基于RUSLE模型的土壤侵蚀影响因素定量评估:以陕北洛河流域为例
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摘要
为了定量区分土壤侵蚀过程中退耕还林还草实施与降雨的作用,采用日降水、土壤类型、MODIS NDVI及DEM数据和修正通用土壤侵蚀方程(RUSLE),研究了陕北洛河流域退耕还林还草工程实施和降雨对土壤侵蚀的影响,结果表明:(1)2000-2014年陕北洛河流域植被覆盖呈改善趋势,其中>25°区域植被NDVI平均值高于<25°区域,但改善速率低于<25°区域。当不考虑降雨因素变化时,<25°和>25°区域年平均土壤侵蚀模数均呈显著的减少趋势,表明>25°区域的植被覆盖改善,确实能够起到减少土壤侵蚀的作用。(2)2000-2014年陕北洛河流域总体上年降水量、年侵蚀性降雨量、年降雨侵蚀力和年平均土壤侵蚀模数均呈增加过程,且具有较强的同步性,相关性也较强。2009年之后,情况发生变化,尽管仍保持同步关系,但相对较小的年降水量却产生了相对较大的年侵蚀性降雨量,反映出流域内降水日数减少,降水强度增大的情况,与已有研究一致。(3)降雨是流域土壤侵蚀的主导和控制因子,对土壤侵蚀的正向作用占74%,而植被覆盖仅为辅助因子,起次要作用,对土壤侵蚀的负向作用占26%。研究认为需要加强黄土高原气候变化背景下流域土壤侵蚀研究。
This paper is dedicated to quantitative analysis of the impact of"the project of returning grain plots to forestry and grassland"and of the rainfall on soil erosion with a case study of Luohe River basin in northern Shanxi Province on the basis of the data of daily precipitation, soil type, and the data of MODIS NDVI and DEM by using the revised universal soil loss equation(RUSE). The results of the analysis showed that vegetation coverage tended to improve, and average vegetation NDVI in the areas of slope > 25° was higher than that of slope < 25°, but the improvement rate is lower; soil erosion in the areas of slope <25° and slope >25° tended to decline(when the change of rainfall was not taken into consideration), reflecting soil erosion reduction owing to the improved vegetation in the area of slope >25°. The period of 2000-2014 saw the increasing process concerning the annual rainfall, annual erosive rainfall, annual rainfall erosivity and the annual mean soil erosion amount with a strong synchronization and correlation at the same time; however, the circumstances changed after 2009:though the synchronization still maintained, a relatively small annual rainfall have led to a relatively large annual erosive rainfall, reflecting the decrease of the number of rainfall days, and the increase of rainfall intensity, which was consistent with existing outcome of the research. Rainfall was a dominant and controlling factor that played a leading role with a positive effect accounting for ca 74% on soil erosion, while vegetation coverage was a co-factor that played a secondary role with a negative effect accounting for ca 26% on soil erosion. In conclusion, as the influence of climate change on soil erosion is crucial to the Luohe River basin, it needs to strengthen the research on soil erosion in loess plateau area under condition of the climate change.
This paper is dedicated to quantitative analysis of the impact of"the project of returning grain plots to forestry and grassland"and of the rainfall on soil erosion with a case study of Luohe River basin in northern Shanxi Province on the basis of the data of daily precipitation, soil type, and the data of MODIS NDVI and DEM by using the revised universal soil loss equation(RUSE). The results of the analysis showed that vegetation coverage tended to improve, and average vegetation NDVI in the areas of slope > 25° was higher than that of slope < 25°, but the improvement rate is lower; soil erosion in the areas of slope <25° and slope >25° tended to decline(when the change of rainfall was not taken into consideration), reflecting soil erosion reduction owing to the improved vegetation in the area of slope >25°. The period of 2000-2014 saw the increasing process concerning the annual rainfall, annual erosive rainfall, annual rainfall erosivity and the annual mean soil erosion amount with a strong synchronization and correlation at the same time; however, the circumstances changed after 2009:though the synchronization still maintained, a relatively small annual rainfall have led to a relatively large annual erosive rainfall, reflecting the decrease of the number of rainfall days, and the increase of rainfall intensity, which was consistent with existing outcome of the research. Rainfall was a dominant and controlling factor that played a leading role with a positive effect accounting for ca 74% on soil erosion, while vegetation coverage was a co-factor that played a secondary role with a negative effect accounting for ca 26% on soil erosion. In conclusion, as the influence of climate change on soil erosion is crucial to the Luohe River basin, it needs to strengthen the research on soil erosion in loess plateau area under condition of the climate change.
