西方代表理论的建构主义转向:缘起、内容和前景
摘要
脱胎于代议制的传统代表理论在面对当代的新政治图景时越来越缺乏解释力,抵达一个"断点"状态。因此,西方代表理论研究近年来逐渐开始了建构主义转向。人们突破传统的"静态假设",更加关注动态的代表过程,对一般性的"代表"语义中的内在的能动性和表现性进行了确认。进而,在政治代表中,基于对利益偏好的静态设定所形成的"基石规范"受到挑战,对被代表者和利益偏好而言,代表被重新定位为建构的而非依存的。如何面对建构过程可能带来政治操纵所导致的担忧,如何说明建构主义代表观的民主合法性,是这一转向面临的主要问题。一些学者开始尝试提出新的系统性民主代表理论以回应这些挑战,并实现对选举体制的超越。
引文
(1)Lisa Disch,"Toward a Mobilization Conception of Democratic Representation", American Political Science Review, Vol. 105, No.1, 2011, pp. 100-114.
(1)Dario Castiglione and Mark E. Warren,"Rethinking Representation:Seven Theoretical Issues". Paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association Annual Conference, Chicago, IL, April 6-10, 2005, p. 1.
(2)Nadia Uirbinati and Mark E. Warren,“The Concept of Representation in Contemporary Democratic Theory",Annual Review of Political Science,Vol.11,2008, pp.387-412.
(3)Nadia Urbinali and Mark E. Warren,“The Concept of Representation in Contemporary Democratic Theory",Annual Review of Political Science,Vol. 11,2008, pp.387-412.
(1)汉娜·费尼切尔·皮特金:《代表的概念》,唐海华译,吉林出版集团有限责任公司2014年版,第11页。
(2)Kathryn Ray,"Constituting'Asian Women':Political Representation, Identity Politics and Local Discourses of Participation",Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 26,No. 5, 2003, pp. 854-878.
(3)Frank R. Ankersmit,"Representational Democracy:An Aesthetic Approach to Conflict and Compromise", Common Knowledge, Vol. 8, No. 1,2002,pp.24-46.
(4)Michael Saward,“Representation and Democracy:Revisions and Possibilities”, Sociology Compass, Vol. 2,No. 3, 2008, pp. 1000-1013.
(5)Lisa Disch,“Toward a Mobilization Conception of Democratic Representation", American Political Science Review, Vol. 105, No. 1,2011, pp. 100-114.
(6)Michael Saward,The Representative Claim,New York:Oxford University Press, 2010, p.4.
(7)汉娜·费尼切尔·皮特金:《代表的概念》,第69页。
(1)同上书,第14页。
(2)同上书,第14页。
(3)同上书,第11页。
(1)同上书,第13页。
(2)Lisa Disch,“Toward a Mobilization Conception of Democratic Representation", American Political Science Review, Vol. 105, No. 1, 2011, pp. 100-114.
(3)Jacques Derrida,"Speech and Phenomena:Introduction to the Problem of Signs in Husserls Phenomenology",In Speech and Phenomena, Evanston:Northwestern University Press, pp. 17-104.
(4)Lisa Disch,"Toward a Mobilization Conception of Democratic Representation”, American Political Science Review, Vol. 105, No. 1,2011, pp. 100-114.
(5)Frank R.Ankersmit,"Representational Democracy:An Aesthetic Approach to Conflict and Compromise", Common Knowledge, Vol. 8. No. 1, 2002, pp. 24-46.
(6)Ibid.
(1)汉娜·费尼切尔·皮特金:《代表的概念》,第88页。
(2)同上书,第100页。
(3)同上书,第86页。
(4)Lisa Disch,“Toward a Mobilization Conception of Democratic Representation”, American Political Science Review, Vol. 105, No. 1, 2011, pp. 100-114.
(1)Sofia Nasstrom,“Democratic Representation Beyond Election"Constellations, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2015, pp.307-311.
(2)霍布斯:《利维坦》,黎思复、黎廷弼译,商务印书馆1985年版,第125页。
(3)汉娜·费尼切尔·皮特金:《代表的概念》,第35页。
(4)Mónica Brito Vieira and David Runciman, Representation, Cambridge:Polity Press, 2008, p.26.
