德才兼备:基于能力与道德视角的领导地位巩固机制研究
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摘要
以往研究认为领导地位具有自我强化的属性,但鲜有研究探索领导地位巩固的过程机制。借鉴预期状态理论和品行德性理论的基本逻辑,从能力和道德视角构建了领导地位动态巩固的理论模型,即高地位领导经历正强化,低地位领导经历负强化,从而形成强者愈强的地位巩固机制。具体而言,与低地位领导相比,高地位领导会表现出更多的主动行为和合作行为,这会提升员工对领导的能力感知,进而提升领导的当前地位;此外,高地位领导会通过采取更多的正直行为和公平行为来加强员工对领导的道德感知,进而帮助领导获取更高的当前地位。该理论模型有助于打开领导地位巩固过程的黑箱,对于领导获取并维持较高的地位水平具有借鉴意义。
Social hierarchy researchers believe that leader status has self-reinforcing nature, but little attention has been paid to explore the dynamical reinforcing processes of leader status. Drawing on the basic logic of expectation states theory and moral virtue theory, the present study constructs the dynamical reinforcing model of leader status from the perspective of ability and morality. That is, high status leaders experience positive reinforcement, whereas low status leaders experience negative reinforcement, thus forming the status reinforcing mechanism of "the strong get stronger and the weak get weaker". Specifically, compared with low status leaders, high status leaders will show more proactive behavior and cooperative behavior, which will enhance employees' ability perception to their leaders and thus enhance their leaders' status. In addition, high status leaders will strengthen employees' morality perception to them by adopting more integrity behavior and fair behavior, which in turn enhance their subsequent status. This theoretical model is helpful in opening the black box of the self-reinforcing process of leader status and provides great implications for leaders to obtain and maintain a high level of status.
Social hierarchy researchers believe that leader status has self-reinforcing nature, but little attention has been paid to explore the dynamical reinforcing processes of leader status. Drawing on the basic logic of expectation states theory and moral virtue theory, the present study constructs the dynamical reinforcing model of leader status from the perspective of ability and morality. That is, high status leaders experience positive reinforcement, whereas low status leaders experience negative reinforcement, thus forming the status reinforcing mechanism of "the strong get stronger and the weak get weaker". Specifically, compared with low status leaders, high status leaders will show more proactive behavior and cooperative behavior, which will enhance employees' ability perception to their leaders and thus enhance their leaders' status. In addition, high status leaders will strengthen employees' morality perception to them by adopting more integrity behavior and fair behavior, which in turn enhance their subsequent status. This theoretical model is helpful in opening the black box of the self-reinforcing process of leader status and provides great implications for leaders to obtain and maintain a high level of status.
引文
1.胡琼晶,谢小云.(2015).团队成员地位与知识分享行为:基于动机的视角.心理学报,47(4),545-554.
2.林丛丛,李秀凤,张庆红,王荣松.(2018).不同人力资源管理构型对员工主动行为的影响与边界条件:基于资源保存理论的视角.中国人力资源开发,35(8),19-30.
3.刘智强,李超,廖建桥,龙立荣.(2015).组织中地位,地位赋予方式与员工创造性产出--来自国有企事业单位的实证研究.管理世界,31(3),86-101.
4.毛凯贤,李超平.(2015).新员工主动行为及其在组织社会化中的作用.心理科学进展,23(12),2167-2176.
5.王婷,杨付.(2018).领导正直的概念、测量及其展望.心理科学,41(3),706-712.
6.卫旭华.(2018).领导权力何时转化为地位?德性管理行为的调节作用.商业经济与管理,38(12),32-42.
7.卫旭华,邵建平,王傲晨,江楠.(2017).组织成员地位的形成及影响机制.心理科学进展,25(11),1972-1981.
8.Anderson,C.,Hildreth,J.A.D.,&Howland,L.(2015).Is the desire for status a fundamental human motive?A review of the empirical literature.Psychological Bulletin,141(3),574-601.
9.Anderson,C.,Kraus,M.W.,Galinsky,A.D.,&Keltner,D.(2012).The local-ladder effect social status and subjective wellbeing.Psychological Science,23(7),764-771.
