基于全岩心CT的遗迹化石识别及沉积环境分析:以加拿大麦凯Ⅲ油砂区块为例
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摘要
遗迹化石研究对于沉积环境分析具有重要意义。以加拿大麦凯Ⅲ油砂区块下白垩统Mc Murray组为研究对象,利用高分辨率岩心照片和全岩心CT扫描资料,在确认研究目的层遗迹化石发育属种、单体规模、组合类型及指相特征的基础上,分析了主力油砂层的沉积环境。结果表明:目的层发育遗迹化石10属12种,包括Asterosoma isp.,Chondrites isp.,Diplocraterion isp.,Ophiomorpha nodosa,Palaeophycus tubularis,Planolites beverleyensis,Planolites isp.,Rosselia isp.,Skolithos verticalis,Skolithos isp.,Teichichnus isp.,Thalassinoides isp.;根据遗迹化石产状与围岩沉积特征,建立了Ophiomorpha-Skolithos、Asterosoma-Chondrites-Rosselia和Teichichnus-Rosselia-Thalassinoides共3种遗迹组合,分别代表潮间带、潮下带以及浅海陆棚沉积环境中的遗迹化石组成特征。研究区油砂层优质储油砂体为潮间带沉积产物,潮汐砂坝、潮成砂脊为沥青的主要储集体。本研究既体现了全岩心CT资料在遗迹化石研究中的应用,也为潮坪沉积环境分析提供了有益参考。
Ichnology provides a basis for identification and analysis of depositional environment. Taking the Lower Cretaceous Mc Murray Formation,Mackay Ⅲ oil sands,Canada as an example,the sedimentary environments of the reservoir were studied with respect to trace fossils' species,size,associations,and facies indicators by high-resolution core photos and CT data. Results indicate that there are 12 species of ten genera in the Middle and Upper Mc Murray Formation,including Asterosoma isp.,Chondrites isp.,Diplocraterion isp.,Ophiomorpha nodosa,Palaeophycus tubularis,Planolites beverleyensis,Planol-ites isp.,Rosselia isp.,Skolithos verticalis,Skolithos isp.,Teichichnus isp.,and Thalassinoides isp.. According to the features of these fossils and surrounding lithology,three combinations,including Ophiomorpha-Skolithos, Asterosoma-Chondrites-Rosselia and Teichichnus-Rosselia-Thalassinoides, are established,representing intertidal,subtidal and shallow-marine environments respectively. Sand bodies in reservoir were deposited in the intertidal setting,being the main accumulation of hydrocarbon. This study not only reflects the superiority of CT data,but also provides a reference for recognizing the tidal flat environments.
Ichnology provides a basis for identification and analysis of depositional environment. Taking the Lower Cretaceous Mc Murray Formation,Mackay Ⅲ oil sands,Canada as an example,the sedimentary environments of the reservoir were studied with respect to trace fossils' species,size,associations,and facies indicators by high-resolution core photos and CT data. Results indicate that there are 12 species of ten genera in the Middle and Upper Mc Murray Formation,including Asterosoma isp.,Chondrites isp.,Diplocraterion isp.,Ophiomorpha nodosa,Palaeophycus tubularis,Planolites beverleyensis,Planol-ites isp.,Rosselia isp.,Skolithos verticalis,Skolithos isp.,Teichichnus isp.,and Thalassinoides isp.. According to the features of these fossils and surrounding lithology,three combinations,including Ophiomorpha-Skolithos, Asterosoma-Chondrites-Rosselia and Teichichnus-Rosselia-Thalassinoides, are established,representing intertidal,subtidal and shallow-marine environments respectively. Sand bodies in reservoir were deposited in the intertidal setting,being the main accumulation of hydrocarbon. This study not only reflects the superiority of CT data,but also provides a reference for recognizing the tidal flat environments.
引文
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Flach P D,Mossop G D.1985.Depositional environments of Lower Cretaceous McM urray Formation,Athabasca Oil Sands,Alberta.AAPGBulletin,69(8):1195-1207.
Fustic M,Hubbard S M,Spencer R,Smith D G,Leckie D A,Bennett B,Larter S.2012.Recognition of down-valley translation in tidally influenced meandering fluvial deposits,Athabasca Oil Sands(Cretaceous),Alberta,Canada.Marine and Petroleum Geology,29(1):219-232.