(5)汉娜·费尼切尔·皮特金:《代表的概念》,第41页。
(6)同上书,第45—46页。
(7)同上书,第272页。
(8)Lisa Disch,“Toward a Mobilization Conception of Democratic Representation",American Political Science Review, Vol.105, No. 1,2011,pp. 100-114.
(1)罗伯特·达尔:《多头政体——参与和反对》,谭君久、刘慧荣译,商务印书馆2003年版,第1页。
(2)Mónica Brito Vieira and David Runciman, Representation, p. 30.
(3)Ibid.,p. 104.
(4)Michael Saward,“The Representative Claim”,Contemporary Political Theory, Vol. 5, 2006, pp. 297-318.
(5)汉娜·费尼切尔·皮特金:《代表的概念》,第263页。
(6)同上书,第275页。
(1)Jane Mansbridge,"Rethinking Representation",American Political Science Review, Vol. 97, No. 4, 2003,pp. 515-528.
(2)Michael Saward,"Authorisation and Authenticity:Representation and the Unelected”,The Journal of Political Philosophy, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2009, pp. 1-22.
(3)Lisa Disch,"Toward a Mobilization Conception of Democratic Representation", American Political Science Review,Vol. 105, No. 1,2011, pp. 100-114.
(1)汉娜·费尼切尔·皮特金:《代表的概念》,第285页。
(2)Jane Mansbridge,“Rethinking Representation",American Political Science Review, Vol. 97, No. 4, 2003,pp. 515-528.
(3)汉娜·费尼切尔·皮特金:《代表的概念》,第285页。
(4)Lisa Disch,"Toward a Mobilization Conception of Democratic Representation", American Political Science Review,Vol. 105, No. 1,2011, pp. 100-114.
(5)David Plotke,“Representation is Democracy",Constellations, Vol.4,No. 11 1997, pp. 19-34.
(1)Michael Saward,“The Representative Claim",Contemporary Political Theory, Vol. 5, No. 3,2006, pp. 297-318.
(2)Ibid.
(1)Michael Saward,"Representation and Democracy:Revisions and Possibilities", Sociology Compass, Vol. 2,No. 3, 2008, pp. 1000-1013.
(2)Lisa Disch,“Toward a Mobilization Conception of Democratic Representalion", American Political Science Review, Vol. 105,No. 1, 2011, pp. 100-114.
(3)Rousiley Maia,"Non-electoral Political Representation:Expanding Discursive Domains", Representation,Vol.48, No.4, 2012, pp.429-443.
(4)Sofia Nasstrom,"Democratic Representation Beyond Election",Constellations, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2015, pp.307-311.
(5)Michael Saward,“Representation and Democracy:Revisions and Possibilities”, Sociology Compass, Vol. 2,No. 3, 2008, pp. 1000-1013.
(1)Dario Castiglione and Mark E. Warren,"Rethinking Representation:Seven Theoretical Issues". Paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association Annual Conference, Chicago, IL, April 6-10, 2005, p. 1.
(2)Nadia Uirbinati and Mark E. Warren,“The Concept of Representation in Contemporary Democratic Theory",Annual Review of Political Science,Vol.11,2008, pp.387-412.
(3)Nadia Urbinali and Mark E. Warren,“The Concept of Representation in Contemporary Democratic Theory",Annual Review of Political Science,Vol. 11,2008, pp.387-412.
(1)汉娜·费尼切尔·皮特金:《代表的概念》,唐海华译,吉林出版集团有限责任公司2014年版,第11页。
(2)Kathryn Ray,"Constituting'Asian Women':Political Representation, Identity Politics and Local Discourses of Participation",Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 26,No. 5, 2003, pp. 854-878.
(3)Frank R. Ankersmit,"Representational Democracy:An Aesthetic Approach to Conflict and Compromise", Common Knowledge, Vol. 8, No. 1,2002,pp.24-46.
(4)Michael Saward,“Representation and Democracy:Revisions and Possibilities”, Sociology Compass, Vol. 2,No. 3, 2008, pp. 1000-1013.
(5)Lisa Disch,“Toward a Mobilization Conception of Democratic Representation", American Political Science Review, Vol. 105, No. 1,2011, pp. 100-114.
(6)Michael Saward,The Representative Claim,New York:Oxford University Press, 2010, p.4.