10.Anicich,E.M.,Fast,N.J.,Halevy,N.,&Galinsky,A.D.(2016).When the bases of social hierarchy collide:Power without status drives interpersonal conflict.Organization Science,27(1),123-140.
11.Bai,F.(2017).Beyond dominance and competence:Amoral virtue theory of status attainment.Personality and Social Psychology Review,21(3),203-227.
12.Bendersky,C.,&Pai,J.(2018).Status dynamics.Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior,5(1),183-199.
13.Bendersky,C.,&Shah,N.(2013).The downfall of extraverts and rise of neurotics:The dynamic process of status allocation in task groups.Academy of Management Journal,56(2),387-406.
14.Berger,J.,Fisek,M.H.,&Norman,R.Z.(1998).The evolution of status expectations:A theoretical extension.In J.Berger&M.Zelditch Jr(Eds.),Status,power,and legitimacy:Strategies and theories.New Brunswick:Transaction Publishers.
15.Berger,J.,Wagner,D.G.,&Webster Jr.,M.(2014).Expectation states theory:Growth,opportunities and challenges.Advances in Group Processes,31,19-55.
16.Berger,J.,&Webster Jr,M.(2006).Expectations,status,and behavior.In P.J.Burke(Ed.),Contemporary social psychological theories(pp.268-300).California:Stanford University Press.
17.Blader,S.,&Yu,S.(2017).Are status and respect different or two sides of the same coin?Academy of Management Annals,11(2),800-824.
18.Blader,S.L.,&Chen,Y.R.(2012).Differentiating the effects of status and power:A justice perspective.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,102(5),994-1014.
19.Blader,S.L.,Shirako,A.,&Chen,Y.R.(2016).Looking out from the top:Differential effects of status and power on perspective taking.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,42(6),723-737.
20.Cheng,J.T.,Tracy,J.L.,&Henrich,J.(2010).Pride,personality,and the evolutionary foundations of human social status.Evolution and Human Behavior,31(5),334-347.
21.Cole,M.S.,Carter,M.Z.,&Zhang,Z.(2013).Leaderteam congruence in power distance values and team effectiveness:The mediating role of procedural justice climate.Journal of Applied Psychology,98(6),962-973.
22.Deng,M.,Guinote,A.,&Cui,L.(2018).When low power meets status:Powerlessness triggers behavioral inhibition only under low status.Social Cognition,36(1),134-166.
23.Fast,N.J.,Halevy,N.,&Galinsky,A.D.(2012).The destructive nature of power without status.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,48(1),391-394.
24.Fleming,P.,&Spicer,A.(2014).Power in management and organization science.Academy of Management Annals,8(1),237-298.
25.George,G.,Dahlander,L.,Graffin,S.D.,&Sim,S.(2016).Reputation and status:Expanding the role of social evaluations in management research.Academy of Management Journal,59(1),1-13.
26.Hahl,O.,&Zuckerman,E.W.(2014).The denigration of heroes?How the status attainment process shapes attributions of considerateness and authenticity.American Journal of Sociology,120(2),504-554.
27.Haselager,G.J.,Cillessen,A.H.,Van Lieshout,C.F.,Riksen-Walraven,J.M.A.,&Hartup,W.W.(2002).Heterogeneity among peer-rejected boys across middle childhood:Developmental pathways of social behavior.Developmental Psychology,38(3),446-456.
28.Hays,N.A.,&Bendersky,C.(2015).Not all inequality is created equal:Effects of status versus power hierarchies on competition for upward mobility.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,108(6),867-882.
29.Hays,N.A.,&Blader,S.L.(2017).To give or not to give?Interactive effects of status and legitimacy on generosity.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,112(1),17-38.
30.Hewlin,P.F.,Dumas,T.L.,&Burnett,M.F.(2017).To thine own self be true?Facades of conformity,values incongruence,and the moderating impact of leader integrity.Academy of Management Journal,60(1),178-199.
31.Kalish,Y.,&Luria,G.(2016).Leadership emergence over time in short-lived groups:Integrating expectations states theory with temporal person-perception and self-serving bias.Journal of Applied Psychology,101(10),1474-1486.
32.Kim,J.W.,&King,B.G.(2014).Seeing stars:Matthew effects and status bias in major league baseball umpiring.Management Science,60(11),2619-2644.