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Gingras M K,MacE achern J A,Dashtgard S E.2011.The potential of trace fossils as tidal indicators in bays and estuaries.Sedimentary Geology,279:97-106.
Gingras M K,Baniak G,Gordon J,Hovikoski J,Konhauser K O,Croix AL,Lemiski R,Mendoza C,Pemberton S G,Polo C,Zonneveld J P.2012.Porosity and permeability in bioturbated sediments.Trace fossils as indicators of sedimentary environments.Developments in Sedimentology,64:837-868.
Keighley D G,Pickerill R K.1997.Systematic ichnology of the Mabou and Cumberland groups(Carboniferous)of western Cape Breton Island,eastern Canada,1:Burrows,pits,trails,and coprolites.Atlantic Geology,33(3):181-215.
Knaust D,Warchol M,Kane I A.2014.Ichnodiversity and ichnoabundance:Revealing depositional trends in a confined turbidite system.Sedimentology,61(7):2218-2267.
Hofmann R,Buatois L A,MacN aughton R B,Mangano M G.2015.Loss of the sedimentary mixed layer as a result of the end-Permian extinction.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,428:1-11.
Labrecque P A,Hubbard S M,Jensen J L,Hubbard S M,Nielsen H.2011.Sedimentology and stratigraphic architecture of a point bar deposit,Lower Cretaceous McM urray Formation,Alberta,Canada.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,59(2):147-171.
McC rossan R G,Porter J W.1973.The geology and petroleum potential of the Canadian sedimentary basins:A synthesis.CSPG Special Publications,Memoir 1:589-720.
Mukhametshina A,Hascakir B.2014.Bitumen extraction by expanding solvent-steam assisted gravity drainage(ES-SAGD)with asphaltene solvents and non-solvents.In:SPE Heavy Oil Conference-Canada.Society of Petroleum Engineers,2014.
Musial G,Reynaud J Y,Gingras M K,Fenies H,Labourdette R,Parize O.2012.Subsurface and outcrop characterization of large tidally influenced point bars of the Cretaceous McM urray Formation(Alberta,Canada).Sedimentary Geology,279:156-172.
Nara M.1995.Rosselia socialis:A dwelling structure of a probable terebellid polychaete.Lethaia,28(2):171-178.
Pemberton S G.1998.Ichnology Atlas.University of Alberta at Edmonton and University of Colorado at Boulder,electronic source.Ichnology Research Group(IRG):1-34.
Pemberton S G,Frey R W.1982.Trace fossil nomenclature and the Planolites-Palaeophycus dilemma.Journal of Paleontology,56(4):843-881.
Pemberton S G,Gingras M K.2005.Classification and characterizations of biogenically enhanced permeability.AAPG Bulletin,89(11):1493-1517.
Schlirf M.2003.Palaeoecologic significance of Late Jurassic trace fossils from the Boulonnais,N France.Acta Geologica Polonica,53(2):123-142.
Uchman A,Caruso C,Sonnino M.2012.Taxonomic review of Chondrites affinis(Sternberg,1833)from Cretaceous-Neogene offshore-deep-sea Tethyan sediments and recommendation for its further use.Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia(Research in Paleontology and Stratigraphy),118(2):313-324.
刘亚明,谢寅符,张志伟,阳孝法,王丹丹.2017.西加拿大盆地M区块层序地层与油砂资源评价.科学技术与工程,(10):13-21.[Liu Y M,Xie Y F,Zhang Z W,Yang X F,Wang D D.2017.Sequence stratigraphy and evaluation of oil sands resources in Block M,Western Canada Basin.Science Technology and Engineering,(10):13-21]
王海邻,胡斌,宋慧波.2017.山东青岛和日照滨岸潮间带现代生物遗迹组成与分布特征.古地理学报,19(4):663-676.[Wang HL,Hu B,Song H B.2017.Composition and distribution characteristics of modern biogenic traces in intertidal flat in Qingdao and Rizhao area,Shangdong Provinc.Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition),19(4):663-676]
张立军,范若颖.2016.遗迹学的可持续发展:第4届国际遗迹学大会综述.古地理学报,18(5):717-720.[Zhang L J,Fan R Y.2016.Biological traces towards sustainable development:Outline of the Fourth International Congress on Ichnology.Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition),18(5):717-720]
Bradshaw M A.2010.Devonian trace fossils of the Horlick Formation,O-hio Range,Antarctica:Systematic description and palaeoenvironmental interpretation.Ichnos,17(2):58-114.
