集聚效应、选择效应及其对区域生产效率的影响
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摘要
通过文献梳理和模型构建,分析了集聚效应和选择效应对区域内企业生产效率的影响,并运用Epanechnikov核密度估计法绘制了产业集聚区内企业的全要素生产率概率分布图,进一步讨论了两种效应对我国处于不同发展阶段的传统制造业和新兴制造业生产率的影响。研究结果表明,在中国产业集聚现象显著的区域,同时存在着集聚效应与选择效应,而且进一步证实了两种效应都增加了城市高生产率企业的分布密度;集聚效应在产业发展初期占主导地位,随着产业发展,选择效应对生产率提升的作用逐渐显著;与传统制造业相比,我国新兴、高科技产业生产率相对较高,生产率提升空间大,集聚效应作用更为显著。
Through literature review and model construction, this paper analyzes the influence of agglomeration effect and selection effect on the total factor productivity of enterprises within certain regions,and estimates the distribution of total factor productivity of enterprises in industrial agglomeration regions by the Epanechnikov kernel density estimation method. Furthermore,it discusses the impacts of these two effects on the productivity of traditional and emerging manufacturing in China at their different development stages. The results show that there exist both agglomeration and selection effects in the region with significant industrial agglomeration,and confirm that both effects increase the density of enterprises of high-productivity in urban areas. In addition,the agglomeration effect dominates in the early stage of industrial development,and with the development of the industry,the impact of selection effect on the improvement of total factor productivity grows. Compared with traditional manufacturing,China's emerging manufacturing has relatively high productivity and more potential for productivity improvement,and the impact of agglomeration effect is also more significant.
Through literature review and model construction, this paper analyzes the influence of agglomeration effect and selection effect on the total factor productivity of enterprises within certain regions,and estimates the distribution of total factor productivity of enterprises in industrial agglomeration regions by the Epanechnikov kernel density estimation method. Furthermore,it discusses the impacts of these two effects on the productivity of traditional and emerging manufacturing in China at their different development stages. The results show that there exist both agglomeration and selection effects in the region with significant industrial agglomeration,and confirm that both effects increase the density of enterprises of high-productivity in urban areas. In addition,the agglomeration effect dominates in the early stage of industrial development,and with the development of the industry,the impact of selection effect on the improvement of total factor productivity grows. Compared with traditional manufacturing,China's emerging manufacturing has relatively high productivity and more potential for productivity improvement,and the impact of agglomeration effect is also more significant.
引文
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[2] HALL R E,JONES C I. Why do some countries produce so much more output per worker than others?[J]. The quarterly journal of economics,1999,114(1):83-116.
[3] MARSHALL A.“Some aspects of competition.” the address of the president of section F—economic Science and Statistics—of the british association,at the sixties meeting,held at Leeds,in september,1890[J]. Journal of the royal statistical society,1890,53(4):612-643.
[4] OTTAVIANO G I P. Firm heterogeneity,endogenous entry,and the business cycle[J]. National Bureau of Economic Research,2012,8(1):57-86.
[5]梁琦.空间经济学:过去、现在与未来——兼评《空间经济学:城市,区域与国际贸易》[J].经济学(季刊),2005,4(4):1067-1086.
[6]梁琦.产业集聚论[M].北京:商务印书馆,2004.
[7] FOGARTY M S,GAROFALO G A. Urban spatial structure and productivity growth in the manufacturing sector of cities[J]. Journal of Urban Economics,1988,23(1):60-70.
[8] OTTAVIANO G,TABUCHI T,THISSE J F. Agglomeration and trade revisited[J]. International Economic Review,2002,43(2):409-435.
[9] CICCONE A. Agglomeration effects in Europe[J]. European economic review,2002,46(2):213-227.
[10] CICCONE A,HALL R E. Productivity and the density of economic activity[J]. American economic review,1996,86(1):54-70.
[11] BRAUNERHJELM P,BORGMAN B. Geographical concentration,entrepreneurship and regional growth:evidence from regional data in Sw eden,1975-99[J]. Regional studies,2004,38(8):929-947.