33.Lee,S.,Pitesa,M.,Pillutla,M.,&Thau,S.(2015).When beauty helps and when it hurts:An organizational context model of attractiveness discrimination in selection decisions.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,128(1),15-28.
34.Lukaszewski,A.W.,Simmons,Z.L.,Anderson,C.,&Roney,J.R.(2016).The role of physical formidability in human social status allocation.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,110(3),385-406.
35.Magee,J.C.,&Galinsky,A.D.(2008).Social hierarchy:The self-reinforcing nature of power and status.Academy of Management Annals,2(1),351-398.
36.Maner,J.K.(2017).Dominance and prestige:A tale of two hierarchies.Current Directions in Psychological Science,26(6),526-531.
37.Mark,N.P.(2018).Status organizes cooperation:An evolutionary theory of status and social order.American Journal of Sociology,123(6),1601-1634.
38.Marr,J.C.,&Thau,S.(2014).Falling from great(and not-so-great)heights:How initial status position influences performance after status loss.Academy of Management Journal,57(1),223-248.
39.Mcclean,E.,Martin,S.R.,Emich,K.,&Woodruff,T.(2017).The social consequences of voice:An examination of voice type and gender on status and subsequent leader emergence.Academy of Management Journal,61(5),1869-1891.
40.Miyamoto,Y.,Yoo,J.,Levine,C.S.,P.,J.,Boylan,J.M.,Sims,T..,et al.(2018).Culture and social hierarchy:Self-and other-oriented correlates of socioeconomic status across cultures.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,115(3),427-445.
41.Ouyang,K.,Xu,E.,Huang,X.,Liu,W.,&Tang,Y.(2018).Reaching the limits of reciprocity in favor exchange:The effects of generous,stingy,and matched favor giving on social status.Journal of Applied Psychology,103(6),614-630.
42.Parker,S.K.,Bindl,U.K.,&Strauss,K.(2010).Making things happen:A model of proactive motivation.Journal of Management,36(4),827-856.
43.Piazza,A.,&Castellucci,F.(2014).Status in organization and management theory.Journal of Management,40(1),287-315.
44.Prato,M.,&Ferraro,F.(2018).Starstruck:How hiring high-status employees affects incumbents'performance.Organization Science,29(5),755-774.
45.Re,D.E.,&Rule,N.O.(2016).The big man has a big mouth:Mouth width correlates with perceived leadership ability and actual leadership performance.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,63(1),86-93.
46.Sherman,G.D.,Lerner,J.S.,Josephs,R.A.,Renshon,J.,&Gross,J.J.(2016).The interaction of testosterone and cortisol is associated with attained status in male executives.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,110(6),921-929.
47.Simons,T.,Leroy,H.,Collewaert,V.,&Masschelein,S.(2014).How leader alignment of words and deeds affects followers:A meta-analysis of behavioral integrity research.Journal of Business Ethics,132(4),1-14.
48.Tost,L.P.,Gino,F.,&Larrick,R.P.(2013).When power makes others speechless:The negative impact of leader power on team performance.Academy of Management Journal,56(5),1465-1486.
49.Washington,M.,&Zajac,E.J.(2005).Status evolution and competition:Theory and evidence.Academy of Management Journal,48(2),282-296.
50.Wu,C.H.,Parker,S.,Wu,L.Z.,&Lee,C.(2018).When and why people engage in different forms of proactive behavior:Interactive effects of self-construals and work characteristics.Academy of Management Journal,61(1),293-323.
2.林丛丛,李秀凤,张庆红,王荣松.(2018).不同人力资源管理构型对员工主动行为的影响与边界条件:基于资源保存理论的视角.中国人力资源开发,35(8),19-30.
3.刘智强,李超,廖建桥,龙立荣.(2015).组织中地位,地位赋予方式与员工创造性产出--来自国有企事业单位的实证研究.管理世界,31(3),86-101.
4.毛凯贤,李超平.(2015).新员工主动行为及其在组织社会化中的作用.心理科学进展,23(12),2167-2176.
5.王婷,杨付.(2018).领导正直的概念、测量及其展望.心理科学,41(3),706-712.