引文
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[12]谢红霞,李锐,杨勤科,等.退耕还林(草)和降雨变化对延河流域土壤侵蚀的影响[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(2):569-576.Xie Hongxia,Li Rui,Yang Qinke,et al.Effect of returning farmland to forest(pasture)and changes of precipitation on soil erosion in the Yanhe basin[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2009,42(2):569-576.
[13]汪邦稳,杨勤科,刘志红,等.延河流域退耕前后土壤侵蚀强度的变化[J].中国水土保持科学,2007,5(4):27-33.Wang Banwen,Yang Qinke,Liu Zhihong,et al.Changes of soil erosion intensity due to conversion of farmland to forest and grassland in Yanhe basin[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,5(4):27-33.
[14]Yoder D,Lown J.The future of RUSLE:inside the new revised universal soil loss equation[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1995,50(5):484-489.
[15]章文波,谢云,刘宝元.利用日雨量计算降雨侵蚀力的方法研究[J].地理科学,2002,22(6):705-711.
[16]章文波,付金生.不同类型雨量资料估算降雨侵蚀力[J].资源科学,2003,25(1):35-41.
[17]谢云,刘宝元.侵蚀性降雨标准研究[J].水土保持学报,2000,14(4):6-11.Xie Yun,Liu Baoyuan.Sutdy on standard of erosive rainfall[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2000,14(4):6-11.
[18]Sharpley A N,Williams J R.EPIC-erosion/productivity Impact Calculator:1.Model Documentation[R].Technical Bulletin-United States Department of Agriculture,1990,4(4):206-207.
[19]Wischmeier W H,Smith D D.Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses:a Guide to Conservation Planning with Universal Soil Loss Equation(USLE).Agriculture Handbook 537[R].Washington D C:USDA-ARS,1978.
[20]Mccool D K,Brown L C,Foster G R,et al.Revised slope steepness factor for the universal soil loss equation[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1987,30(5):1387-1396.
[21]Liu B Y,Nearing M A,Risse L M.Slope gradient effects on soil loss for steep slopes[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1994,37(6):1835-1840.
[22]李天宏,郑丽娜.基于RUSLE模型的延河流域2001-2010年土壤侵蚀动态变化[J].自然资源学报,2012,27(7):1164-1175.Li Tianhong,Zheng Lina.Soil erosion changes in the Yanhe watershed from 2001 to 2010 based on RUSLE model[J].Journal of Natural Resource,2012,27(7):1164-1175.
[23]Lufafa A,Tenywa M M,Isabirye M,et al.Prediction of soil erosion in a Lake Victoria basin catchment using a GISbased universal soil loss model[J].Agricultural Systems,2003,76(3):883-894.
[24]王涛,雷刚,刘郁丛,等.退耕政策对延安地区土壤侵蚀的影响[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(23):162-170.Wang Tao,Lei Gang,Liu Yucong,et al.Influence of grain for green policy on soil erosion in Yan’an area[J].Chinses Agricultural Science Bulletin,2015,31(23):162-170.
[25]王涛,于冬雪,杨强.陕北黄土高原地区降水时空变化特征[J].水资源与水工程学报,2014,25(6):24-28.Wang Tao,Yu Dongxue,Yang Qiang.Characteristics of spatial-temporal change of precipitation in loess plateau area of northern Shaanxi[J].Journal of Water Resources&Water Engineering,2014,25(6):24-28.
[26]郭伟玲,杨勤科,程琳,等.区域土壤侵蚀定量评价中的坡长因子尺度变换方法[J].中国水土保持科学,2010,8(4):73-78.Guo Weiling,Yang Qinke,Cheng Lin,et al.Rescaling method of slope length factor in the soil erosion assessment of regional scale[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,8(4):73-78.
[2]Pimentel D.Soil erosion:a food and environmental threat[J].Environment,Development and Sustainability,2006,8(1):119-137.
[3]Xu Xiangzhou,Zhang Hongwu,Zhang Ouyang.Development of check-dam systems in gullies on the loess plateau,China[J].Environmental Science&Policy,2004,7(2):79-86.
[4]Xu Y D,Fu B J,He C S.Assessing the hydrological effect of the check dam in the loess plateau,China,by model simulations[J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2013,17:2185-2193.
[5]Fu B J,Zhao W W,Chen L D,et al.Assessment of soil erosion at large watershed scale using RUSLE and GIS:a case study in the loess plateau of China[J].Land Degradation&Development,2005,16:73-85.
[6]Sun W Y,Shao Q Q,Liu J Y,et al.Assessing the effects of land use and topography on soil erosion on the loess plateau in China[J].Catena,2014,121:151-163.
[7]Tang Q,Xu Y,Bennett S J,et al.Assessment of soil erosion using RUSLE and GIS:a case study of the Yangou watershed in the loess plateau,China[J].Environmental Earth Science,2015,73(4):1715-1724.