[12] OTTAVIANO G I P,PINELLI D. Market potential and productivity:evidence from Finnish regions[J]. Regional science and urban economics,2006,36(5):636-657.
[13] KRUGMAN P,VENABLES A J. Globalization and the inequality of nations[J]. The quarterly journal of economics,1995,110(4):857-880.
[14] DRUCKER J,FESER E. Regional industrial structure and agglomeration economies:an analysis of productivity in three manufacturing industries[J]. Regional science and urban economics,2012,42(1/2):1-14.
[15] MELITZ M. The impact of trade on intra-industry reallocations and aggregate industry productivity[J]. Econometrica,2003,71(6):1695-1725.
[16]易靖韬,傅佳莎.企业生产率与出口:浙江省企业层面的证据[J].世界经济,2011(5):74-92.
[17] BALDWIN R E,OKUBO T. Heterogeneous firms,agglomeration and economic geography:spatial selection and sorting[J]. Journal of economic geography,2005,6(3):323-346.
[18] MELITZ M J,OTTAVIANO G I P. Market size,trade,and productivity[J]. The review of economic studies,2008,75(1):295-316.
[19] BEHRENS K,LAMORGESE A R,OTTAVIANO G I P,et al. Beyond the home market effect:market size and specialization in a multi-country w orld[J]. Journal of international economics,2009,79(2):259-265.
[20] CHEN M X,MOORE M O. Location decision of heterogeneous multinational firms[J]. Journal of international economics,2010,80(2):188-199.
[21] BEHRENS K,DURANTON G,ROBERT-NICOUD F. Productive cities:sorting,selection,and agglomeration[J].Journal of political economy,2014,122(3):507-553.
[22] COMBES P P,DURANTON G,GOBILLON L,et al. The productivity advantages of large cities:distinguishing agglomeration from firm selection[J]. Econometrica,2012,80(6):2543-2594.
[23] ACCETTURO A,DI GIACINTO V,MICUCCI G,ET AL. Local productivity differences through thick and thin:market size,entry costs and openness to trade[R]. Rome:Banca d'Italia,2011.
[24] ARIMOTO Y,NAKAJIMA K,OKAZAKI T. Sources of productivity improvement in industrial clusters:The case of the prew ar Japanese silk-reeling industry[J]. Regional science and urban economics,2014,46(1):27-41.
[25] HASAN S,FAGGIAN A,KLAIBER H A,et al. Agglomeration economies or selection? An analysis of Taiwanese science parks[J]. International regional science review,2018,41(3):335-363.
[26]徐航天.企业密度、集聚效应与选择效应——以我国纺织业为例[J].技术经济,2011,30(9):58-63.
[27]傅江帆,贺灿飞,沈昊婧.中国城市生产效率差异——集聚效应还是企业选择效应?[J].城市发展研究,2013,20(4):47-54.
[28]余壮雄,杨扬.大城市的生产率优势:集聚与选择[J].世界经济,2014(10):31-51.
[29]刘海洋,刘玉海,袁鹏.集群地区生产率优势的来源识别:集聚效应抑或选择效应?[J].经济学(季刊),2015,14(3):1073-1092.
[30]张国峰,李强,王永进.大城市生产率优势:集聚、选择还是群分效应[J].世界经济,2017,40(8):167-192.
[31]王永进,张国峰.开发区生产率优势的来源:集聚效应还是选择效应?[J].经济研究,2016(7):58-71.
[32]白积洋.产业集聚、贸易开放与全要素生产率:来自中国省际的证据[J].科学决策,2011(11):34-64.
[33]鲁晓东,连玉君.中国工业企业全要素生产率估计:1999—2007[J].经济学(季刊),2012,11(2):541-558.
[34] GIANNETTI M,LIAO G,YU X. The brain gain of corporate boards:evidence from China[J]. The journal of finance,2015,70(4):1629-1682.
[35]李晓萍.异质性企业空间选择与地区生产率差距:基于中国工业企业数据的实证研究[C].乌鲁木齐:社会科学文献出版社,2012,479-510.
[36]北京市电子办第一调研组.对北京七家电子合资企业的调查[J].中外企业文化,1999(7):22-23.