(7)汉娜·费尼切尔·皮特金:《代表的概念》,第69页。
(1)同上书,第14页。
(2)同上书,第14页。
(3)同上书,第11页。
(1)同上书,第13页。
(2)Lisa Disch,“Toward a Mobilization Conception of Democratic Representation", American Political Science Review, Vol. 105, No. 1, 2011, pp. 100-114.
(3)Jacques Derrida,"Speech and Phenomena:Introduction to the Problem of Signs in Husserls Phenomenology",In Speech and Phenomena, Evanston:Northwestern University Press, pp. 17-104.
(4)Lisa Disch,"Toward a Mobilization Conception of Democratic Representation”, American Political Science Review, Vol. 105, No. 1,2011, pp. 100-114.
(5)Frank R.Ankersmit,"Representational Democracy:An Aesthetic Approach to Conflict and Compromise", Common Knowledge, Vol. 8. No. 1, 2002, pp. 24-46.
(6)Ibid.
(1)汉娜·费尼切尔·皮特金:《代表的概念》,第88页。
(2)同上书,第100页。
(3)同上书,第86页。
(4)Lisa Disch,“Toward a Mobilization Conception of Democratic Representation”, American Political Science Review, Vol. 105, No. 1, 2011, pp. 100-114.
(1)Sofia Nasstrom,“Democratic Representation Beyond Election"Constellations, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2015, pp.307-311.
(2)霍布斯:《利维坦》,黎思复、黎廷弼译,商务印书馆1985年版,第125页。
(3)汉娜·费尼切尔·皮特金:《代表的概念》,第35页。
(4)Mónica Brito Vieira and David Runciman, Representation, Cambridge:Polity Press, 2008, p.26.
(5)汉娜·费尼切尔·皮特金:《代表的概念》,第41页。
(6)同上书,第45—46页。
(7)同上书,第272页。
(8)Lisa Disch,“Toward a Mobilization Conception of Democratic Representation",American Political Science Review, Vol.105, No. 1,2011,pp. 100-114.
(1)罗伯特·达尔:《多头政体——参与和反对》,谭君久、刘慧荣译,商务印书馆2003年版,第1页。
(2)Mónica Brito Vieira and David Runciman, Representation, p. 30.
(3)Ibid.,p. 104.
(4)Michael Saward,“The Representative Claim”,Contemporary Political Theory, Vol. 5, 2006, pp. 297-318.
(5)汉娜·费尼切尔·皮特金:《代表的概念》,第263页。
(6)同上书,第275页。
(1)Jane Mansbridge,"Rethinking Representation",American Political Science Review, Vol. 97, No. 4, 2003,pp. 515-528.
(2)Michael Saward,"Authorisation and Authenticity:Representation and the Unelected”,The Journal of Political Philosophy, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2009, pp. 1-22.
(3)Lisa Disch,"Toward a Mobilization Conception of Democratic Representation", American Political Science Review,Vol. 105, No. 1,2011, pp. 100-114.
(1)汉娜·费尼切尔·皮特金:《代表的概念》,第285页。
(2)Jane Mansbridge,“Rethinking Representation",American Political Science Review, Vol. 97, No. 4, 2003,pp. 515-528.
(3)汉娜·费尼切尔·皮特金:《代表的概念》,第285页。
(4)Lisa Disch,"Toward a Mobilization Conception of Democratic Representation", American Political Science Review,Vol. 105, No. 1,2011, pp. 100-114.
(5)David Plotke,“Representation is Democracy",Constellations, Vol.4,No. 11 1997, pp. 19-34.
(1)Michael Saward,“The Representative Claim",Contemporary Political Theory, Vol. 5, No. 3,2006, pp. 297-318.
(2)Ibid.
(1)Michael Saward,"Representation and Democracy:Revisions and Possibilities", Sociology Compass, Vol. 2,No. 3, 2008, pp. 1000-1013.
(2)Lisa Disch,“Toward a Mobilization Conception of Democratic Representalion", American Political Science Review, Vol. 105,No. 1, 2011, pp. 100-114.
(3)Rousiley Maia,"Non-electoral Political Representation:Expanding Discursive Domains", Representation,Vol.48, No.4, 2012, pp.429-443.
(4)Sofia Nasstrom,"Democratic Representation Beyond Election",Constellations, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2015, pp.307-311.
(5)Michael Saward,“Representation and Democracy:Revisions and Possibilities”, Sociology Compass, Vol. 2,No. 3, 2008, pp. 1000-1013.