[8]Zhou Decheng,Zhao Shuqing,Zhu Chao.The grain for green project induced land cover change in the loess plateau:a case study with Ansai County,Shanxi Province,China[J].Ecological Indicators,2012,23:88-94.
[9]Mukhtar M A,Merkel V D B.Assessing the impacts of climate change on hydrology of the upper reach of the Spree River,Germany[J].Water Resource Management,2014,28(10):2731-2749.
[10]Stoker T F,Qin G K,Platner M,et al.IPCC,2013:Summary for Policymakers[A].Climate Change 2013:The Physical Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[R].Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,United Kingdom and New York,NY,USA.
[11]王涛,杨强,于冬雪.陕北黄土高原地区极端降水事件时空分布特征[J].云南地理环境研究,2014,26(4):7-14.Wang Tao,Yang Qiang,Yu Dongxue.Analysis of extreme precipitation in loess plateau area of northern Shanxi Province[J].Yunnan Geographic Environment Research,2014,26(4):7-14.
[12]谢红霞,李锐,杨勤科,等.退耕还林(草)和降雨变化对延河流域土壤侵蚀的影响[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(2):569-576.Xie Hongxia,Li Rui,Yang Qinke,et al.Effect of returning farmland to forest(pasture)and changes of precipitation on soil erosion in the Yanhe basin[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2009,42(2):569-576.
[13]汪邦稳,杨勤科,刘志红,等.延河流域退耕前后土壤侵蚀强度的变化[J].中国水土保持科学,2007,5(4):27-33.Wang Banwen,Yang Qinke,Liu Zhihong,et al.Changes of soil erosion intensity due to conversion of farmland to forest and grassland in Yanhe basin[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,5(4):27-33.
[14]Yoder D,Lown J.The future of RUSLE:inside the new revised universal soil loss equation[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1995,50(5):484-489.
[15]章文波,谢云,刘宝元.利用日雨量计算降雨侵蚀力的方法研究[J].地理科学,2002,22(6):705-711.
[16]章文波,付金生.不同类型雨量资料估算降雨侵蚀力[J].资源科学,2003,25(1):35-41.
[17]谢云,刘宝元.侵蚀性降雨标准研究[J].水土保持学报,2000,14(4):6-11.Xie Yun,Liu Baoyuan.Sutdy on standard of erosive rainfall[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2000,14(4):6-11.
[18]Sharpley A N,Williams J R.EPIC-erosion/productivity Impact Calculator:1.Model Documentation[R].Technical Bulletin-United States Department of Agriculture,1990,4(4):206-207.
[19]Wischmeier W H,Smith D D.Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses:a Guide to Conservation Planning with Universal Soil Loss Equation(USLE).Agriculture Handbook 537[R].Washington D C:USDA-ARS,1978.
[20]Mccool D K,Brown L C,Foster G R,et al.Revised slope steepness factor for the universal soil loss equation[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1987,30(5):1387-1396.
[21]Liu B Y,Nearing M A,Risse L M.Slope gradient effects on soil loss for steep slopes[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1994,37(6):1835-1840.
[22]李天宏,郑丽娜.基于RUSLE模型的延河流域2001-2010年土壤侵蚀动态变化[J].自然资源学报,2012,27(7):1164-1175.Li Tianhong,Zheng Lina.Soil erosion changes in the Yanhe watershed from 2001 to 2010 based on RUSLE model[J].Journal of Natural Resource,2012,27(7):1164-1175.
[23]Lufafa A,Tenywa M M,Isabirye M,et al.Prediction of soil erosion in a Lake Victoria basin catchment using a GISbased universal soil loss model[J].Agricultural Systems,2003,76(3):883-894.
[24]王涛,雷刚,刘郁丛,等.退耕政策对延安地区土壤侵蚀的影响[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(23):162-170.Wang Tao,Lei Gang,Liu Yucong,et al.Influence of grain for green policy on soil erosion in Yan’an area[J].Chinses Agricultural Science Bulletin,2015,31(23):162-170.
[25]王涛,于冬雪,杨强.陕北黄土高原地区降水时空变化特征[J].水资源与水工程学报,2014,25(6):24-28.Wang Tao,Yu Dongxue,Yang Qiang.Characteristics of spatial-temporal change of precipitation in loess plateau area of northern Shaanxi[J].Journal of Water Resources&Water Engineering,2014,25(6):24-28.
[26]郭伟玲,杨勤科,程琳,等.区域土壤侵蚀定量评价中的坡长因子尺度变换方法[J].中国水土保持科学,2010,8(4):73-78.Guo Weiling,Yang Qinke,Cheng Lin,et al.Rescaling method of slope length factor in the soil erosion assessment of regional scale[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,8(4):73-78.