2):270-296(in Chinese))
8孙振宇,张顶立,房倩等.基于超前加固的深埋隧道围岩力学特性研究.工程力学,2018,35(2):92-104(Sun Zhenyu,Zhang Dingli,Fang Qian,et al.Research on the mechanical property of the surrounding rock of deep-buried tunnel based on the advanced reinforcement.Engineering Mechanics,2018,35(2):92-104(in Chinese))
9张顶立,孙振宇.复杂隧道围岩结构稳定性及其控制.水力发电学报,2018,37(2):1-11(Zhang Dingli,Sun Zhenyu.Structural stability of complex tunnel surrounding rock and its control.Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2018,37(2):1-11(in Chinese))
10孙振宇,张顶立,房倩等.隧道初期支护与围岩相互作用的时空演化特性.岩石力学与工程学报,2017,36(增2):3943-3956(Sun Zhenyu,Zhang Dingli,Fang Qian,et al.Spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of interaction between primary support and tunnel surrounding rock.Chinese Journal Of Rock Mechanics And Engineering,2017,36(Supp.2):3943-3956(in Chinese))
11 Panet M.Le Calcul Des Tunnels Par La Methode ConvergenceConfinement.Paris:Press de iecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussres,1995:75-100
12 Carranza-Torres C,Fairhurst C.Application of the convergenceconfinement method of tunnel design to rock masses that satisfy the Hoek-Brown failure criterion.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2000,15(2):187-213
13邹金锋,李帅帅,张勇等.考虑轴向力和渗透力时软化围岩隧道解析.力学学报,2014,46(5):747-755(Zou Jinfeng,Li Shuaishuai,Zhang Yong,et al.Solution and analysis of circular tunnel for the strain-softening rock masses considering the axial in situ stress and seepage force.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2014,46(5):747-755(in Chinese))
14何川,齐春,封坤等.基于D-P准则的盾构隧道围岩与衬砌结构相互作用分析.力学学报,2017,49(1):31-40(He Chuan,Qi Chun,Feng Kun,et al.Theoretical analysis of interaction between surrounding rocks and lining structure of shield tunnel based on Drucker-Prager yield criteria.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2017,49(1):31-40(in Chinese))
15 Carranza-Torres C,Fairhurst C.The elasto-plastic response of underground excavations in rock masses that satisfy the Hoek-Brown failure criterion.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,1999,36(6):777-809
16 Hoek E,Brown ET.Practical estimates of rock mass strength.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,1997,34(8):1165-1187
17蔡美峰,何满潮,刘东燕.岩石力学与工程.北京:科学出版社,2002:310-311(Cai Meifeng,He Manchao,Liu Dongyan.Rock Mechanics and Engineering.Beijing:Science Press,2002:325-326(in Chinese))
18 Park KH,Tonavanich B,Lee JG.A simple procedure for ground response curve of circular tunnel in elastic-strain softening rock mass.Tunneling and Underground Space Technology,2008,23(2):151-159
19黄红选,韩继业.数学规划.北京:清华大学出版社,2006(Huang Hongxuan,Han Jiye.Mathematical Programming.Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2006(in Chinese))
20台启民,张顶立,房倩等.软弱破碎围岩隧道超前支护确定方法.岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(1):109-118(Tai Qimin,Zhang Dingli,Fang Qian,et al.Determination of advance supports in tunnel construction under unfavourable rock conditions.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(1):109-118(in Chinese))
21 Oreste PP.Analysis of structural interaction in tunnels using the convergence-confinement approach.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2003,13(2):347-363
22赵勇,刘建友,田四明.深埋隧道软弱围岩支护体系受力特征的试验研究.岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(8):1663-1670(Zhao Yong,Liu Jianyou,Tian Siming.Experimental study of mechanical characteristics of support system for weak surrounding rock of deep tunnels.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2011,30(8):1663-1670(in Chinese))
23许树柏.实用决策方法-层次分析法原理.天津:天津大学出版社,1988:8-12(Xu Shubai.Use of Decision Method-Analytic Hierarchy Process.Tianjin:Tianjin University Press,1988:8-12(in Chinese))
24孙毅.隧道支护体系的承载特性及协同作用原理.[博士论文].北京:北京交通大学,2016(Sun Yi.Bearing characteristics and synergy principle of tunnel supporting system.[PhD Thesis].Beijing:Beijing Jiaotong University,2016(in Chinese))
25孙振宇,张顶立,房倩等.浅埋小净距公路隧道围岩压力分布规律.中国公路学报,2018,31(9):84-94(Sun Zhenyu,Zhang Dingli,Fang Qian,et al.Distribution of surrounding rock pressure of shallow highway tunnels with small spacing.China Journal of Highway and Transport,2018,31(9):84-94(in Chinese))