6.卫旭华.(2018).领导权力何时转化为地位?德性管理行为的调节作用.商业经济与管理,38(12),32-42.
7.卫旭华,邵建平,王傲晨,江楠.(2017).组织成员地位的形成及影响机制.心理科学进展,25(11),1972-1981.
8.Anderson,C.,Hildreth,J.A.D.,&Howland,L.(2015).Is the desire for status a fundamental human motive?A review of the empirical literature.Psychological Bulletin,141(3),574-601.
9.Anderson,C.,Kraus,M.W.,Galinsky,A.D.,&Keltner,D.(2012).The local-ladder effect social status and subjective wellbeing.Psychological Science,23(7),764-771.
10.Anicich,E.M.,Fast,N.J.,Halevy,N.,&Galinsky,A.D.(2016).When the bases of social hierarchy collide:Power without status drives interpersonal conflict.Organization Science,27(1),123-140.
11.Bai,F.(2017).Beyond dominance and competence:Amoral virtue theory of status attainment.Personality and Social Psychology Review,21(3),203-227.
12.Bendersky,C.,&Pai,J.(2018).Status dynamics.Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior,5(1),183-199.
13.Bendersky,C.,&Shah,N.(2013).The downfall of extraverts and rise of neurotics:The dynamic process of status allocation in task groups.Academy of Management Journal,56(2),387-406.
14.Berger,J.,Fisek,M.H.,&Norman,R.Z.(1998).The evolution of status expectations:A theoretical extension.In J.Berger&M.Zelditch Jr(Eds.),Status,power,and legitimacy:Strategies and theories.New Brunswick:Transaction Publishers.
15.Berger,J.,Wagner,D.G.,&Webster Jr.,M.(2014).Expectation states theory:Growth,opportunities and challenges.Advances in Group Processes,31,19-55.
16.Berger,J.,&Webster Jr,M.(2006).Expectations,status,and behavior.In P.J.Burke(Ed.),Contemporary social psychological theories(pp.268-300).California:Stanford University Press.
17.Blader,S.,&Yu,S.(2017).Are status and respect different or two sides of the same coin?Academy of Management Annals,11(2),800-824.
18.Blader,S.L.,&Chen,Y.R.(2012).Differentiating the effects of status and power:A justice perspective.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,102(5),994-1014.
19.Blader,S.L.,Shirako,A.,&Chen,Y.R.(2016).Looking out from the top:Differential effects of status and power on perspective taking.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,42(6),723-737.
20.Cheng,J.T.,Tracy,J.L.,&Henrich,J.(2010).Pride,personality,and the evolutionary foundations of human social status.Evolution and Human Behavior,31(5),334-347.
21.Cole,M.S.,Carter,M.Z.,&Zhang,Z.(2013).Leaderteam congruence in power distance values and team effectiveness:The mediating role of procedural justice climate.Journal of Applied Psychology,98(6),962-973.
22.Deng,M.,Guinote,A.,&Cui,L.(2018).When low power meets status:Powerlessness triggers behavioral inhibition only under low status.Social Cognition,36(1),134-166.
23.Fast,N.J.,Halevy,N.,&Galinsky,A.D.(2012).The destructive nature of power without status.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,48(1),391-394.
24.Fleming,P.,&Spicer,A.(2014).Power in management and organization science.Academy of Management Annals,8(1),237-298.
25.George,G.,Dahlander,L.,Graffin,S.D.,&Sim,S.(2016).Reputation and status:Expanding the role of social evaluations in management research.Academy of Management Journal,59(1),1-13.
26.Hahl,O.,&Zuckerman,E.W.(2014).The denigration of heroes?How the status attainment process shapes attributions of considerateness and authenticity.American Journal of Sociology,120(2),504-554.
27.Haselager,G.J.,Cillessen,A.H.,Van Lieshout,C.F.,Riksen-Walraven,J.M.A.,&Hartup,W.W.(2002).Heterogeneity among peer-rejected boys across middle childhood:Developmental pathways of social behavior.Developmental Psychology,38(3),446-456.
28.Hays,N.A.,&Bendersky,C.(2015).Not all inequality is created equal:Effects of status versus power hierarchies on competition for upward mobility.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,108(6),867-882.