Flach P D,Mossop G D.1985.Depositional environments of Lower Cretaceous McM urray Formation,Athabasca Oil Sands,Alberta.AAPGBulletin,69(8):1195-1207.
Fustic M,Hubbard S M,Spencer R,Smith D G,Leckie D A,Bennett B,Larter S.2012.Recognition of down-valley translation in tidally influenced meandering fluvial deposits,Athabasca Oil Sands(Cretaceous),Alberta,Canada.Marine and Petroleum Geology,29(1):219-232.
Gerard J,Bromley R.2008.Ichnofabrics in clastic sediments:Applications to sedimentological core studies:A practical guide.Geochronique:Revue d'Information d'Expression Francaise en Sciences de la Terre,110:38-92.
Gingras M K,MacE achern J A,Dashtgard S E.2011.The potential of trace fossils as tidal indicators in bays and estuaries.Sedimentary Geology,279:97-106.
Gingras M K,Baniak G,Gordon J,Hovikoski J,Konhauser K O,Croix AL,Lemiski R,Mendoza C,Pemberton S G,Polo C,Zonneveld J P.2012.Porosity and permeability in bioturbated sediments.Trace fossils as indicators of sedimentary environments.Developments in Sedimentology,64:837-868.
Keighley D G,Pickerill R K.1997.Systematic ichnology of the Mabou and Cumberland groups(Carboniferous)of western Cape Breton Island,eastern Canada,1:Burrows,pits,trails,and coprolites.Atlantic Geology,33(3):181-215.
Knaust D,Warchol M,Kane I A.2014.Ichnodiversity and ichnoabundance:Revealing depositional trends in a confined turbidite system.Sedimentology,61(7):2218-2267.
Hofmann R,Buatois L A,MacN aughton R B,Mangano M G.2015.Loss of the sedimentary mixed layer as a result of the end-Permian extinction.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,428:1-11.
Labrecque P A,Hubbard S M,Jensen J L,Hubbard S M,Nielsen H.2011.Sedimentology and stratigraphic architecture of a point bar deposit,Lower Cretaceous McM urray Formation,Alberta,Canada.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,59(2):147-171.
McC rossan R G,Porter J W.1973.The geology and petroleum potential of the Canadian sedimentary basins:A synthesis.CSPG Special Publications,Memoir 1:589-720.
Mukhametshina A,Hascakir B.2014.Bitumen extraction by expanding solvent-steam assisted gravity drainage(ES-SAGD)with asphaltene solvents and non-solvents.In:SPE Heavy Oil Conference-Canada.Society of Petroleum Engineers,2014.
Musial G,Reynaud J Y,Gingras M K,Fenies H,Labourdette R,Parize O.2012.Subsurface and outcrop characterization of large tidally influenced point bars of the Cretaceous McM urray Formation(Alberta,Canada).Sedimentary Geology,279:156-172.
Nara M.1995.Rosselia socialis:A dwelling structure of a probable terebellid polychaete.Lethaia,28(2):171-178.
Pemberton S G.1998.Ichnology Atlas.University of Alberta at Edmonton and University of Colorado at Boulder,electronic source.Ichnology Research Group(IRG):1-34.
Pemberton S G,Frey R W.1982.Trace fossil nomenclature and the Planolites-Palaeophycus dilemma.Journal of Paleontology,56(4):843-881.
Pemberton S G,Gingras M K.2005.Classification and characterizations of biogenically enhanced permeability.AAPG Bulletin,89(11):1493-1517.
Schlirf M.2003.Palaeoecologic significance of Late Jurassic trace fossils from the Boulonnais,N France.Acta Geologica Polonica,53(2):123-142.
Uchman A,Caruso C,Sonnino M.2012.Taxonomic review of Chondrites affinis(Sternberg,1833)from Cretaceous-Neogene offshore-deep-sea Tethyan sediments and recommendation for its further use.Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia(Research in Paleontology and Stratigraphy),118(2):313-324.
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