29.Hays,N.A.,&Blader,S.L.(2017).To give or not to give?Interactive effects of status and legitimacy on generosity.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,112(1),17-38.
30.Hewlin,P.F.,Dumas,T.L.,&Burnett,M.F.(2017).To thine own self be true?Facades of conformity,values incongruence,and the moderating impact of leader integrity.Academy of Management Journal,60(1),178-199.
31.Kalish,Y.,&Luria,G.(2016).Leadership emergence over time in short-lived groups:Integrating expectations states theory with temporal person-perception and self-serving bias.Journal of Applied Psychology,101(10),1474-1486.
32.Kim,J.W.,&King,B.G.(2014).Seeing stars:Matthew effects and status bias in major league baseball umpiring.Management Science,60(11),2619-2644.
33.Lee,S.,Pitesa,M.,Pillutla,M.,&Thau,S.(2015).When beauty helps and when it hurts:An organizational context model of attractiveness discrimination in selection decisions.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,128(1),15-28.
34.Lukaszewski,A.W.,Simmons,Z.L.,Anderson,C.,&Roney,J.R.(2016).The role of physical formidability in human social status allocation.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,110(3),385-406.
35.Magee,J.C.,&Galinsky,A.D.(2008).Social hierarchy:The self-reinforcing nature of power and status.Academy of Management Annals,2(1),351-398.
36.Maner,J.K.(2017).Dominance and prestige:A tale of two hierarchies.Current Directions in Psychological Science,26(6),526-531.
37.Mark,N.P.(2018).Status organizes cooperation:An evolutionary theory of status and social order.American Journal of Sociology,123(6),1601-1634.
38.Marr,J.C.,&Thau,S.(2014).Falling from great(and not-so-great)heights:How initial status position influences performance after status loss.Academy of Management Journal,57(1),223-248.
39.Mcclean,E.,Martin,S.R.,Emich,K.,&Woodruff,T.(2017).The social consequences of voice:An examination of voice type and gender on status and subsequent leader emergence.Academy of Management Journal,61(5),1869-1891.
40.Miyamoto,Y.,Yoo,J.,Levine,C.S.,P.,J.,Boylan,J.M.,Sims,T..,et al.(2018).Culture and social hierarchy:Self-and other-oriented correlates of socioeconomic status across cultures.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,115(3),427-445.
41.Ouyang,K.,Xu,E.,Huang,X.,Liu,W.,&Tang,Y.(2018).Reaching the limits of reciprocity in favor exchange:The effects of generous,stingy,and matched favor giving on social status.Journal of Applied Psychology,103(6),614-630.
42.Parker,S.K.,Bindl,U.K.,&Strauss,K.(2010).Making things happen:A model of proactive motivation.Journal of Management,36(4),827-856.
43.Piazza,A.,&Castellucci,F.(2014).Status in organization and management theory.Journal of Management,40(1),287-315.
44.Prato,M.,&Ferraro,F.(2018).Starstruck:How hiring high-status employees affects incumbents'performance.Organization Science,29(5),755-774.
45.Re,D.E.,&Rule,N.O.(2016).The big man has a big mouth:Mouth width correlates with perceived leadership ability and actual leadership performance.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,63(1),86-93.
46.Sherman,G.D.,Lerner,J.S.,Josephs,R.A.,Renshon,J.,&Gross,J.J.(2016).The interaction of testosterone and cortisol is associated with attained status in male executives.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,110(6),921-929.
47.Simons,T.,Leroy,H.,Collewaert,V.,&Masschelein,S.(2014).How leader alignment of words and deeds affects followers:A meta-analysis of behavioral integrity research.Journal of Business Ethics,132(4),1-14.
48.Tost,L.P.,Gino,F.,&Larrick,R.P.(2013).When power makes others speechless:The negative impact of leader power on team performance.Academy of Management Journal,56(5),1465-1486.
49.Washington,M.,&Zajac,E.J.(2005).Status evolution and competition:Theory and evidence.Academy of Management Journal,48(2),282-296.
50.Wu,C.H.,Parker,S.,Wu,L.Z.,&Lee,C.(2018).When and why people engage in different forms of proactive behavior:Interactive effects of self-construals and work characteristics.Academy of Management Journal,61(1),293-323.